Certificates of eligibility for RAT production from reputable establishments show the unstable and unsustainable situation in stabilizing the quality of RAT in Hanoi in recent times.
The output of RAT consumed at a higher price than normal vegetables only accounts for 29.6 to 38.4%, the remaining nearly 70% of RAT output is freely consumed in the market like other vegetables.
The constant changes and inconsistencies in regulations on production and consumption management of RAT have made it difficult to update regulations and guide the implementation of regulations at the grassroots level. Hanoi's own regulations on RAT quality management are also not suitable, but make Hanoi's RAT different from RAT of other localities in the country, which is a factor causing lack of transparency in RAT quality when RAT in other provinces circulates in the RAT market of Hanoi as well as when bringing RAT of Hanoi to participate in the RAT market of the whole country.
Hanoi does not have a separate policy system for the SV Program but has applied a number of policies but the results are still limited because the resources for implementing the policy must be dispersed to serve many different contents in agricultural production development; unreasonable regulations; lack of determination in directing implementation; subjects have difficulty accessing the policy due to ignorance or because the regulations are too difficult.
The project on production and consumption of RAT for the period 2009 - 2015 has been approved but the plan may not be completed due to many difficulties in investment rates and production area planning during implementation.
Hanoi has approved the orientation for planning the SV production network until 2020, but because it is only an orientation, it has not been recognized in the general planning system, its stability and legality are not high, causing obstacles for public investment in infrastructure investment; producers are not at ease.
investment and production center; not linked with other industry planning increases the risk of pollution in production areas. Lack of planning content for product consumption and distribution systems; preliminary processing systems to serve RAT development.
Compared to the requirements, the infrastructure serving RAT production only reaches from 5.61% to 38.73%; the infrastructure serving RAT consumption only reaches from 3% to less than 20%. Obviously, with such a situation, this factor has been and is hindering the sustainable development of RAT in Hanoi.
Technical support for RAT production areas has been strengthened, which has initially improved the behavior of RAT producers and consumers. However, the number of people trained is still too small; the phenomenon of non-compliance with regulations is still relatively common, there is still abuse of nitrogen fertilizers and illegal use of pesticides; Most models after completion cannot be maintained and developed; preliminary processing and processing activities have not been significant... The main reason for the above limitations is due to the inappropriate mechanism and method of implementing technical support; people's awareness is not high.
The types of organizations producing and consuming RAT in Hanoi include 4 main types: households; associated farmer groups; cooperatives and enterprises.
Farmers hold the most important means of production, which is land, have production experience, are the main production force, produce over 90% of the city's SV output, but spontaneous production, small scale, low self-investment capacity, arbitrary in complying with regulations on SV production and consumption, so they face challenges in product quality control; production scale and product consumption linkage.
Farmer association is a new form, showing advantages when producing on a small scale.
Currently, there are 32 cooperatives producing and consuming RAT, accounting for 76.1% of production organizations that have been granted Certificates of eligibility for production.
RAT production. Cooperatives have experience in organizing production, staff with good practical skills but cannot manage production because the ability to provide services, especially the ability to consume products is still weak; production plans are still subjective; internal quality control work is still neglected; waiting for public investment; not having full understanding of building and maintaining brands. Production organization of enterprises is relatively methodical, the brand is initially prestigious in the market but the intermediate costs are high, the scale is small, only meeting the needs of a small number of customers, not yet
harmonize the interests of businesses and farmers.
The economic efficiency between SV and vegetable production is often not clearly different. The value of labor day of vegetable production households is often much higher than that of SV production. This is a major obstacle in developing SV on a small scale because farmers still "take labor as profit".
The consumption requirements for the development of SV in Hanoi only reached less than 30%, the main reason being that the consumption network planning has not been built and implemented; consumer behavior towards SV has not been changed and the management of quality and origin of goods in the market has not received due attention.
The production management system has been established but its operation is not smooth due to lack of determination in management. Quality supervision by State agencies has received the trust of society but currently this force has not met the requirements of RAT development. Internal supervision is weak in both quantity and quality; supervision by certification organizations is of good quality but the cost is expensive and has not received the support of consumers so it has not been expanded.
Information on RAT development in Hanoi is conveyed to producers, traders and consumers directly from relevant authorities.
to develop RAT through training, seminars, agricultural extension workers, network of commune plant protection workers; technical staff to direct production or indirectly through local radio systems (district, commune) and mass media.
