comfortable, high work pressure. Physical, mental and reproductive health care has not been given due attention, leading to the height and weight of Vietnamese people in general and women in particular increasing but still being at a low average level in the world. According to the results published by the Institute of Nutrition in 2010, the height of adults in men and women is currently 164.4cm and 153.4cm on average (an increase of 3.7cm in men and 4cm in women) compared to more than 30 years ago, this height has improved but is still slow. To reach the international standard of height, Vietnamese people must increase by 11.7cm for men and 9.8cm for women. The average life expectancy of Vietnamese women is 73.2 years old, while the average life expectancy of the world is only 69 years old. This is a great progress and effort of the Vietnamese people and the health sector in recent years. Health care activities (education, medical care, culture, sports) for women have received more attention, the health of Vietnamese women in general and NNLNCLC in particular has improved. Therefore, the health, flexibility of nerves and muscles of NNLNCLC have also been improved. They work with great intensity and can withstand the pressure of work, the level of urgency in work is gradually familiar to them, making work efficiency increase.
On moral and spiritual qualities
In the thousand-year history of building and defending the country, the Vietnamese people have given birth to and nurtured many "spiritual and talented people". In the process of protecting and building the country, Vietnamese women have always made great contributions. They always possess good qualities that have been nurtured for generations, and were awarded by President Ho Chi Minh: Heroic, indomitable, loyal, and responsible. In addition, they also possess high self-esteem, honesty, straightforwardness, intelligence, and value morality more than money and fame. They are always sensitive, polite, and delicate in their communication; handling relationships in a gentle, flexible, and careful manner, not excessively but with high efficiency.
Currently, NNLNCLC has inherited the good moral qualities of Vietnamese women, while developing and supplementing the beauty of modern Vietnamese women. These are dynamism, creativity, daring to think, daring to do and being ready to take responsibility, tolerance, kindness, gentleness, delicacy, ingenuity, humaneness and knowing how to overcome difficulties and obstacles to gradually affirm their position and importance in the family and in society. These are considered factors that create the high quality of NNLNCLC in the present and the future. Those moral and spiritual values help NNLNCLC when participating in the integration and development process to create high economic and spiritual cultural values, which are important factors for promoting the strong development of NNLNCLC.
Making a great contribution to the cause of national renewal, many women have overcome all difficulties and hardships of themselves and their families to assert themselves and achieve their personal aspirations. Many have become a material and spiritual support not only for their families but also for their colleagues, agencies and relatives. They dare to think, dare to do, dare to commit to difficult and dangerous jobs, thereby encouraging their relatives and colleagues to have more enthusiasm and passion in their work. They motivate their relatives and colleagues in their units, agencies and organizations to complete their work well.
Not only hard-working, diligent, meticulous, patient and striving. NNLNCLC is also always a shining example of patriotism, always fighting against all wrongful and distorted manifestations of hostile forces. In work and daily life, simple moral values in lifestyle, honesty in personality. All the qualities of NNLNCLC Vietnam have created a beautiful, radiant image of the new Vietnamese woman in the 21st century.
Over the years, under the leadership of the Party, State and authorities
The government and the NNLNCLC have promoted moral strength and virtue.
in their families and in all areas of work. Many of them have been honored by the Party, the State and the people: Hero of Labor in the renovation period; People's Teacher; Excellent Teacher; Professor; Associate Professor; Emulation Fighter at all levels...
However, there is still a certain part of the NNLNCLC that is influenced by the thinking and working style of small-scale rice agriculture, is not dynamic, lacks discipline, and has not adapted to the market economy. Due to the influence of the backward ideology of "male superiority and female inferiority" in the NNLNCLC, there is still an inferiority complex, self-esteem, resignation, and passivity, even following old, outdated standards that are no longer suitable for the progress of society. For example, some people still believe that women only need to have a family and do not need fame or career. This has not only limited the positivity but also limited the ability to strive and contribute of the NNLNCLC when participating in the market economy and international integration.
3.1.1.3. The number of high-quality female human resources participating in leadership and management in the political system is still low and unstable.
Female human resources participating in leadership and management in the political system are
demonstrated in participation in Party, National Assembly, State, Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations... The achievements of the renovation process over the past 25 years and the implementation of the gender equality policy of the Party and State have created many opportunities and objective conditions for NNLNCLC to participate in socio-political activities. Up to now, NNLNCLC has had representatives holding leadership positions at all levels, but most of them are deputy leaders in many sectors and at many levels. The team of high-quality female human resources has matured in many aspects, contributing significantly to the leadership and management of the country.
- The rate of high-quality female human resources participating in Party work at all levels
still low, not meeting the set standards (15%) except at district and commune/ward levels.
