importance of ethnic communities. Yes, although in reality, the current activities of village meetings are to disseminate and implement the work of the Party and the State, within the villages of indigenous ethnic groups in Quang Nam, the form of discussion and exchange of opinions of the elders in the village is still maintained, and their decisions always have influence on land ownership, production, social relations of the family, of the community and outside the community, traditional cultural activities, beliefs... of the whole village.
2.1.2. Some common characteristics of the culture of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province
From a geographical and cultural perspective, the cultural sub-region of Quang Nam in general and the culture of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province in particular have the presence and harmony of most types of cultural heritages expressing different cultural characteristics, having different ages, containing different historical contents but all associated with the natural geographical characteristics and the formation and development process of this land.
The diversity and mixture are clearly shown in: (1) Cultural exchange and cohesion from the process of settlement, mixed settlement and cohabitation of Cham, Vietnamese and Chinese people (Cham - Vietnamese - Chinese); (2) Cultural exchange and cohesion between the coastal plain residents and ethnic minorities in the highlands; and (3) and the significant influence of cultural exchange in the East - West Truong Son region (due to the natural geography of the residential area bordering Laos).
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The communal houses of the ethnic minorities in Quang Nam have become common spaces, built from the strength and solidarity of the mountain community. Typically, for the Co Tu people, in addition to the mother gươl (the village's common gươl), there are also small gươl (gươl tô bhúh) surrounding them, symbolizing the clans in the village; for the Co people, the communal house
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built in the style of long houses on each roof, where many households live... This cultural characteristic creates for the people a very high awareness of their clan, their original village, their living space, a spirit of community cohesion, responsibility, obligations and rights towards their village.
The process of cohabitation among ethnic groups has brought about a unique feature in the intangible culture of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province, which is the diversity of unique cultural values in social life bearing the traditional identity and differences of each ethnic group (from language, daily life items, to village house and housing architecture, customs, practices, festivals, marriage, funerals, worship...). Some evidences have shown that: (i) The Co Tu ethnic group (in Tay Giang, Dong Giang, Nam Giang districts...) with the art of decorating Guol houses, gongs, Ly speaking - Ly singing, folk songs - folk dances (with the Tang tung - Da da dance of the Co Tu being a national intangible cultural heritage), the traditional brocade weaving craft of the Co Tu people (a national intangible cultural heritage)...; (ii) The Cor, Cadong, and Xedang ethnic groups (in Phuoc Son, Bac Tra My, and Nam Tra My districts) with their customs, rituals, and folk performing arts (ding ting singing of the Ca Dong, gong performance of the Cor, and Klongput of the Ca Dong), brocade weaving (weaving of Xedang at the foot of Ngok Linh mountain, Bhnoong brocade weaving in Phuoc Son), and the wine brewing of the Cadong in Bac Tra My, and the Cor people (Bac Tra My) with the characteristic image of the traditional cultural "neu tree" used in worship ceremonies (the ritual of erecting the neu tree and the Gu set of the Cor people are national intangible cultural heritages)...; (iii) With the Gié – Triêng ethnic group, there are lullabies, singing while weaving and H'gơ r drums of the local Ta Rieng (Gié – Triêng) group... Thereby creating a vivid, multi-cultural picture that exists in life.
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of people from different regions makes Quang Nam culture more diverse and rich.
From being affected by the objective need to survive in natural conditions and expressed in culture and lifestyle, all of these things have created thinking characteristics that have become the qualities of the people of Quang in general and the indigenous peoples of the mountainous region of Quang Nam in particular. Besides the high awareness of the people about their lineage, their original village and living space, and the spirit of community cohesion, they also have the characteristics of: diligence, creativity, intelligence, openness, tolerance but very steadfast and indomitable. These qualities help them and the people of Quang in general to always be brave in the process of fighting against natural disasters, enemies as well as the aspiration to rise up in the process of building and developing the locality today.
2.1.3. General overview of the culture of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My district
Bac Tra My district (separated from August 2003 with Nam Tra My district from the old Tra My district of Quang Nam province) is one of the mountainous districts of Quang Nam province. The location of Bac Tra My is at 15 0 17 '13 '' to 18 0 18 '00 ' ' north latitude , 108 0 09 '16 ' ' to 108 0 17 '58 ' ' east longitude . 50 km southwest of Tam Ky; to the east northeast borders Nui Thanh district, Tien Phuoc district and to the south borders Tra Bong district - Quang Ngai province, to the northwest borders Phuoc Son district ; to the west - southwest borders Nam Tra My district; and to the north borders Tien Phuoc and Hiep Duc districts.
