- Group of denuded, eroded and washed hills: developed on the transitional and neotectonic zones with the main terrain type being denuded hills in the shape of upside-down bowls with convex slopes made of different rocks, strongly transformed by the surface washing process , distributed in areas with absolute elevations from 20 - 100 m.
In general, the NC territory has diverse differentiation of terrain and geomorphology types and forms; the leveled surfaces distributed at altitudes of 300 - 600 m and 800 - 1000 m have PTDL value.
2.1.4. Climate resources and SKH
2.1.4.1. Climate resources
In the NC area, there are 3 active hydrometeorological stations: Khe Sanh, A Luoi, and Nam Dong. The climate characteristics presented below are based on the above stations (Appendix 11).
a. Solar radiation mode
The mountainous districts of Tri - Thien area have the sun at its zenith twice a year, so they receive abundant radiant heat and it is unevenly distributed across the territory of NC from the northern mountainous region to the southern mountainous region. The total radiation in the north of Huong Hoa reaches 1800 Kcal/cm2 / year to A Luoi reaches 1700 Kcal/cm2 / year and in Nam Dong the total radiation is 1760 Kcal/cm2 / year.
b. Number of hours of sunshine and clouds
Number of sunshine hours: is a climatic factor closely related to solar radiation and is directly influenced by clouds and cloud types. The average total number of sunshine hours per year in NC territory ranges from 1700 - 1900 hours. The sunniest (drought) period is May, June, July, each month has from 180 to more than 200 hours of sunshine. From August onwards, the number of sunshine hours gradually decreases and reaches a minimum in December with a value of 70 - 97 hours, then gradually increases. The number of sunshine hours increases rapidly in January, February, March and decreases rapidly in August, September. During the least sunny period, the average number of sunshine hours per day is 2.5 - 3.5 hours. Clouds: mountainous areas have a fairly large amount of clouds, most of the year the amount of clouds is about 7/10 - 8/10 of the sky or more, the average total cloud amount has the largest value in the rainy season, the smallest in the light rainy season. The average monthly and annual cloudiness in the mountainous areas of Quang Tri is greater than that in the mountainous areas of Thua Thien Hue province.
c. Wind mode
Located in the Southeast Asian monsoon region and strongly influenced by two main monsoons: the southwest monsoon east of the Truong Son range; the winter monsoon
The north wind blows down from the north of our country. Therefore, two different wind mechanisms are formed and the prevailing wind direction also changes significantly according to the season. In addition, A Luoi and Nam Dong districts have steep and vertical terrain, creating a wind direction perpendicular to the terrain (changing the initial prevailing wind direction). At the same time, the wind speed is also small and the frequency of calm winds appears more than in Huong Hoa and Dakrong districts.
d. Thermal mode
The NC area has a fairly high temperature, the average annual temperature fluctuates between 21 - 25 0 C. The temperature amplitude is large because during the year there is a period of influence of the northeast monsoon and the period of dry and hot westerly winds. In addition, the temperature variation is also very complex according to the terrain height. The nature of the monsoon has created a difference in weather. In December and January, the air temperature decreases quite clearly, the average temperature drops below 20 0 C. Therefore, it has somewhat hindered the tourism activities. On the contrary, from March to November, there is no month when the temperature drops below 20 0 C. In particular, due to being located in the mountainous area, although from May to October is the period of dry and hot westerly winds, the mountainous districts of Tri - Thien area still have temperatures not too high compared to the plains of Tri - Thien province.
