equal to the total capital investment for urban development and the economic value that the urban area brings. Thus, the process of urban construction and development has converted a part of the land area from agricultural land or other types of land into urban land, this is an objective necessity of the urbanization process carried out by humans in which the State plays a leading and decisive role.
- How to organize the overall planning of architectural space and urban area? to meet the requirements of harmonious urban development and living and have a beautiful urban architectural landscape, not destroying or causing negative impacts on the natural landscape of the surrounding areas, is a driving force to promote the development of the surrounding urban areas. This content must be by the State and must be implemented by State guidance measures on the basis of legalized regulations.
- What is the level of investment capital for urban areas and the scale of investment in urban infrastructure systems? This investment plays an important role in determining the level of urban modernization, and at the same time plays an important role in increasing the value of urban land.
Thus, by the State's organizational, management and operational measures to exploit and use urban land, urban land has absorbed huge investments from the State (including national resources), to become an extremely valuable resource with high economic value. This also proves why urban land prices are higher than land prices in suburban areas and rural areas, this difference in land prices is created by human investment.
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2 The importance of land location
Urban land has all the physical properties and common characteristics of natural land: immobile; immovable; each piece of land has its own specific location in terms of geographical coordinates, relative and absolute height, shape, size of each side and certain area scale. At the same time, each piece of land, each land area has close relationships with the land areas next to it such as: construction works , lakes, rivers, hills, forests... Therefore, there cannot be two identical pieces of land, especially shown more clearly in the relative position between a piece of land and other areas.
urban works around it and between it and other plots of land. For urban land, the location of each plot of land is extremely important in determining its value. For example, land in the urban center is close to public works such as squares, parks, supermarkets, administrative agencies or other social welfare public works... and has one or more sides in contact with the main traffic axis, there will be more favorable conditions for the owner to exploit for business purposes (utility factors) than plots of land in other locations. Therefore, when choosing a land location for a certain purpose, people must base on the most beneficial factors that the land location brings to satisfy the requirements or not? The location of the land is one of the factors that determine the economic value of urban land. Our ancestors used to say: "first near the market, second near the river". The important basis for creating income differences between plots of land in the same area with the same urban infrastructure investment is the location of the plot of land. In urban reality, plots of land located near the main traffic axis, relatively close to urban works that land users have to transact regularly, close to commercial centers, public services and tourism, are often many times more valuable than plots of land right next to it, but have no edge adjacent to the main traffic surface (some locations are dozens of times different). The nature of the urban area speaks to the role and tasks of the urban area in terms of the economic, cultural, political and social aspects of the urban area itself. Each urban area has its own characteristics and these characteristics often change over time. Of course, the role of the urban area's geographical location is an important factor in setting out the direction and goals of urban development. The nature of urban areas has a great influence on the population structure, population size, urban land area, urban planning organization and urban development strategy. Hanoi City with its urban nature is the capital of the country, the political nerve center... of the whole country, and at the same time the focal point of the Northern economic development triangle. Most of the characteristics, tasks and roles of Hanoi City are due to Hanoi's position in the cause of fighting to protect national independence and developing the country's economy. Similarly, Ho Chi Minh City is a major economic and political center of the whole country.
water, is the center of the southern economic growth triangle. Thus, the location of the urban area determines the relationship between urban areas and neighboring areas. The location of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City is very important, making the position of each plot of land in Hanoi or Ho Chi Minh City also very important, especially in determining the economic value of that land. This issue shows that in the allocation of land use structure and organization of architectural space of urban planning, there must be a correct orientation on the functional zoning of each urban area, at the same time, attention must be paid to aesthetics and urban environment to increase the value of urban land. The amount of intelligence, initial investment capital for policy planning, arrangement of land use structure and organization of urban architectural space, along with direct investment capital for urban technical infrastructure increase the value of the location of each plot of land in the urban area.
