3.8. Proposed measures for waste management and treatment in lecture hall areas:
Based on the results of the analysis of the content of components in the domestic waste of Hai Phong University of Economics, we can see that there is a possibility of utilizing the domestic waste of Hai Phong University of Economics to make compost.
In order for waste from Hai Phong University of Technology to be used as bio-fertilizer, the amount of waste must be managed.
First, collect and classify: Waste must be classified from the disposal stage. Doing so will save you the trouble of sorting later and ensure the process of converting household waste into compost is highly efficient.
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In addition to waste from the cafeteria and lecture halls, there is a large amount of hazardous waste in the laboratory area that has not been managed or treated. In addition to household waste such as plastic bottles, scrap paper, cotton packaging, nylon bags, leftover food (a small amount), glass, sand, gravel, etc., there is also a large amount of toxic chemical waste such as: chemical bottles, unqualified samples from students participating in experiments, spilled chemicals, and some homemade tools for experiments (contaminated with chemicals). However, these two types of waste have not been classified separately.
Figure 3.6. Laboratory waste
* Waste classification process:
The sorting is done at the source. We can arrange 4 bins of different colors.
+ Bin 1: Biodegradable organic waste: vegetable roots, leftovers after food processing, leftover food, straw...
+ Bin 2: Inorganic waste: plastic bags, plastic bottles, ...
+ Bin 3: Recyclable waste: Cardboard boxes, newspapers, bottles, beverage jars, aluminum cans, tin, scrap iron...
+ Bin 4: Hazardous waste in the laboratory area such as: chemical bottles, spilled chemicals, batteries, damaged samples of students during experiments, paper towels...
The bins are painted in different colors and have symbols of waste types for the convenience of collectors.
3.8.1. Propose some measures to manage hazardous laboratory waste:
Technical waste management can basically be divided into five stages:
+ Phase 1: Is the phase of reducing waste generation at the source.
In this section, to reduce waste, various source reduction measures can be applied. For the laboratory, students should read the documents carefully before starting work, and be careful while working. This way, they can achieve the desired results, reduce the amount of unnecessary chemicals used, and reduce the amount of hazardous waste here.
+ Phase 2: is the phase that includes collection and transportation within the facility and transportation outside.
In the laboratory area, we need to separate different types of waste, especially hazardous waste. Arrange trash bins with different color symbols in front of each laboratory.
- Bin 1: recoverable and reusable waste such as bottles, scrap paper, etc.
- Bin 2: non-recyclable waste such as glass, plastic...
- Bin 3: hazardous waste. Includes waste from students' experiments such as chemical bottles, unqualified samples, and chemical products.
experimental process of disposal…..
This ensures that waste is thoroughly collected and classified, and makes it easier to handle waste later.
+ Phase 3: is the phase that includes the recovery processing work.
+ Phase 4: is the phase of transporting residue and ash after treatment.
+ Phase 5: is the phase of burying waste
The following three phases are undertaken by a specialized environmental company.
Whether waste classification is successful or not depends on the awareness of students and staff in the school.
Domestic solid waste is not a pressing issue for each locality or region, but a common issue for the whole society. With development and integration, it becomes more urgent. If domestic solid waste is not managed and treated promptly, it will greatly affect people's health, reduce the quality of the living environment, increase the risk of respiratory and digestive diseases and skin diseases, create a living environment for pathogenic microorganisms, and easily cause large-scale epidemics in the community.
Researching and producing biofertilizers from organic waste discharged during daily activities is a new direction in the current period. Contributing to creating products that increase economic efficiency from the utilization of waste. Currently, our country is also studying and learning from experiences from countries around the world to conduct environmentally friendly waste treatment. According to the results of analyzing the content of some parameters in waste such as: Total nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in waste in the area of Hai Phong University of Economics, it can be used as biofertilizers. The products created can immediately serve the work of taking care of trees in the school.
3.8.2 The composting process is as follows:
* Step 1 : Sort garbage.
- The quality of compost depends on the quality of the initial waste. Therefore, waste classification plays an important role. Waste components that are difficult to decompose must be removed.
Waste classified at source will help save time and costs.
