COMMITMENT
I hereby declare that this is my own research work. The data and content in the Thesis are true. The results of the Thesis have never been published in any other work.
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Ensuring Achievement of the National Poverty Reduction and Millennium Development Goals -
Socio-Economic Development Goals, Border Gate Economic Zone Development With Poverty Reduction In Lao Cai Province By 2020 -
Implementing sustainable poverty reduction policy in Ha Quang district, Cao Bang province - 10 -
Social Marketing for Sustainable Poverty Reduction in Vietnam - 28 -
Sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province - 2
Thesis author
Pham Ngoc Thang
Cover
INDEX
Pledge ii
Table of Contents iii
List of abbreviations
List of tables and charts vii
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATED WITH POVERTY REDUCTION 10
1.1. Basic concepts of tourism and poverty 10
1.1.1. Tourism and the socio-economic impacts of tourism development 10
1.1.2. Poverty and criteria for determining poverty 14
1.2. Tourism development associated with poverty reduction 18
1.2.1. Approach to tourism development associated with poverty reduction 18
1.2.2. Tourism development model associated with poverty reduction 28
1.2.3. Conditions for tourism development associated with poverty reduction 31
1.2.4. Criteria for assessing the impact of tourism development on poverty reduction 34
1.3. Experience in tourism development associated with poverty reduction……40
1.3.1. Community-based tourism development model for poverty reduction in some countries 40
1.3.2. Community-based tourism development model for poverty reduction in some localities of Vietnam 43
1.3.3. Lessons learned on tourism development associated with poverty reduction applied to Lao Cai 45
CHAPTER 2. CURRENT STATE OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATED WITH
POVERTY REDUCTION IN LAO CAI 55
2.1. Tourism development potential of Lao Cai 55
2.1.1. The position of Lao Cai tourism in the national tourism development strategy and the socio-economic development strategy of the province 55
2.1.2. Assessment of tourism development potential of Lao Cai province 57
2.2. Current status of tourism development in Lao Cai in the period 2001 - 2008…….74
2.2.1. Achievements 74
2.2.2. Limitations and causes 81
2.3. Current status of tourism development associated with poverty reduction in Lao Cai 83
2.3.1. Poverty situation and poverty reduction policies in Lao Cai 83
2.3.2. Assessment of conditions for tourism development associated with poverty reduction in Lao Cai 87
2.3.3. Evaluation of tourism development projects and models associated with poverty reduction in Lao Cai 94
2.4. Contributions of tourism development to poverty reduction in Lao Cai 103
2.4.1. Contribute to the socio-economic development of Province 103
2.4.2. Creating benefits for local residents contributes to poverty reduction.106
2.4.3. Creating jobs for local residents contributes to poverty reduction 113
2.4.4. Infrastructure development helps improve the lives of the poor 114
2.4.5. Improving the intellectual and physical strength of the community contributes to poverty reduction 115
CHAPTER 3. MAIN SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP TOURISM ASSOCIATED WITH POVERTY REDUCTION IN LAO CAI 120
3.1. Orientation on tourism development associated with poverty reduction in Lao Cai 120
3.1.1. Viewpoint 120
3.1.2. Target 121
3.2. Some main solutions to develop tourism associated with poverty reduction in Lao Cai 123
3.2.1. Building a community-based tourism development model associated with poverty reduction 123
3.2.2. Choosing the right type of tourism for the tourism development model associated with hunger eradication and poverty reduction in Lao Cai 139
3.2.3. Perfecting policies, mechanisms, and state management of tourism146
3.3. Some recommendations 152
3.3.1. Recommendations to the Government and Central Ministries and Branches 152
3.3.2. Recommendations to Lao Cai province 153
3.3.3. Recommendations to local authorities of communes in tourist areas and spots 154
CONCLUSION 156
LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS 159
REFERENCES 160
APPENDIX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
UNWTO World Tourism Organization
CSD7 United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development
ST-EP Sustainable Tourism - Poverty Eradication
CPI Consumer Price Index
WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council
SNV Netherlands Development Organization
IUCN World Conservation Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations
Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs
Tour guide
People's Committee People's Committee
USD US Dollar
REST Ecological and cultural tourism organization
GDP Gross Domestic Product.
