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Sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province - 2


LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1. Regulations on poverty standards (according to national standards) 7

Table 2.1. Current status of land use in the district in the period 2016-2018 27

Table 2.2. Ethnic structure of Van Ban district - Lao Cai province in 2018 28

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Table 3.1. Rate of poor and near-poor households in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province 35

Table 3.2. Poverty status of ethnic minorities in the district

Sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province - 2

Van Ban (from 2015-2018) 36

Table 3.3. Classification of poor households of ethnic minorities in the district by administrative unit in 2018 37

Table 3.4. Ethnic minorities in Van Ban district 38

Table 3.5. Poverty rate of ethnic minorities 38

Table 3.6. General characteristics of households surveyed in 2018 39

Table 3.7. Main assets of surveyed households 39

Table 3.8. Some labor indicators 40

Table 3.9. Land use status of surveyed households in 2018 40

Table 3.10. Education level of surveyed households 41

Table 3.11. Professional qualifications of the surveyed household group 41

Table 3.12. Average income of surveyed households 42



THESIS SUMMARY


Student name: Bui Anh Duong

Thesis topic: "Sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province"

Major: Rural Development - Code: 8 62 01 16 Name of training institution: Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry


1. Research purpose

Based on assessing the current situation and analyzing influencing factors to study sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province.

2. Research method

The thesis uses the method of collecting secondary data, collecting primary data, collection method to sustainably reduce poverty for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province.

3. Conclusion

+ The poverty rate of Van Ban district, Lao Cai province has decreased steadily over the past 3 years, specifically in 2016 the poverty rate was 35.67%, near-poor was 17.29%, by 2018 the poverty rate decreased to 17.64%, near-poor was 13.16%. The poverty rate according to income criteria is 90.8%, poverty due to lack of basic services is 9.2%. With the main ethnic group being ethnic minorities, the poverty rate of ethnic minorities accounts for over 86.72% of the total poor households in the district. In 2018, out of 4,372 poor households, poor households were ethnic minorities with 3,057 households, accounting for 80.21%.

+ Through analyzing the causes of poverty of ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, there are 3 main causes: education level of household heads, household assets, demographics; Factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction include objective factors such as natural conditions, the impact of macroeconomics on the economy, overlapping poverty reduction policies, etc., and subjective causes such as lack of capital, lack of production land, lack of means of production, etc.

+ The topic has proposed 5 groups of solutions to sustainably reduce poverty for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, which are: Leadership and direction; Improving


Capacity and awareness for officials and people on poverty reduction associated with new rural construction; Synchronously and effectively implement poverty reduction policies; Mobilize resources for socio-economic development; Improve the effectiveness of assessment and monitoring work.

- To achieve the goal: "By 2025, strive to bring Van Ban district out of poverty and become a well-off district of Lao Cai province, gradually build new rural areas and sustainably reduce poverty, linking the development of agriculture, forestry and fishery with the development of services, tourism and small-scale industry; contribute to the province in building Lao Cai province into a fairly good city, to achieve that goal, party committees, authorities and people's organizations need to objectively and scientifically evaluate the successes and limitations, their causes, thereby proposing policies and solutions to continue to lead the work of poverty reduction in a sustainable and highly effective direction. The synchronous implementation of the solutions mentioned in the thesis is expected to contribute to the realization of that goal.



INTRODUCTION


1. Urgency of the topic

Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country, in the Vietnamese ethnic community, compared to the Kinh people, the poverty level of ethnic minorities is more serious and profound. According to statistics, ethnic minorities only account for 15% of the population but account for 47% of the country's poor and 68% of the extremely poor. In particular, the density of ethnic minorities in the poor household group tends to increase: if in 1993, poverty was widespread and ethnic minority poor households only accounted for 20% of the total number of poor households, in 2010, ethnic minority poor households accounted for about 47% of the total number of poor households (Dam Huu Dac, 2001). Therefore, poverty reduction for ethnic minorities is the top goal in the policies, guidelines and strategies of the Party and the State.

Van Ban is a district with an important strategic position in terms of politics, economy, security and defense of Lao Cai province, with two expressways Noi Bai - Lao Cai and National Highway 279 running through it, bordering Yen Bai and Lai Chau provinces. It is a district with many potentials and advantages for economic development of Lao Cai province. However, this is one of the districts with a high poverty rate in the province. Especially ethnic minorities in the district.

Van Ban district is also home to many ethnic groups such as Kinh, Tay, Nung, Dao, Mong, Xa Pho, Nung, Ha Nhi, Phu La... The population as of 2016 was 86,078 people, of which Kinh people accounted for 13,239 people, accounting for 15.38%; ethnic minorities 72,839 people, accounting for 84.62% (Tay people 41,748 people, accounting for 48.5%; Nung people 125 people, accounting for 0.15%; Dao people 15,408 people, accounting for 17.90%; Mong people 10,579 people, accounting for 12.29%; other ethnic minorities 4,980 people, accounting for 5.78%); in which the poverty rate is 28.26% (Van Ban District Statistics Office, 2017).

In recent years, Van Ban district has applied many poverty reduction solutions to develop the economy, culture and society and achieved certain achievements. The rate of people having access to basic social services and infrastructure has been significantly improved, the lives of the poor have been improved, the rate of poor households has decreased significantly, the rate of poor households as of December 31, 2015 was 6,622 households, accounting for 35.16%, in 2018 it was 3,507 households, accounting for 17.64% (Van Ban District People's Committee, 2018).


