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Y Phuong - A Typical Ethnic Minority Poet of the Modern Period.


3.2. Research objectives


- The thesis aims to: Highlight the unique features of the content and art of Y Phuong's bilingual poetry and the important contributions of this Tay ethnic poet to the development of ethnic minority poetry in modern times.

- Affirming the love, respect and pride in the Tay cultural origin and the author's desire to preserve national identity through the use of the mother tongue in poetry in particular, and in literary creation in general of this typical and excellent Tay ethnic poet.

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4. Research tasks and methods


Y Phuong - A Typical Ethnic Minority Poet of the Modern Period.

4.1. Research tasks


- Clarify the author's views and opinions on literary composition in general and on the use of mother tongue in poetry composition in particular.

- Clarifying the content and artistic characteristics of Y Phuong's bilingual poetry; on that basis, affirming the unique, "dense" Tay features, but also very new and modern, along with the author's affirmable contributions to the movement and development of Vietnamese ethnic minority poetry in the modern period.

4.2. Research methods


To carry out this topic, we have chosen the following specific research methods:

- Method of analyzing author and work;


- Statistical and classification methods;


- Comparison and contrast method (comparing with works of other ethnic minority poets...);


- Interdisciplinary research methods (cultural studies, ethnology, etc.);


- Apply some research operations of Poetics.


5. Scope of research


- In-depth research on Y Phuong's two bilingual poetry collections: That tang lom (Against the wind) and Tung Tay (Tay dance) in terms of content and art to clarify the traditional and modern nature in Y Phuong's bilingual poetry.

- In addition, we will examine some poetry compositions of other ethnic minority authors to compare and contrast with Y Phuong's bilingual poetry.

- Read and refer to some theoretical books and literary theories as a theoretical basis for the topic.

6. Structure of the thesis


In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion and References, the main content of the Thesis includes 3 chapters:

Chapter 1: Y Phuong - a typical ethnic minority poet of the modern period.


Chapter 2: Tay Identity in Y Phuong's Bilingual Poetry.


Chapter 3: Modernity in Y Phuong's Bilingual Poetry.


7. Contribution of the thesis


- The thesis highlights some unique features of content and art in Y Phuong's bilingual poetry;

- Affirm the valuable contributions of poet Y Phuong to the ethnic minority poetry of modern times.

- The results of the thesis are a reference document for those interested in researching ethnic minority poetry and Vietnamese poetry in general, and a document serving the teaching of ethnic minority poetry in the education program at the high school level in particular.


Chapter 1


Y PHUONG - A REPRESENTATIVE TAY ETHNIC POET OF MODERN PERIOD

1.1 Some features of Y Phuong - Tay poet from "Cao Bang mountains and rivers"


1.1.1. Biography of poet Y Phuong


Y Phuong (Hua Vinh Suoc), born on December 24, 1948, is from Hieu Le village, Lang Hieu commune, Trung Khanh district, Cao Bang province (so he also has the "nickname" Hieu Le village boy) .

Y Phuong was very lucky to be born and raised in Cao Bang - a land of high mountains and blue water in the remote border of the Fatherland. This is a place filled with historical achievements and miracles in fighting against foreign invaders, defending the country as well as rich and unique cultural traditions of ethnic minorities. Perhaps that is why the land of Cao Bang has given birth to so many heroic generals; so many famous ethnic minority writers and poets. Since the 3rd century BC, Cao Bang has been associated with the formation of the alliance of ancient Tay tribes (Tay Au and Au Viet) that developed into Nam Cuong country. Later, the hero Nung Tri Cao was assigned by the Ly Dynasty to govern Quang Nguyen land (now Quang Uyen district), Tu Lang district. In 1050, Nung Tri Cao led the ethnic minorities here to rise up against the invading army of the Song Dynasty, protecting the border of the Fatherland.

In the early 15th century, the Ming Dynasty invaded our country, many generations of Cao Bang ethnic people rose up to fight against foreign invaders - to protect their homeland and the Fatherland, typically: Be Khac Thieu and Nong Dac Thai (Tay ethnic group) raised troops and raised the flag of uprising against the Ming invaders. Many fierce battles took place, including the battle in Na Khuoi (Hong Viet commune, Hoa An), Be Khac Thieu and Nong Dac Thai's army destroyed more than 4,000 invaders, forcing the Ming invaders to withdraw. Be Khac Thieu's uprising contributed to Le Loi's fight against the Ming invaders.


