The Process of Forming the Psychological Atmosphere of a Sports Team

This influence is crucial to ensuring that the team's common goals are effectively implemented and implemented, as it creates favorable psychosocial conditions, similar to an emotional "coating" over all relationships and common activities.

The dominant factor that creates the psychological atmosphere of a sports team is social attitude, which is formed from the intersection between individual psychology, specifically the attitude of each athlete in the team with related factors and social attitude. This part of social attitude typically represents the material and spiritual conditions as well as the social and psychological life of the sports team.

1.4.2. The process of forming the psychological atmosphere of a sports team

Psychological atmosphere reflects the nature of the relationships, interactions and the level of integration between members of a group. Thus, the formation of psychological atmosphere in a group must be through activities and communication. In addition to pointing out four relationships that determine the content of psychological atmosphere, studies have also generally pointed out three directions for the development of a group's psychological atmosphere:

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 The psychological atmosphere develops naturally: Originating from the agreement of the majority or all members of the group.

 Based on the experience of the leader and manager, the psychological atmosphere is built and is a purposeful, organized product of the leader.

 Applying the achievements of scientific research such as Psychology, Sociology together with experiences drawn from practical activities, the psychological atmosphere is evaluated as the result of control activities.

and adjustment by leaders, managers or members of the group.

Thus, the direction in which the psychological atmosphere is formed depends largely on the capacity, ability, and leadership style of the manager as well as the practical experiences of the members of the group.

With sports teams, based on the development stages of the team, the formation process of the team's psychological atmosphere can be outlined as follows:

Phase 1: The new team is selected and assembled based on criteria of talent, qualities, and passion. For the members joining the team during this phase, everything is still quite new and unfamiliar. The psychological atmosphere of the team is not unified and stable. During this phase, the coach plays a particularly important role in connecting, directing... creating the basic premises to help the team form a positive psychological atmosphere, gradually directing individual goals to the common goals of the team.

Stage two: Familiarity and adaptation help individuals become more confident, gradually affirming their outstanding abilities, personalities and egos that are different from other members. The team begins to differentiate into groups according to their spirit and positive attitude towards the group. There is a desire for self-affirmation among team members, from which conflicts arise from moderate to high tension. The psychological atmosphere during this stage can be in a negative, tense or discordant state.

Third stage: Depending on the method and capacity of the coaching staff, at this stage, the team's psychological atmosphere can be clearly differentiated in a positive or negative direction.

Stage four: Can be considered the highest stage of development when the foundation of the team's requirements and common goals have been relatively clearly defined.

The team's psychological atmosphere is stable, starting to influence and impact each team member in their individual tasks as well as the team's overall tasks.

1.4.3. Factors affecting the psychological atmosphere of sports teams

Existing objectively in a collective as a socio-psychological phenomenon, the psychological atmosphere is influenced by many factors, including objective and subjective factors.

Research on the psychological atmosphere on the basis of collective labor has mentioned the factors affecting the formation and development of collective psychological atmosphere including:

 Leader's working style: Understanding the mood and aspirations of members, knowing how to assign tasks appropriately and giving timely encouragement from the leader helps members receive encouragement. Many studies have proven that a respectful attitude, knowing how to inspire creativity and enthusiasm of employees will help leaders have a higher chance of success, contributing to creating a positive psychological atmosphere in the group.

 Psychological contagion: the moods of members in a group easily spread and influence each other. This is one of the factors that contribute to forming the psychological atmosphere of the organization.

 Working conditions: comfortable and hygienic working conditions, ensuring safety factors help create a positive psychological atmosphere, thereby improving labor productivity. [9]

Specified in research works on classroom psychological atmosphere, some authors have grouped factors affecting the psychological atmosphere into external factors and internal factors. The group of external factors includes:

 The nature of social relationships in schools

 Characteristics of teaching and educational activities in the classroom

 Learning and training conditions of students The group of internal factors includes

 Characteristics of a classroom teacher

 Psychological compatibility between class members

 Characteristics of learning, training and communication activities among class members [23, 51]

In general, for each study, depending on the approach, each author has listed factors that have an impact on the psychological atmosphere. Most of these studies target the classroom and the working group.

For sports teams, factors that affect the psychological atmosphere include:

Training regime, treatment : This factor includes time, intensity of training; investment and attention of the coaching staff as well as the family in the athlete's training. During the training process, proper and reasonable investment not only creates material things but also motivates and encourages athletes to overcome obstacles, mental barriers, and conquer higher levels in training.

Psychological compatibility between team members : This compatibility is considered in the relationship between athletes in the team as well as between coach and athlete.

This compatibility is specified in the following aspects:

 Compatibility in perception, way of thinking, viewpoint and stance.

 Compatibility in attitudes, emotions, feelings.

 Compatibility in intention and action.

In addition, if viewed from a personality perspective, compatibility can be described on four aspects.

 Personality orientation: compatibility in personality orientation is shown by the fact that team members are relatively similar in their needs and interests. Beliefs and worldviews are not in conflict with each other. Value orientations are relatively in the same direction.