3 The concentration of investments makes urban land values very high.
According to Marxist-Leninist theory, natural land has no value; natural land is a product of nature, not created by human labor, land is only an object of productive labor, so natural land is not a commodity. However, since humans evolved at the tribal level, humans have had to limit their influence to exploit natural products to serve their lives. That is, humans have had acts of possessing land and to protect and preserve that area of influence, humans have had to have specific measures and actions, that is, human labor has gradually accumulated into the land from generation to generation. The more human society develops, the more the actions of creating and protecting regions and areas with a certain area of the earth to form independent countries and territories with separate land borders, territorial waters, and airspace are the enormous labor values of humans accumulated in the land. Therefore, land becomes an invaluable asset of each country and each nation. Marxist-Leninist theory has clearly stated that "land prices are the expression of economic relations arising, not the monetary expression of land values" 18-215 . This point of view does not contradict C. Marx's theory on the value and use value of goods - price is a form of expression.
expressed in money value. The value of land is also the usefulness of land itself, due to the limited nature of the area and the product of nature that cannot be regenerated. The longer land is exploited and used, the more its value increases, not only due to the nature of its use, but also due to the value of successive investments in it that are accumulated in it. Therefore, urban land is characterized by the concentration of land value due to very large investments in it - including: investment in urban development strategy planning, investment in urban planning; investment in the construction of urban infrastructure, production facilities, public works for social welfare... and investment in the management and operation of urban activities, ensuring that urban activities take place stably. Urban land has a long-term continuity, the use value and investment efficiency of urban land are long-term and cumulative. Under reasonable use and protection conditions, urban land can be used many times, continuously and continuously improved to increase its value. This is the most basic and important characteristic to determine the importance as well as the value and use value of urban land. In our country today, all investment costs for urban construction and development belong to the State. Thus, urban land prices are higher than rural land prices, land prices in the inner city are higher than land prices in the suburbs because the State has invested in the production process (however, not entirely because the price of land goods also depends on the supply and demand relationship). Therefore, the difference between the land price before investment and the land price after investment, the State has the right to participate in regulating to collect for the budget (this is differential rent II).
1.1.2. The need to strengthen the State's management role in
land in urbanization
Due to the urbanization process, the urban population increases along with the development needs of industries and socio-economic fields; the area of land that must be recovered and converted to other purposes for urban construction increases, causing many complex changes in urban land use relations. The State both performs the function of representing the entire people's ownership of land and performs the function of
State management like all other states in the world , at the same time with the nature of the socialist rule of law state ( a state of the people, by the people and for the people), the state also has a very important task of serving and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the people. Therefore, state management of land in the process of urbanization not only aims at urban development but also must ensure to meet the living needs of urban residents. On the other hand, in the process of urbanization, land relations have many strong fluctuations in terms of control rights, management rights and usage rights, due to the particularly important function of urban areas being the function of economic impact. Therefore, in the process of urbanization, the issue of strengthening the role of state management of land comes from objective factors posed by the country's development practices.
1.1.2.1. The increase in urban population along with the industrialization process causes land fluctuations, requiring the strengthening of the State's management role over land.
Part 1.1.1.2 of the thesis presents the problem: Urbanization is an inevitable objective process in the development process of each country. The important factor and the main driving force promoting the urbanization process is that during the industrialization process, people in rural areas flock to the city in the hope of finding better job opportunities and escaping poverty. The massive wave of immigrants makes cities overloaded, pollutes the living environment and makes construction in urban areas messy and disorganized, causing urgent difficulties in the State's management of urban areas.
Urban population is the main driving force for economic, cultural and social development of urban areas. In many countries in the world (including Vietnam), population is the basis for classifying urban areas in the management and determination of land size.
urban. The scale of an urban area is assessed by the urban population, not by the urban land area. Urban population is the basis for determining the amount of housing area to be built, the urban infrastructure system as well as planning development policies and investment plans for the urban area. However, the ratio
The urban population growth rate in developing countries does not reflect the true speed of industrialization, as is the case in developed countries in Europe or in the US and Japan. In developed countries, the urban population growth rate due to immigration from rural areas is not large, while in developing countries, this rate is the main reason, and the main reason is the attraction from the difference in living standards between urban and rural areas. For example, in China, the average national income per capita in 1995 was 6,463 yuan, while in large cities it was 11,369 yuan.
Comparing the current economic growth rate of the US and other developed countries in the G8 group (US, UK, France, Germany, Italy , Russia, Japan, Canada), the growth rate of the US is still at the top and quite stable. A fairly basic reason is that the US labor force meets the requirements of the manufacturing industry thanks to a fairly stable population growth rate. Meanwhile, in other developed countries, since World War II until now, the population growth rate has gradually decreased and there is a risk of not being able to meet the labor demand for social production. According to forecasts, by 2050 the US population will increase to about 550 million while the European population will be 360 million at that time.