e. Rain and humidity mode
Rainfall regime : the NC area has a very high average annual rainfall, ranging from 2100 - 3700 mm. The seasonal difference is clear, the rainy season concentrates 65 - 75% of the annual rainfall. There is a lot of rain and the rainy season tends to slow down from north to south due to the movement of the tropical convergence zone as well as the northeast monsoon along with the rain-causing agents in it; the rainy season starts from July to November in the mountainous area of Quang Tri, from September to December in the mountainous area of Thua Thien Hue. Every year, the mountainous area of Thua Thien Hue has more average rainy days than the mountainous area of Quang Tri, ranging from 190 - 220 rainy days. The low-rain season coincides with the period of activity of the southwest monsoon when it crosses the Truong Son range due to the impact of the "phôn" which has become dry and hot. At this time, the weather is hot and dry, water sources evaporate strongly, causing a fairly common shortage of fresh water in the NC area. Air humidity: in the NC area, the average annual relative humidity is quite high, from 86 - 88% and varies according to terrain. The month with the lowest humidity ranges from 79 - 86%, the month with the highest humidity reaches 91 - 92%, the difference in humidity between months is not large.
Figure 2.4. Map of average annual temperature distribution in mountainous districts of Tri - Thien area
Figure 2.5. Map of distribution of average annual rainfall in mountainous districts of Tri - Thien area
e. Other extreme weather events
Storms and depressions: NC territory is annually affected by storms and tropical depressions from July to November. In the 27 years from 1959 to 2006, the total number of storms landing on the coastal strip from Ngang Pass to Hai Van Pass was 38 storms, mainly concentrated in September (14 storms) and October (10 storms). On average, Huong Hoa and Dakrong districts have 1-2 storms per year, A Luoi and Nam Dong districts have about 0.84 direct storms. Hot dry westerly winds (Lao wind) : in Huong Hoa and Dakrong districts, hot dry westerly winds occur in the summer from early March to late August. In A Luoi and Nam Dong districts, they occur near the end of February and end in early September. Every year, the number of
hot dry days (air temperature above 35 0 C and relative humidity below 65%) in the area
The area with an altitude of 500 m or less ranges from 45 to 55 days. In the lowlands of the NC territory, the intensity and number of hot and dry days increase from north to south, especially in Huong Hoa and Dakrong districts. Thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail: often occur during the transition period from the cold season to the hot season (March - June). On average, each month in the NC territory there are from 63 to 123 thunderstorm days, of which the most thunderstorms are in Nam Dong (123 days), the least is in Khe Sanh mountain area (63 days) followed by A Luoi (94 days).
2.1.4.2. Classification of SKH
a. SKH classification criteria
The selected indicator system for constructing a SKH classification map for the purpose of developing and maintaining the NC territory's tourism development is based on: inheriting the results of current domestic and foreign SKH research projects [18], [42], [106], [107], [108], [109] combined with analysis of climate statistics at NC territory's meteorological stations. The thesis has built a separate indicator system with 2 basic factors: temperature and humidity. In which, the 2 selected indicator systems are: average annual temperature (Ttb) and total annual rainfall (Rn). Located in the northern climate zone - tropical monsoon with cold winters, the NC region has quite cold periods in winter, and in the dry season there are periods of water shortage for human life and activities. Therefore, the SKH classification indicator system in the NC territory is supplemented with additional indicators: the length of the cold season (N) and the length of the dry season (n).
* Thermal index system
- Average annual temperature index : Temperature is one of the climatic factors that directly affects the body, health and human activities. Some research results on physiological limits related to temperature show that temperature
From 18 - 22 0 C, people are in the most comfortable state. At the same time, people also have the ability to adapt, not passively affected by external conditions. Therefore, outside the comfortable zone, the human body still has the ability to adapt. Based on the viewpoint of considering the general temperature of the territory as the basis for analyzing and evaluating the differentiation of thermal resources according to space and terrain height, the author chooses the average annual temperature index. The terrain of the NC territory has a clear differentiation according to height, so according to the law of high altitude (the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature), the temperature of these low and medium mountain areas is often lower than the surrounding area.
around quite a lot. On the other hand, according to the research of Gö ssling and Hall, people will
feel uncomfortable if the temperature increases by 10 C. Therefore, through analyzing the data of each monitoring station in the NC territory, the average annual temperature criteria are divided into 4 levels as follows: IV. Cool: Ttb < 20 0 C; III. Slightly hot: 20 0 C ≤ Ttb < 22 0 C; II. Hot: 22 0 C ≤ Ttb < 24 0 C; I. Very hot: Ttb ≥ 24 0 C
- Cold season length index : the length of the cold season has a great influence on the tourism activities, the type of cold weather affects human health as well as the time of implementing tourism activities. The length of the cold season is assessed through the number of cold months in the year, to study the differentiation and influence of cold winters on the territory.