Table 3.6: Proportion of women in the Party Executive Committee (EC) at all levels 1991 - 2015
Unit: %
Party committees at all levels
Course VII 1 (1991- 1995) | Course VIII (1996- 2000) | Course IX (2001- 2005) | CourseX (2006- 2010) | Course XI (2011- 2015) | |
Central Party Executive Committee | 10.6 | 8.00 | 7.5 | 8.57 | |
Provincial/municipal Party Executive Committee | 9.78 | 11.30 | 11.32 | 11.75 | 11.30 |
District Executive Committee | 10.57 | 11.68 | 12.89 | 14.75 | 15.16 |
Commune/Ward Executive Committee | 10 | 11.73 | 11.88 | 15.28 | 18.00 |
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Source: Central Party Organizing Committee 2001, 2002, 2006.
The rate of NNLNCLC in the Party Central Committee and the Provincial/Municipal Party Committee is unstable. For the District/County Party Committee, this rate has continuously increased from the 7th to the 11th term, but the rate is not high at 4.59%. The Commune/Ward Party Committee increased the most (8%) from the 7th to the 11th term. However, the highest rate was only 18% and the higher the level, the lower the rate of NNLNCLC participation. At the Central level, NNLNCLC only accounted for 8.57%. This shows that gender inequality in participation in Party organizations at all levels still exists and clearly demonstrates that subjective factors have not been effectively exploited, and the Party has not had drastic solutions to implement gender equality within Party agencies. At the same time, it also affirms that we do not have full awareness of the gender equality strategy. That will affect other areas of social life.
The rate of NNLNCLC participating in the Party Central Committee increased (see Appendix 2).
However, the role and position of NNLNCLC in the Party Central Committee is not equal to that of men, and is often just a quota or structure. Because the mentality of NNLNCLC still accepts inferiority compared to men, at the same time, men's trust in them is still limited.
The proportion of female personnel holding positions in Party committees at all levels has tended to increase, but the increase rate is still very slow, as evidenced by two terms: 2006-2011 and 2011-2015.
Table 3.7: Percentage of female personnel holding positions in Party committees at all levels
Unit: %
STT
Title | Term 2006 - 2010 | Term 2011 - 2015 | |||||
Provincial level | District level | Commune level | Provincial level | District level | Commune level | ||
1 | Secretary | 6.25 | 4.46 | 4.59 | 3.17 | 4.77 | 6.18 |
2 | Deputy Secretary | 3.88 | 5.54 | 7.25 | 9.52 | 5.82 | 8.42 |
3 | Member of the Standing Committee | 7.91 | 7.83 | 5.83 | 8.25 | 10.19 | 9.10 |
4 | Executive Committee Member | 11.75 | 14.74 | 14.36 | 11.30 | 15.16 | 18.00 |
Source: Central Organizing Committee, 2006; Central Party Office, 2011.
Through that, we can see that the rate of NNLNCLC holding positions in Party committees at all levels is low compared to men and with the ability of NNLNCLC, the structure is still unreasonable and unstable, increasing some terms and decreasing some terms. We do not have a drastic solution to overcome this situation.
Although the number of female leaders is increasing, the proportion of women participating in Party committees is much lower than that of men. Thus, it can be said that the participation of NNLNCLC in important positions of the Party is still limited, the increase is not much and mostly at the deputy and member levels, while the increase is low at the head level. This clearly demonstrates that the general psychology of society about the role and position of women is still limited, not trusting them, so they have not been assigned important responsibilities. This is a major obstacle on the path to fighting to eliminate gender inequality, which NNLNCLC themselves cannot strive to achieve.
On female human resources participating in the National Assembly and People's Councils at all levels
- Number and titles of female National Assembly delegates
Through the figures (see Appendix 3), we can see the "ups and downs" in the number and proportion of female National Assembly deputies (NADs) through the terms. The highest was in the V term, accounting for 32.31% and decreased sharply to 18.48% in the IX term. By the X term, the proportion of female deputies tended to increase again, reaching 27.31% in the XI term, but continued to increase.
continued to decrease in the next two terms (term XII, the rate was 25.76% and term XIII, it continued to decrease to 24.4%). This shows that the proportion of female National Assembly deputies in the terms has increased in quantity, but the ratio compared to male National Assembly deputies tends to decrease. The above situation has shown that we have not achieved the target and plan on the proportion of female National Assembly deputies (from 30% or more in the period 2011-2015) [7]. That shows that the participation of female National Assembly deputies is still mainly based on structure, not paying attention to the quality, functions and tasks they undertake in the elected body. What are the voices of female deputies in the National Assembly? The voice of female deputies in the National Assembly is still limited in depth and prestige. Therefore, Vietnam still lacks synchronous, practical and effective solutions to improve the leadership and management capacity of women in the present and the future.