In our country, the population change is not outside the general rule of the world. According to statistics, in 1930, the whole country had 17.6 million people, by 1960, the whole country had 30.2 million people, after 25 years, the whole country's population had doubled: 60 million people in 1985. According to the 2005 census, the whole country's population was more than 83 million people. Population growth rate
Urban areas also have significant changes. If in 1990 the urban population growth rate was 2.8%, in 1998 this figure was 4.58% and in 2005 it reached nearly 5%. According to the report of the Ministry of Construction in 1986, the urban population in our country was 11.87 million people, by 1999 the urban population was 18 million people, by 2005 it was more than 23 million people, raising the urbanization rate from 19.3% to over 25%. Economic growth from urban areas reached 12-15% (while the whole country was 7.0%).
- 7.5% per year), urban areas contributed 57% of GDP in 2000, 61.5% in 2003, expected to reach 70% by 2020. Average income per capita in the
Urban growth is rapid, in large cities it reaches about 1000 USD/year, in small and medium cities it reaches an average of over 500 USD/year. Growth is not
Urban space also reached a high level, urban land area accounted for nearly 1% of natural land area in 2005 and is increasing to meet the needs of population growth and economic growth.
To avoid the situation of land being illegally converted to other uses, improper use of planning and plans, waste of urban land resources, along with the situation of urban areas being built haphazardly and urban poverty... requires strengthening the role of the State in land management activities during the urbanization process. As the scale of urban areas increases, the financial resources needed to build new ones and maintain urban infrastructure and services are extremely large. Strategic measures as well as specific plans are required to effectively mobilize resources, which must be very active.
dynamic and creative. That requires strengthening the State's management role over urban land, in order to exploit land resources reasonably and effectively.
urban areas with the function of providing investment capital for urban development. If the State loosens land management, the population concentration in large and very large cities (mainly in developing countries) will not be fully resolved. In particular, housing areas for workers are often disorganized, patchwork, poor in form, inadequate living conditions, unsanitary, seriously affecting the urban living environment. According to data from the Ministry of Planning and Investment, by August 2005, the whole country had 135 approved industrial parks, in which
There are 81 industrial parks in operation with a total area of 17,705 hectares. According to the plan approved by the Prime Minister in August 2005, by 2015 and oriented to 2020, the whole country will have about 80,000 hectares of land for industrial parks. The problem for State management activities is that along with the expansion of industrial park areas, urban land areas will increase at a very large speed and scale, requiring the strengthening of the State's management role in all areas. Of particular importance is the management of urban land, meeting the requirements of the rapidly increasing urban population during the industrialization process. At the same time, the situation of land speculation has arisen, causing land prices in cities to skyrocket (creating artificial land fevers), causing huge losses to the State in compensation for site clearance. The construction density in urban areas is high, architectural works
also grow in height, leading to a crisis in urban construction,
Urban areas will lack vacant land to plant trees and public works for social welfare. In most countries in the world, people have to carry out mass urban renovations at great cost (Paris, France; Bangkok, Thailand, Shanghai, China, etc.), overloading the state budget. In our country, this situation is also quite common in most large cities, especially in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, greatly affecting investment in economic and social development of the whole country, forcing the authorities of the cities and the government to take strong measures to prevent it.
1.1.2.2. Reasonable resolution of the relationship between ownership and land use rights in the current socialist-oriented market economy in our country
* Some contents of Marxist-Leninist theory on ownership in general and land ownership in particular
The Communist Party of Vietnam takes Marxism-Leninism as its ideological foundation and guideline for action, so the Marxist-Leninist theory on ownership is also the basis and foundation for the Party to study and apply, leading the State to build a legal system to regulate ownership relations in our country today. In the theoretical system of Marxism-Leninism, the issue of ownership holds a very important position. C. Marx wrote: "In fact, from the first revolution to the last revolution, all revolutions are called political revolutions.
are all carried out to protect some kind of property regime” 23- 434 .
Ownership is a social relationship between people in the process of possessing material wealth in society. It is not a relationship between people and things and even less a relationship between the conditions of production. F. Engels
DD wrote: “Political economy does not study objects but studies the relationships between people, ultimately between classes, but those relationships are always linked to objects and manifest as objects” 23-654 . Thus, when talking about ownership, we are talking about the relationship between people about a specific object of ownership (about a specific means of production or means of consumption).