to human health and tourism activities. The author chooses the number of cold months as months with average monthly temperature < 18 0 C. Depending on the location and terrain height in each territory, the length of the cold season also changes. In the mountainous districts of Tri - Thien region, the length of the cold season is divided into the following 3 levels: 3. Average cold season: N = 3 - 4 months; 2. Short cold season: N = ≤ 2 months; 1. No cold season: N = 0 months
* Rain - humidity index system
- Total annual rainfall index : rainfall factor has a great influence on tourism activities, places with a lot of rain often have a large number of rainy days and high humidity. Places with high rainfall often have ITL for human health and reduce the time fund for tourism activities. Therefore, the author chose the total annual rainfall factor to see the differentiation of rainfall and air humidity in the NC territory. At the same time, heavy rainfall and some special rainfall patterns have a great influence on time, increasing the risk in organizing and successfully implementing tourism activities. NC territory has
The rainfall is very heavy and unevenly distributed, the author relied on the classification of rainfall
for the DL of Indian researchers [ cited 18] to divide the respective levels
response. Since this type is suitable for the conditions in Vietnam , the results are as follows : B.
Heavy rain: Rn < 2500 mm; A. Very heavy rain: Rn ≥ 2500 mm
- Dry season length (number of dry months/year) : for the tourism activities, the length of the dry season is of great significance because it affects the ability to implement tourism activities. In addition, the length of the dry season also reflects the humidity level over time and has an impact on human health. Based on statistical data of stations in the territory and the results of analysis of related documents, the number of dry months is determined as months with average monthly rainfall ≤ 50 mm. The results of determining this criterion in the territory are as follows : b. Average dry season: n = 4 - 3 months; a. No dry season: n ≤ 2 months From the number of dry days, the length of the rainy season of the research territory can be inferred. Organizing tourism activities during the dry period is the most TL period, so the longer the dry season lasts, the more
more convenient for HDDL.
Meteorological factors are closely related and influence each other, they affect the human body in a comprehensive way. Therefore, the SKH classification map of mountainous districts in Tri - Thien area serving PTDL is established through the matrix form of the combination of the above indicators (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1. System of composite indicators to evaluate SKH conditions
Warm
Heat
Rn (mm) Number of dry months (n) Number of cold months (N) | A. It rains a lot. Rn ≥ 2500 mm | B. Heavy rain Rn < 2500 mm | |
Ttb (year) | a. There is no dry season n ≤ 2 months | b. Average dry season n = 3 - 4 months | |
IV. Cool Ttb < 20 0 C | 3. Average cold season N = 3 - 4 months | IVA3a | |
III. Heat 20 0 C ≤ Ttb < 22 0 C | 2. Short cold season N = ≤ 2 months | IIIA2a | |
II. Hot 22 0 C ≤ Ttb < 24 0 C | 1. No cold season N = 0 months | IIA1a | IIB1b |
I. Very hot Ttb ≥ 24 0 C | 1. No cold season N = 0 months | IA1a | IB1b |
Maybe you are interested!
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Map of Assessment of the Favorability of Natural Resources for Tourism Development in Mountainous Districts of Tri - Thien Area -
Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Exploiting the cultural value of Hang Kenh communal house - Hai Phong to serve tourism development - 1 -
Restoration and Restoration of Monuments Associated with the Construction and Development of Zen Tourism -
Foreign Studies on Improving Competitiveness for Tourism Development
b. SKH classification results
The NC territory has a total of 6 types of SKH, including types that appear many times in the NC territory (map of human health SKH classification for PTDL - figure 2.6).
Figure 2.6. Human health classification map of mountainous districts in Tri - Thien area
65