expel the Ming invaders, maintain national independence. During the Mac Dynasty, in Cao Bang, the economy, culture, and education developed quite strongly such as: opening the National School, encouraging the writing of Nom Tay poetry, Luon, Then...; expanding markets, bustling trade exchanges, promoting agricultural production, irrigation, expanding cultivated land to improve the lives of the people of all ethnic groups and building the Mac Dynasty here. In the first half of the 19th century, under the rule of the Nguyen feudal court, peasant uprisings broke out everywhere. Among the heroes of Cao Bang who rose up to revolt, we must mention names such as: Le Van Khoi, Nong Van Van (Nung Van Van)... From 1886, the French from Lang Son came to invade Cao Bang, they sent troops to occupy districts, villages, swept, killed people and brutally robbed. The people of Cao Bang ethnic groups rose up against the French in many places, of which three anti-French movements lasted the longest and caused the most damage to the French. That was in 1887, Trieu Phuc Tinh, Truong Khang, Luong Tuan Tu followed the high-ranking mandarin Ton That Thuyet to establish a base in Lung Tu, Tong Cot, Tra Linh, bought thousands of guns, and killed 300 French soldiers led by the mandarin Nam in Lang Son to attack the fort in Lung Tu. After that, the mandarin Nam Galieni in Cao Bang had to send cannons and troops to support and defeat Lung Tu. From 1889-1892, during the 4 years of fighting the French, Luc A Sung in Phuc Hoa, Quang Uyen, Trung Khanh fought the French in many battles, killing hundreds of French soldiers patrolling the Bang River on land. From 1890-1896, the leaders Ma Quoc Anh and Tang A Hop in Ha Lang fought for 6 years, killing more than 100 French soldiers... [15, 15]

Being sown on lands with a long history of heroic national defense and a unique multi-ethnic culture, Cao Bang literature has favorable conditions to “sprout” and develop “flourishingly”. For that reason, Cao Bang is the birthplace of many generations of excellent poets and writers of the Vietnamese ethnic minority community, especially the Tay ethnic people.


Since the 17th century, written literature in Cao Bang has been formed with the appearance of Nong Quynh Van and Be Van Phung. Especially at the end of the 19th century, the Tay poet Hoang Duc Hau used Tay Nom script skillfully, composing many poems for posterity.

After the August Revolution in 1945, this heroic and beautiful land continued to be the cradle of many ethnic minority poets and writers such as: Ban Tai Doan (Dao ethnic group); Hoang Trieu An, Vi Hong, Cao Duy Son, Y Phuong ... (Tay ethnic group). Poet Ban Tai Doan composed before the revolution with the work " Advice to Wife, Advice to Children" (1944), and later many valuable poetic works such as: the famous poem " Uncle Ho's Salt" (1960); "Spring Returns on the Mountain" (1963); "Telling Life Stories" (1968); and the memoir "Life of the Dao People" (1985) ... He brought his hometown Cao Bang many noble literary awards.

Next is the author Hoang Trieu An (Tay ethnic group), he has many poetic works such as: Tung Con and the Dan Stream (1963), Kin Mac (1969), Nang Ngan (1974), short story Tieng Khen A Pa (1980), novel Tren vuon may trang (2011), novel Cuoc chien vi ngay mai (2013)... He has been awarded many Central and local Literature and Arts Awards.

Another famous author is Vi Hong, a Tay ethnic, born and raised in Cao Bang and later became a Literature teacher at Viet Bac Pedagogical University (now Thai Nguyen University of Pedagogical Education). He has 19 books with many typical prose works: Vai dang (1980), Nui co yeu thuong (1984), Nguoi trong ong va Ga nguoc gioi (1990), Thang nam biet noi (1993)...

When talking about Cao Bang, we cannot help but mention writer Cao Duy Son, a Tay ethnic. He is the most successful prose writer of Cao Bang with novels such as: The Wanderer (1992), Cuc Lac (1995), Dan Troi ( Heavenly Sand ).


(2006), The Three Houses (2009)... His works are very unique and have won many high awards at the central, local and ASEAN levels.

Besides, the Tay ethnic writer - Huu Tien, who has also achieved much success. He has had 7 books published, including the story collection Deo khong lang gio (published in 2000, reprinted in 2003) which won the B prize for Vietnamese ethnic minority literature (no A prize). His notable short story collections are Trang gan (1993), Ngon suoi chan rung (1997); Deo khong lang gio (2003)... He has been awarded 5 other awards from the Central and local levels.

Writer Hoang Quang Uyen, a Tay ethnic, also has many published works. He has ventured into many fields: Writing, journalism, film script writing, literary criticism... Some of his memoirs include: University teacher (1998), Echoing the mountains and forests (2011)... And his research works include: Alone in the world of poetry (2000), Looking for prison diary (2010)... He has received a number of Central and local literary awards.