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Limited Liability Company
LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS
Diagram 1.1 Relationship between components in tourism activities 11
Diagram 1.2 Relationship between resources and activities in Community-based Tourism 28
Table 2.1 Climate conditions at some locations in Lao Cai territory…….59 Table 2.2 Comparison of Lao Cai climate characteristics with tropical indicators…….60 Table 2.3 Level of human adaptation to some climate indicators..64
Figure 2.1 Survey results on the need for tourism knowledge training 93
Chart 2.2: Survey results on socio-economic activities improved when tourism activities are present in the locality 106
Chart 2.3 Average spending of domestic tourists in Lao Cai 2005 109
Chart 2.4 Average spending of domestic tourists in Lao Cai 2005 110
Figure 2.5. Survey results on improved local residents' lives when tourism activities are available 111
Figure 2.6. Survey results on job creation when tourism activities occur in the locality 113
Figure 2.7. Survey results on infrastructure improvements when tourism activities occur in the locality 115
Model 2.1 Community-based tourism development model associated with poverty reduction in Sin Chai village - Sa Pa 102
Model 3.1 Community-based tourism development model associated with poverty reduction 125
Model 3.2 Steps to build a model for community-based tourism development associated with poverty reduction 135
INTRODUCTION
1. URGENCY OF THE TOPIC
In the current context of globalization, tourism has been developing rapidly and has proven to be an important contribution to socio-economic development. In this context, poverty reduction is a goal of many countries and is an important condition for peace, environmental protection and sustainable development. If tourism is developed in a sustainable way, it can contribute to poverty reduction, especially in rural areas where the majority of the poor live and where there are few other development options.
In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, the importance of Sustainable Tourism became increasingly recognized. The emergence of Ecotourism and Green Tourism reflected the concern for environmental stewardship of tourism. In the late 1990s, the significance of poverty alleviation as a prerequisite for sustainable development became increasingly apparent. As a result, development organizations and the tourism industry focused their attention on tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation. In recent years, a number of initiatives have been implemented and recognized by the tourism industry and development organizations for the important contribution of tourism to poverty alleviation, such as:
In 1999, the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
7) has called on governments to work with all local, indigenous communities to maximize the potential of tourism to alleviate poverty through the development of appropriate strategies.
The United Nations declared 2002 the International Year of Ecotourism. Many initiatives were launched and good examples were promoted around the world, often involving tourism in poor areas. The Declaration
The Quebec Declaration on Ecotourism has highlighted the many ways in which tourism can support sustainable development, including empowering indigenous and poor communities.
The Report of the 2002 Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development placed special emphasis on tourism. It called for the promotion of sustainable tourism development to increase the well-being of people in local communities while preserving their cultural identity and the environment.
The Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP) initiative was launched by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) with the support of UNCAD at the Johannesburg Summit. The ST-EP initiative provides a research and practical framework to demonstrate how tourism can be used concretely to alleviate poverty. The aim is to
5,000 small projects operating by 2015.
The Hue Declaration on Cultural Tourism and Poverty Eradication in June 2004 marked Vietnam's contribution to the determination to address poverty eradication through tourism development.
Lao Cai is a mountainous province located in the North of Vietnam, nature has endowed Lao Cai with great potential in terms of climate, land, minerals, resources, especially tourism resources. The advantage of Lao Cai is its diverse and rich potential for tourism development: Lao Cai has many amazing natural landscapes, along with many traditional festivals. Lao Cai also gathers many cultural relics that are favorable for developing many types of tourism such as cultural, ecological, and resort tourism. The above rich potentials create favorable conditions for Lao Cai to develop a multi-sector economy, in which tourism is considered one of the industries with a particularly important role in socio-economic development, contributing to hunger eradication and poverty reduction and accelerating the process of economic restructuring of the province.