Although the poverty reduction results have achieved the set goals, they are not really sustainable. The rate of near-poor households and newly poor households is still high, especially for ethnic minority households, the mentality of waiting and relying on others and not wanting to escape poverty is still common among a part of the population, the gap between poor people between regions and between groups is still large, the number of households that have escaped poverty but their income is close to the poverty line, the risk of falling back into poverty is high. Therefore, the urgent issue that needs to be raised is to research, analyze, and assess poverty correctly, thereby proposing methods to promote strengths and limit weaknesses, in order to help Van Ban district escape poverty sustainably and effectively. Based on that reality, I carried out the topic: "Solutions to sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province".

2. Objectives of the research topic

* General goals

Based on assessing the current situation and analyzing influencing factors to study sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province.

* Specific goals

- Systematize theoretical and practical basis on sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities.

- Assessing the poverty situation of ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province in the period 2016 - 2018.

- Analyze factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province.

- Proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district, Lao Cai province for the period 2020 - 2025.

3. Research object and scope

3.1. Research subjects

- Research object : Economic and management issues related to poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Van Ban district.


- Subject : Research on factors related to poverty. Research subjects include: ethnic minority households in the community of Van Ban district, Lao Cai province, district and commune management officials.

3.2. Scope of research

- Regarding space : Research in the area of ​​3 communes in Van Ban district: Van Son, Khanh Yen Thuong and Nam Dang (3 communes in region 1, region 2, region 3 of Van Ban district).

- About time : The study uses secondary data from 2016 - 2018, survey data from 2018.

- Regarding content : The topic focuses on studying the current poverty situation in localities and poverty reduction policies of the district, province and central government for communes in Van Ban district, studying the poverty reduction situation and the effectiveness of poverty reduction policies for poor households of ethnic minorities in communes in Van Ban district.

4. Significance and contribution of the topic

4.1. Scientific significance

- The research results of the topic are the basis for policy makers to refer to in adjusting policies related to local economic development.

- Systematize theoretical and practical basis on income and activities to increase income of farmers.

- Research results are reference materials for similar research topics.

4.2. Practical significance

The results of the thesis help local authorities develop plans for production activities and increase income. Contribute to promoting the development of rural agriculture, in order to effectively implement the socio-economic development program, hunger eradication and poverty reduction of Van Ban district by 2020.


Chapter 1

SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE TOPIC


1.1. Theoretical basis for sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities

1.1.1. Some concepts of sustainable poverty reduction

Vietnam acknowledges the viewpoint on poverty of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Poverty Reduction organized by ESCAP in Bangkok, Thailand in September 1993. The concept of poverty is expressed as follows:

+ Concept of poverty

“ Poverty is the state of a part of the population not enjoying and satisfying basic human needs that have been recognized by society depending on the level of socio-economic development and customs of each locality” (Nguyen Thi Binh et al., 2006).

More specifically, poverty is a situation where a part of the population has a minimum standard of living, not satisfying basic human needs. Basic needs here are the essential, minimum things to maintain human existence. The needs for food, clothing, housing, health care, education, transportation, communication, etc.

+ Concept of hunger

“Hunger is a part of the poor who have a standard of living below the minimum level such as: not enough food to eat, not enough clothes to wear, income not enough to maintain life” (Nguyen Thi Binh et al., 2006).

“Absolute poverty is a situation in which a part of the population is unable to satisfy the minimum needs to sustain life. In fact, a large part of the population is absolutely poor and suffers from hunger and malnutrition” ( Nguyen Thi Binh et al., 2006).

“Relative poverty is a situation where a segment of the population has a standard of living below the average of the local community” (Nguyen Thi Binh et al., 2006).

Poverty is also identified in four aspects: space, time, environment and gender.

In terms of time : The majority of the poor have a standard of living below what is defined as the lowest acceptable standard for a long period of time (it is also necessary to add to this number of people the situational poor due to unemployment due to natural disasters, risks or human causes) (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012).


Regarding gender: The majority of poor people in countries are women. Although men are the heads of the family, women still bear more of the burden of poverty (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012).

In terms of space : Poverty occurs mainly in rural, mountainous, remote areas, etc. No matter how developed the economy is, people in the above areas are still susceptible to falling into poverty (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012).

Regarding the environment: Most poor people have to live in harsh and seriously degraded environments, because the poor do not have the ability and conditions to preserve, ensure and improve their living environment (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012).

In summary : Concepts of poverty due to different approaches have different opinions, poverty is a relative and variable concept. The indicators that determine the poverty limit are not rigid and unchanging. It changes depending on the difference, the difference between regions, areas, and countries.

+ Concept of sustainable poverty reduction:

Sustainable poverty reduction is a new concept and has recently been used in forums, conferences, seminars and macro policies on poverty reduction. However, up to now we still do not have a specific concept of this term. Therefore, to understand the concept of sustainable poverty reduction, we need to learn more about these issues, which include the content of poverty reduction and sustainable development. Before discussing poverty reduction and sustainable development, it is necessary to understand some commonly used terms such as chronic poverty, poverty escape, re-poverty, falling into poverty and sustainable poverty escape. Chronic poverty: A household is considered chronically poor if it has never had an average income per capita higher than the poverty line according to the poverty standards for each region and in different periods.

Escape from poverty: A household is considered to have escaped poverty when it is a poor household according to the poverty standard, and has achieved an average income per capita higher than the poverty level according to the poverty standard for each region and in each different period. In the period 2011-2015, households that have escaped poverty are those that are poor households that have risen to have an income of over 400,000 VND/person/month for rural areas and over 500,000 VND/person/month for urban areas are considered to have escaped poverty.

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