Recycling waste also increases the efficiency of the composting process.
* Step 2 : Mix the waste with additional ingredients.
- The ratio of Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N) is very important for the decomposition process. Both C and N are food for microorganisms that decompose organic matter. In which C is important for cell growth, while N is a source of nutrients.
Wood chips or sawdust can be mixed with the waste. Wood chips also help to create pores in the waste and thus increase air circulation. Adding EM products to the waste will speed up the decomposition process.
*Step 3 : Pour garbage into the compost tank.
- The easily decomposable organic waste will be spread on the surface of the compost tank with a thickness of about 20cm and each layer will add EM preparation to the surface of the waste in the compost tank (according to the instructions on the packaging). In the first few days, the temperature will increase to 60°C, this helps the compost product to be free of pathogens and weeds.
- The composting process will take place in 40 days and then will be transferred to the fermentation tank for another 15 days. During the fermentation period, the temperature must be monitored regularly. Every week, a hole must be dug to check the humidity, if dry, water must be added.
* Step 4 : Mix the trash.
- One of the important steps in the composting process is to ensure adequate air supply. In the first few days, aerobic microorganisms grow very quickly and need a lot of oxygen. Lack of oxygen will cause anaerobic microorganisms to grow and cause bad odors, while slowing down the composting process. It is necessary to ensure adequate air supply.
* Step 5 : Temperature control.
- Microbial activity is effective in the temperature range of 65 - 70°C for about 1 - 3 days. Temperatures above 70°C will inhibit this activity. Temperatures above 80°C will kill most microorganisms and the composting process will stop. Temperatures below 65°C are most suitable for composting and also ensure the destruction of weeds, larvae eggs and substances harmful to humans. It is necessary to maintain
This temperature should be maintained for at least 3 days. After the first week, the temperature will decrease and the composting process will slow down. The process will move to the vegetative stage with a temperature of 45 - 50°C. Microorganisms will take over the transformation until the waste becomes compost.
* Step 6 : Humidity control.
- Bacteria get nutrients only when it is decomposed into ions on the surface of water molecules. Therefore, humidity plays an important role. To ensure the decomposition rate, it is necessary to maintain humidity in compost tanks at 40 - 60%.
* Step 7: Incubate until ripe.
- After about 40 days the waste in the tank will turn the color of soil and the temperature will drop below 50°C. This indicates that the ripening process has begun. Organic microorganisms and other small insects continue to decompose more stable organic matter such as cellulose. A further 2 weeks are needed to ensure that the compost is fully ripe and can be used as a direct fertilizer for plants. During this process the compost needs less oxygen and less water. The temperature will drop to the same level as the outside air temperature.
- Ripe compost will be dark brown, have an earthy smell and have a porous structure.
* Step 8: Compost screening.
- The mature compost has a coarse size, it depends on the original material and the number of times it is mixed. Sieving removes non-organic parts left over from the initial sorting process such as: glass...
- The immature organic part will be reused to mix with the new waste as a carbon source and because it already contains the microorganisms of the composting process.
* Step 9 : Contain and pack.
- If the compost is still hotter than the outside temperature after sieving, it means that the compost is not fully ripe yet. In this case, spray 1 liter of water and continue to incubate for another week. Keep the compost in a dry place away from rain because if it gets wet, it will lose its nutrients.
- The bag is waterproof but still ensures ventilation because compost is a "living" material and needs air.
Conclude
Through the process of implementing the topic, I have obtained the following results:
1. Classify household waste
+ Lecture hall area: Classroom waste is mainly inorganic substances that can be recovered and reused. Cafeteria waste is mainly biodegradable organic substances. The percentage of biodegradable organic substances in lecture hall waste is 85.36%.
+ Laboratory area: Waste is mainly organic substances that are difficult to decompose and a certain amount of hazardous waste from discarded chemicals.
+ Student Hotel Area: Waste in the student hotel area is mainly domestic solid waste. Generated from the studying and eating process of boarding students of Hai Phong University of Economics.
2. Determine the humidity of waste in the cafeteria of Hai Phong University of Economics. The humidity of waste fluctuates between 79 - 81%.