 Personality: Team members are considered to have personality compatibility when their personality traits do not conflict with each other. Team members can accept each other's personalities skillfully, harmoniously and happily.

 Temperament characteristics: The rhythm and intensity of team members' activities match each other, showing the compatibility of their temperaments.

 Operational capacity: Compatibility in operational capacity is shown in the level or ability to act not too different. On that basis, team members can coordinate with each other in common actions and bring about efficiency, on the other hand, they can learn and gain experience from each other.

In individual individuals, the elements in compatibility do not have to be the same. They can be completely flexible, transforming and compensating for each other.

Psychological compatibility helps individuals to have harmonious and stable relationships, minimize disagreements and conflicts, and increase cohesion in relationships. In addition, this factor also creates favorable conditions, helping team members coordinate with each other in a harmonious way in training and competition, contributing to improving performance. Thus, psychological compatibility helps members build a united, cohesive team, directing all towards achieving the common goal of the group.

Personality traits of athletes: Individual personality traits of athletes have certain levels of influence in forming a positive or negative psychological atmosphere of the team. In studies on the influence of personality types, interpersonal relationships affecting the collective psychological atmosphere, a number of personality types have been listed that have a positive influence on the collective psychological atmosphere, such as extroversion, strong ego, anxiety, high sensitivity, courage, high intelligence, self-confidence, progressiveness, dependence, clear opinions, and high stress tolerance. Opposing personality types have negative influences at different levels on the collective psychological atmosphere. [3]

In sports teams, these factors have certain effects on the psychological atmosphere of the team. The combination of them determines whether the psychological atmosphere of the team is positive or negative.

1.4.4. Components of the psychological atmosphere of a sports team

The structure of the psychological atmosphere of a sports team can be divided into four parts. Each part is specified by the individual's attitude towards the relevant factors.

- Attitude between athletes and coaches: Many researchers consider this a vertical relationship, that is, the relationship between superiors and subordinates, between the collective leader and the members of the collective. In a sports team, the coach is the person who is most closely connected, in contact with and responsible for the athletes. The coach will be the one who directly trains; leads and takes care of the athletes during competition; cares and pays attention to the athletes' spiritual life, and represents the athletes' voices and aspirations. This relationship is expressed through respect and cooperation between the two sides.

- Attitude between athletes: Although it is a horizontal relationship, it plays a very important role because it is one of the main factors that form the general context for training. This attitude is specifically expressed in the level of connection, mutual support, love and cooperation together.

- Attitude towards training: This attitude depends largely on the athlete's passion for the sport they are pursuing. It is specifically demonstrated through diligence, hard work in training, self-awareness, positivity as well as the will to overcome limits to achieve high results in training as well as competition.

- Attitude towards oneself: Each individual's attitude towards themselves when participating in activities, becoming a member of the team. It is specifically shown in the individual's self-assessment, emotions, feelings that occur during group activities, interactions, and communication with teammates.

1.4.5. Specific manifestations of the psychological atmosphere of sports teams

Some studies on the psychological atmosphere of the working collective have provided statistics on signs of a positive psychological atmosphere including: high trust and demands among members of the collective towards each other; constructive criticism among members; members are free and comfortable to contribute opinions related to the collective; members are fully provided with their rights and responsibilities in the collective; feel comfortable being in the collective... [8]

According to some authors studying the psychological atmosphere in the classroom, when considering each group of attitudes, the positive and negative manifestations of the psychological atmosphere are specified into the following criteria:

Attitude of students in class towards each other

Positive expressions: Like to communicate with each other; care for each other; love, give in; demand high from each other; harmony; solidarity among members; trust; have democratic spirit, for the collective; have spirit of helping, mutual support; have constructive spirit; have healthy competitive spirit; have spirit of cooperation with each other in activities; be sincere with each other; respect each other; sympathize among members; be honest with each other; attract each other; be satisfied with each other; evaluate friends as necessary.

Negative manifestations: Hate to communicate with each other; indifference; hatred; competition between members; lenient in requests towards each other; conflict; division; loss of trust; arbitrary and conservative attitude; selfishness; intention to harm each other; jealousy; uncooperative spirit; hypocrisy; contempt for everyone; lack of sympathy; deceit; fear of each other; disregard for friends; dissatisfaction with each other.

Attitude towards lecturers

Positive expressions: Liking; respect; openness; demanding; cooperation; trust; honesty; commitment; satisfaction; highly valued instructor.

Negative manifestations: Disgust; contempt; closedness with teachers; easy demands; opposition; loss of trust; deceit; coldness; dissatisfaction; indifference.

Attitude towards self

Positive expressions: Confidence in front of the group; self-respect; progressiveness; modesty; voluntary reconciliation between the individual and the group; comfortable expressing one's opinions and desires; respecting one's own identity in the group; reasonably demanding; desire for independence, not relying on others.

Negative manifestations: Shyness; loss of self-esteem; complacency; arrogance; reluctant compromise; difficulty expressing opinions and desires; disregard for one's own identity in the group; lenient in demands on oneself

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