During the resistance war against the US to save the country, Tra My (old) was chosen as the revolutionary base of Zone V. This was the base of the Zone Party Committee and the Military Region V Command during the resistance war against the US to save the country (1960
– 1973). This relic site is considered one of the first military bases.
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The pioneer of the Regional Party Committee and the Military Region V Command, contributed to the victory of the historic Ho Chi Minh Campaign.
The total natural area of the district is 823.05 km2 . The district has 13 administrative units at the commune level, including Tra My town (the district center) and 12 communes (Tra Doc, Tra Bui, Tra Duong, Tra Dong, Tra Giang, Tra Giac, Tra Ka, Tra Giap, Tra Nu, Tra Son, Tra Kot, Tra Tan).
DT 616 route connecting Bac Tra My - Tien Phuoc - Tam Ky is the main traffic route of Bac Tra My with outside the district.
The total population of Bac Tra My district is 39,600 people, mainly indigenous residents, including: Kinh ethnic group: 20,148 (51.41%), Cadong ethnic group: 13,372 (34.12%), Xedang ethnic group: 115 (0.26%), Cor ethnic group: 4,290 (10.95%), Monong ethnic group: 690 (1.76%), Other ethnic groups: 579 (1.77%). The population is scattered, with an average population density of 47.26 people/km2.
Basically, the culture of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My district is concentrated in the Cadong, Xedang, Cor and Monong ethnic groups; they share the same characteristics with the culture of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province as mentioned above. Typically, such as:
About the communal house of the village community: there is the Rong house of the Xo Dang people, the Cot house of the Cor people...
Regarding traditional housing styles: " Xlúp house " of the Cor people; low rectangular stilt house of the Xe Dang people in the style of a long house where the whole family usually lives together; stilt house of the M'nong people made of palm leaves, floor made of bamboo, walls made of bark of the ươi tree or cho tree; long house of the Cadong people.
Many traditional festivals and typical New Year celebrations of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My include: New Rice Celebration (Ka pêê nau); New Year's Water Trough Offering Ceremony of the Cadong; Rice Pounding Festival, New Rice Celebration Ceremony (Xa pa nử), Buffalo Flower Eating Ceremony (Xa ố piêu) of the Cor and Cadong people, etc. The typical image of the "tree"
Describe the traditional cultural features of the Cor people used in worship ceremonies. Customs, rituals, and folk performing arts of the Cor, Cadong, and Sedang ethnic groups.
Regarding traditional musical instruments, there are: stone zither (phau), lute, kadloc, amap trumpet, talia flute of the Cor people; erhu, kloong but clapper, drum, gong, gong, horn, vertical flute, dool (pipe system powered by water) of the Cadong people... along with folk songs and dances.
2.2. Current status of implementing policies to preserve and develop the culture of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My district, Quang Nam province, period 2015-2020
2.2.1. Issuance of policy documents on preserving and developing the culture of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province and Bac Tra My district
From 2011 to present, on the basis of major central target programs, Quang Nam province has issued 19 thematic resolutions and 15 specific policies to support and develop ethnic minority areas, mainly focusing on 6 mountainous districts[21]. In particular, the most typical ones are: Since 2012, to implement the policy of preserving and developing the culture of ethnic minorities in the province.
Based on the actual conditions and specific factors of ethnic groups in the mountainous districts of Quang Nam, including Bac Tra My district, the People's Council of Quang Nam province issued Resolution No. 55/2012/NQ-HDND dated September 19, 2012 on the Master Plan for Socio-Economic Development of the Mountainous Region of Quang Nam Province for the 2013-2016 period and orientation to 2020. Then, on October 1, 2013, the People's Committee of Quang Nam province issued a Plan to preserve and develop typical cultural heritages of ethnic minorities (including the Co Tu, Gie - Trieng, Xo Dang and Cor ethnic groups) in the province until 2020. According to this plan, the goal by 2015 is to basically bring the culture
Ethnic minorities are out of danger of extinction, need urgent protection and initially promote the typical cultural heritage values of ethnic groups; 50 - 60% of villages of ethnic minorities have community houses with autonomous activity programs. At the same time, each district with ethnic minorities is supported to develop at least 1 traditional occupation; 4 ethnic minorities currently in the province are inventoried for their cultural heritage; complete the set of indicators for cultural development of ethnic groups by 2020. In the period from 2016 - 2020, continue to promote the exploitation and preservation of typical cultural values; 70 - 85% of villages have cultural houses with autonomous activity programs. Each district with ethnic minorities is supported to develop at least 2 traditional occupations, supported to develop folk songs, folk dances or typical tourism activities. contributing to socio-economic development. This plan is implemented in the districts of Tay Giang, Dong Giang, Nam Giang, Phuoc Son, Hiep Duc, Nam Tra My, Bac Tra My and Nui Thanh, which have a population density sufficient to form the unique cultural nuances of each ethnic group. The subjects of implementation are the people of the four ethnic minorities Co Tu, Gie - Trieng, Xo Dang and Cor.