3. Determine total nitrogen in waste samples
Total Nitrogen content in the sample ranges from: 2.36 - 3.1%
4. Analysis to determine the calcium and magnesium content in waste.
This is a very necessary element for plant growth, Calcium content ranges from 0.06 - 0.1%; Magnesium ranges from 0.01 - 0.028%
6. Determination of Phosphorus content in waste samples
Total phosphorus content in the sample fluctuates between: 3.6 - 4.2 mg/l .
7. Propose some measures to manage and treat waste from DHDL - HP
Thus, according to the analysis results, the use of waste from the University of Economics - HP as biofertilizer is feasible. It not only creates fertilizer for plants but also reduces the amount of waste. With the above benefits, it has opened a new direction in the research and treatment of environmentally friendly household waste, contributing to the general solid waste treatment process to achieve the goal of "sustainable development" of the country in the industrialization and modernization period.
References
1. Dang Kim Chi, (2006), "Environmental Chemistry", Hanoi Science and Technology Publishing House.
2. Pham Luan, Nguyen Xuan Dung (1987), "Handbook for looking up solution preparation", Hanoi Science and Technology Publishing House.
3. Dr. Tran Thi My Dieu and Dr. Nguyen Trung Viet, (2007), " Domestic waste management textbook" and "Hazardous waste management textbook", Green Vision Environmental Company.
4. Le Van Khoa, (2000), "Methods of analyzing soil, water, fertilizers, and plants", Education Publishing House.
5. “Hazardous waste manual” , issued by the Department of Science, Technology and Environment of Ho Chi Minh City.
6. Pham Luan, “Methods of sample collection and preservation in analysis”
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science – Hanoi. Some websites providing related information:
- Vietnam Environment Administration http://www.nea.gov.vn
- Department of Science, Technology and Environment of Ho Chi Minh City http://www.doste.hochiminhcity.gov.vn
- http://bookluanvan.vn/f37/kiem-toan-rac-thai-khu-vuc-ky-tuc-xa-luu-hoc-sinh-truong-dai-hoc-nong-nghiep-ha-noi-va-de-xuat-mot-so-bien-phap-quan-ly-rac- thai-sinh-hoat-40608/
- http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/de-tai-kiem-toan-rac-thai-khu-vuc-ky-tuc-xa-luu- hoc-sinh-truong-dai-hoc-nong-nghiep-ha-noi-va-de-x.1197472.html http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/quy-trinh-san-xuat-phan-compost-hieu-when.542900.html
Appendix
Some legal documents and technical guidelines related to hazardous waste and domestic solid waste management.
1. Law on Environmental Protection January 10, 1994.
2. Chapter 17 - Penal Code (amended) July 1, 2000
3. Vietnam Maritime Law promulgated on June 30, 1990
4. Labor Law 1991
5. Law on public health protection issued in 1991
6. Land Law, promulgated in July 1993
7. Commercial Law, promulgated on May 10, 1996
8. Law on Foreign Investment, November 11, 1996 and Decree No. 12-CP, December 18, 1996 on guiding the Law on Foreign Investment;
9. Ordinance on Plant Protection and Quarantine
10. Regulations on hazardous waste management, issued together with Decision No. 155/1999/QD-TTg dated July 16, 1999
11. Vietnam Standard TCVN6705-2000 on non-hazardous waste - classification
12. Vietnam Standard TCVN6706-2000 on hazardous waste - classification
13. Vietnamese Standard TCVN 6760-2000 on hazardous waste - warning and prevention signs: specifies the shape, size, color and content of warning and prevention signs used in hazardous waste management during storage, collection, transportation and treatment.
14. Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP on solid waste management.
15. TCVN 6705:2009 - General solid waste - classification.
16. TCVN 6696:2000 - Solid waste. Sanitary landfills. General requirements for environmental protection.
17. Decree No. 121/2004/ND-CP issued on May 12, 2004, regulating administrative sanctions in the field of environmental protection .
18. Directive No. 23/2005/CT-TTg dated June 21, 2005 of the Prime Minister on promoting solid waste management in urban areas and industrial zones.