Writer Doan Lu is a writer of both prose and poetry. He has published nearly 20 books, of which 4 have won awards at the central and local levels. His works include Forest Moon (1996), Wild Horse Reveals Its Body (1998), Lena - Kitti the Superhuman Girl (2009)...

Writer Doan Ngoc Minh is a female writer who has also achieved much success. The author has published 8 short story collections and 6 poetry collections, winning many awards at the central and local levels. Typical collections include: River of Memories (1997), Bird Wings (1999), Wind Turning (2004)...

And especially poet Y Phuong - an excellent poet of the mountainous Cao Bang, of modern Vietnamese ethnic minority literature in general. Not only was he born in a land with a tradition of culture and literature, Y Phuong was also born into a family of ethnic minority intellectuals. His father was Hua Van Cuong - a teacher.


Cao treated many people and was very fluent in Tay Nom script. His mother was Nong Tho Loc - a capable, talented woman who devoted herself to her husband and children. His father was a talented person who could compose mourning songs (crying for the dead) and had many other abilities (composing lyrics for Tay folk songs...). Throughout his childhood, his father was also the teacher who taught Y Phuong everything he had, especially the prayers, ancient Then songs and Tay writing... Thanks to his father's teachings, Y Phuong was able to write Tay Nom script fluently and had a deeper understanding of Tay culture. Therefore, Y Phuong had a rich knowledge of Tay Nom script, Tay culture and literature; helping him love, attach to, and cherish the beauty of his homeland's culture and be passionate and proud of Tay cultural traditions and of his poetic homeland of Trung Khanh.

Y Phuong was born in the mountainous land of Cao Bang - a place with a history of defending the country, fighting the enemy and a tradition of culture and literature. He was also born into a family of ethnic minority intellectuals - this is a solid foundation that helps Y Phuong reap many successes in literary creation later. Moreover, Y Phuong himself loves and is very proud of the cultural and literary identity of his people and homeland and he is very conscious of preserving and conserving it. For that reason, he writes literature not only out of his passion for artistic creation, but also out of his love, pride in his homeland and responsibility to preserve the cultural identity of his people.

Y Phuong is a Tay ethnic child, who has studied and grown up through different environments of modern life. At the age of 9, Y Phuong started going to school and learned to speak Kinh. In 1968, although he had not finished high school, he volunteered to join the army, participating in the fight against the Americans and the border. He was discharged from the army and transferred to work in Cao Bang in 1981. Perhaps it was the days of being in the army that increased Y Phuong's love for his homeland and country. That love made him more responsible for his country and homeland.


To fulfill his childhood dream of going to school, from 1976 to 1979, Y Phuong enrolled in the Vietnam Cinema School. From 1982 to 1986, Y Phuong continued to study at Course II, Nguyen Du Writing School (with Tran Dang Khoa, Ha Dinh Can, Phung Khac Bac, Dang Ai, Thanh Kim, Nguyen Trac, Po Sao Min, Pham Song Hong...). These years of studying brought Y Phuong a lot of useful knowledge in literary composition. It was the experiences, life experiences and knowledge learned in schools that helped Y Phuong become a typical, outstanding poet of modern Tay ethnic minority literature.

In 1986, he worked at the Department of Culture and Information of Cao Bang province and since 1991, he has been Deputy Director of the Department of Culture and Information; in 1993, he was Chairman of the Cao Bang Literature and Arts Association, Member of the Executive Committee, Head of the Inspection Committee of the Vietnam Writers Association, Term VI. Up to now (2016), he is a member of the Executive Committee of the Vietnam Writers Association, Vice Chairman of the Poetry Council - Vietnam Writers Association.

1.1.2. Y Phuong's creative career


As a person with a soul and literary talent, Y Phuong came to the writing profession as a "destiny", an aspiration of a Tay son who passionately loves his mountainous border homeland and is always proud of his rich cultural tradition. That was in 1972, when the unit opened a Wall Newspaper contest, the young soldier Y Phuong practiced sending a few poems to participate. At first, he only thought of participating for fun, participating with his comrades to get the atmosphere... Surprisingly, later, a group of officers of the Army's Literature and Arts Department, during a business trip, "selected" the best poems to print in the newspaper, including two of his poems: Kitchen of Heaven , Shape of a River (printed in issue 6 in 1973, at the same time as Hai Ky, Lam Thi Hong Tu, Huu Thinh...). However, Y Phuong only truly made his mark on Vietnamese literary life from the poem Tieng hat thang janh . This is the poem that won the A Prize in the Tap poetry contest.

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