On the basis of summarizing 5 years of implementing Resolution 55/2012/NQ-HDND on the Master Program for Socio-Economic Development of the Mountainous Region of Quang Nam Province for the period 2013-2016 and orientation to 2020 and the Plan of the Provincial People's Committee on preserving and developing typical cultural heritages of ethnic minorities (including the Co Tu, Gie - Trieng, Xo Dang and Cor ethnic groups) in the province until 2020 , the Quang Nam Provincial Party Committee, term XXI, issued Resolution No. 05-NQ/TU dated August 17, 2016 on socio-economic development of the mountainous region associated with the orientation to implement a number of major projects in the Western region of Quang Nam Province in the period 2016.
- 2020, orientation to 2025 .
In 2019, the Provincial People's Committee issued two projects: " Support for conservation and development"
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"Promoting the cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province in the period of 2019 - 2025 "; and " Supporting the development of mountainous tourism in Quang Nam province until 2025 ". In the same year, based on the actual conditions and characteristics of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My district, the People's Committee of Quang Nam province issued Decision No. 1660/QD-UBND dated June 5, 2019 on Approving the Sustainable Poverty Reduction Project for the period of 2018-2020 in Bac Tra My district ...
Based on the local comparative advantages in developing mountainous tourism with many historical revolutionary relics and scenic spots, based on the implementation of 02 projects of the Provincial People's Committee: " Supporting the preservation and promotion of cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province in the period of 2019 - 2025 "; and " Supporting the development of mountainous tourism in Quang Nam province until 2025 ", the People's Council of Bac Tra My district issued Resolution No. 58/2019/NQ-HDND dated May 21, 2019 on tourism development in Bac Tra My district in the period of 2019 - 2025, with a vision to 2030 ; at the same time, the district also issued documents including 3 projects on district-level culture and developed a project to preserve and develop national cultural identity.[44]
Through the effective promulgation of documents implementing the policy of preserving and developing the culture of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My district, the district government and communes and towns in Bac Tra My have promptly promoted communication channels to disseminate the implementation of this policy to communes, towns and villages.
2.2.2. Results of implementing the policy of preserving and developing the culture of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My district, Quang Nam province in the period 2015-2020
Based on the guidelines and policies of the superiors on the project of preserving traditional culture for ethnic minorities, the Party Committee and the government of Bac Tra My district have included it in the action program for practical organization. On this basis, the work of preserving and promoting cultural values
The traditions of ethnic minorities in Bac Tra My district have always received attention and investment from the district government.
Under the direct and comprehensive direction of the People's Committee of Bac Tra My district, the District Culture Department has gradually coordinated quite well with the Ethnic Affairs Department in advising the District People's Committee on the organization and implementation of policies on preserving and developing the culture of ethnic minorities. At the same time, the Culture Department, together with the Ethnic Affairs Department and related departments and units, have periodically directed professional activities for commune-level authorities in the work of preserving and promoting the traditional cultural values of ethnic minorities in their areas. In addition, the network of human resources participating in cultural preservation work in the area has also been expanded to commune and village levels. Thanks to that, the implementation of policies on preserving and developing the culture of ethnic minorities according to the approved plan is basically guaranteed to be smooth.
Regarding the projects "Supporting the preservation and promotion of the cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province in the period of 2019 - 2025"; and "Supporting the development of mountainous tourism in Quang Nam province until 2025" before approval, at the community consultation conference in the two mountainous districts of Dong Giang and Bac Tra My organized by the Vietnam Fatherland Front Committee of Quang Nam province, the focus was on collecting opinions from 40 village elders and village chiefs from 7 mountainous districts to contribute to the draft project, which also revealed many concerns[10]. In particular, the project " Supporting the preservation and promotion of the cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities in Quang Nam province in the period of 2019 - 2025 " was built on the richness and diversity of the cultural appearance of the mountainous areas of Quang Nam with more than 130,000 ethnic minorities of 4 ethnic groups: Co Tu, Xe Dang, Gie Trieng and Co living there[10]. The project is applied to the entire cultural space and daily life of ethnic minority communities. Priority is given to preserving and promoting heritages that are at risk of disappearing and need urgent protection; heritages that can be developed into products for tourism development. The scope of the project is in mountainous districts.