Table 3.8: Percentage of female personnel holding positions in the National Assembly
STT
Title | Course XII (2007 - 2011) | Course XIII (2011-2016) | |||
Female | Proportion (%) | Female | Proportion (%) | ||
1 | Member of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly | 3 | 16.67 | 4 | 23.54 |
2 | Vice President of the National Assembly | 1 | 25.00 | 2 | 50.00 |
3 | Chairman of the National Assembly Committee | 2 | 15.38 | 1 | 11.11 |
4 | Vice Chairman of the Council of Nationalities, Vice Chairman of the National Assembly Committee | 5 | 12.20 | 4 | 10.26 |
5 | Heads and deputy heads of units under the Office of the National Assembly | 35 | 25.00 | ||
Source: Office of the National Assembly.
Through the above statistical table, the proportion of female personnel holding positions in the National Assembly tends to increase in the 12th and 13th terms: The position of member of the National Assembly Standing Committee increased from 16.67% to 23.54%; Vice President of the National Assembly, leaders of heads and deputy heads of units under the National Assembly Office increased by 25%.
- Number and titles of female human resources in People's Councils at all levels
Table 3.9: Proportion of women in People's Councils at all levels 1989 - 2016
Unit: %
Title
Term | |||||
1989- 1994 | 1994- 1999 | 1999- 2004 | 2004- 2011 | 2011- 2016 | |
Provincial People's Council Delegate | 12.20 | 20.40 | 22.33 | 23.88 | 25.17 |
People's Council Delegate District | 12.26 | 18.40 | 20.12 | 23.01 | 24.62 |
People's Council Delegate commune/ward | 13.20 | 14.39 | 16.56 | 19.54 | 21.71 |
Source: Government reports over the years 1997, 2001, 2005, 2012.
The proportion of women in People's Councils at all levels has increased. Compared with the last 5 terms, the proportion of female human resources participating at all three levels is higher than the previous term, the proportion of female representatives increased by 12.97% at the provincial level, 12.36% at the district level, and 8.51% at the commune/ward level. This is a victory for Vietnam after a long period of striving for the advancement of women, and is also a recognition by society of the contribution of female representatives to society. However, the quality and effectiveness of female representatives at all levels are still not high. This situation shows that the issue of developing female representatives is still heavy on form and structure without paying attention to training and fostering professional qualifications and skills... Therefore, it is inevitable that the existing potential of this team has not been exploited.
What is of interest is the proportion of NNLNCLC holding key positions, chairman
People's Councils at all levels have increased significantly compared to the previous term.
Table 3.10: Percentage of female staff holding positions in People's Councils at all levels
Unit: %
TT
Title | Term 2004 - 2011 | Term 2011 - 2016 | |||||
Provincial level | District level | Commune level | Provincial level | District level | Commune level | ||
1 | Chairperson | 1.56 | 3.92 | 4.09 | 4.76 | 6.00 | 5.67 |
2 | Vice president | 26.56 | 19.64 | 10.61 | 19.05 | 14.09 | 13.06 |
3 | Permanent | 22.22 | |||||
4 | Head and deputy head Committee of the People's Council | 21.06 | |||||
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, 2007, 2011, 2012.
Specifically, the provincial-level Chairman reached 4.76%, the district-level 6% and the commune-level 5.67% while the previous term only reached 1.56%, 3.92% and 4.04%, respectively. However, the position of Vice Chairman did not increase but decreased at both provincial and district levels, while the commune-level position increased compared to the previous term. In addition, the positions of Standing Committee of the People's Council and Heads and Deputy Heads of Committees in the People's Councils at all levels increased compared to the previous terms. However, it is still not commensurate with the potential of the NNLNCLC and does not meet the development requirements of the country.
- Proportion of female human resources in state management agencies at all levels:
Table 3.11: Proportion of female leaders and managers in the Central State
STT
Category | 2007 | As of December 2011 | |||
Female | Rate (%) | Female | Rate (%) | ||
1 | Vice President | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 |
2 | Minister and equivalent | 1 | 4.50 | 2 | 9.09 |
3 | Deputy Minister and equivalent | 9 | 8.40 | 11 | 8.27 |
4 | Department Head and equivalent | 61 | 8.11 | 54 | 9.73 |
5 | Deputy Director and equivalent | 240 | 14.94 | 287 | 19.04 |
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs 2007, 2012.
The participation of female staff in management at all levels has always been lower than that of men. However, the proportion of female staff as key officials at the Central level in the position of Vice President has reached 100% for many years, but this position is often just a fixed symbol for women and not a real one. Some other positions have low rates and are even decreasing, such as the deputy minister and equivalent positions. The rate of the Minister and equivalent positions has increased rapidly (doubled). The positions of Department Head and equivalent positions have increased insignificantly by 1.62%, the position of Deputy Department Head and equivalent positions in recent years has increased by about 4%.
In ministries, ministerial-level agencies, and government agencies with key leaders being female non-executive directors, the highest rate is the Ministry of Health at 40% and the agency with the lowest rate is the Ministry of National Defense at 9.09%, of which 18/30 agencies do not have female key leaders. The rate of agencies with female key leaders