Information and propaganda activities, especially in the field of RAT consumption, have initially seen changes, but they have been implemented sporadically, irregularly, and unprofessionally. Local radio stations (districts and communes) have shown a positive role, but on the contrary, other mass media have not really played a role in conveying the content of policies to support the development of RAT production and consumption to interested subjects; they have not gone into depth to recommend consumers and producers to actively support the development of the program.
CHAPTER 4
KEY SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SAFE VEGETABLES IN HANOI
4.1 Perspectives on sustainable development of safe vegetables in Hanoi
“Building and improving the capacity of the food safety management system to ensure food safety and hygiene in accordance with advanced regional and international standards; contributing to protecting the health and interests of food consumers; meeting the requirements of development and international economic integration” is the general goal of the National Target Program on Food Safety and Hygiene for the period 2006-2010 (Prime Minister, 2007) [34]
The expanded Hanoi city with over 6.4 million people and 2 - 2.5 million visitors coming to study, work, and visit every year has become a large market for safe agricultural products (Hanoi City People's Committee, 2007) [38]. According to estimates, the amount of safe vegetables needed to supply the fresh food needs of the people is about over 2,000 tons/day, equivalent to 750,000 tons/year. In addition, there is a demand for juice from safe vegetables, dried vegetables and processed vegetable products, so the amount of safe vegetables needed in the coming time is very large. Therefore, the perspective on developing safe vegetables in Hanoi in the coming period is as follows:
- Sustainable development of RAT is not only an inevitable issue of agricultural production towards sustainable development today due to the needs of life in protecting the safety of the living environment, the health of direct producers, the health of consumers, but also contributes to improving the competitiveness of agricultural products in the condition that Vietnam has joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), opening up a wide consumption market at home and abroad.
- Create jobs, contribute to improving income and life of producers.
- Minimize impacts and environmental pollution.
4.2 Directions and goals for sustainable development of safe vegetables in Hanoi by 2020
4.2.1 Direction
- Exploiting the favorable conditions of the ecological region, maximizing resources, focusing on directing the formation and development of concentrated RAT production areas, ensuring food hygiene and safety to serve the needs of the domestic and export markets. (Hanoi City People's Committee, 2007) [39]
- Achieve stable growth in area, output and food safety and hygiene quality of RAT products.
- Gradually meet consumers' requirements for RAT in terms of quality and stable, suitable prices.
- Change the behavioral trends of agricultural producers and consumers towards proactive responsibility for product quality and public health.
4.2.2 Objectives
The specific goal for 2010 is to maintain 11,650 hectares of vegetables, review and inspect
2,105 hectares of vegetables are being managed and monitored according to the SV production process and infrastructure investment support is provided for areas eligible to switch to SV production. At the same time, further development of SV growing areas in concentrated production areas will be implemented, bringing the total SV production area to 2,400 - 2,500 hectares with an average yield of 20 tons/ha/crop, output of 150,000 to 155,000 tons/year, capable of meeting over 20% of consumer demand. (Hanoi Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009) [26,27]
The goal by 2015 is to continue to maintain and expand the vegetable area.
13,930.6 ha. Developing the area of RAT in concentrated production areas to strive to bring the total area of RAT production to 5,000 to 5,500 ha with an average yield of 20 tons/ha/crop, output of 320,000 to 325,000 tons/year, capable of meeting 40% of consumer demand. The remaining vegetable area will be affected by technical measures and assigned staff, managers, and supervisors to implement the RAT production process. (Hanoi Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009) [26,27]
Table 4.1. Hanoi's safe vegetable development goals
Target
2010* | 2015* | 2020** | |
Area of vegetables (ha) | 11,650 | 13,930.6 | 16,276.7 |
RAT area (ha) | 2,400-2,500 | 5,000-5,500 | 5,600-6,000 |
RAT yield (tons/ha/crop) | 20 | 20 | 22-23 |
RAT output (1,000 tons/year) | 150-155 | 320-325 | 400-450 |
Ability to meet market demand (%) | ≥ 20% | ≥ 40 | ≥ 60 |
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Source: (*): Project on production and consumption of RAT of Hanoi City
period 2010 - 2015
(**): According to author's calculation
The goal by 2020 is to continue to maintain and expand the vegetable area to 16,276.7 hectares. Developing the area of vegetables in concentrated production areas to strive to bring the total area of vegetables to 5,600 - 6,000 hectares with an average yield of 22 - 23 tons/ha/crop, output of 400,000 to 450,000 tons/year, capable of meeting 60% of consumer demand.
4.3 Main solutions for sustainable development of safe vegetables in Hanoi
To develop RAT sustainably, it is necessary to carry out many synchronous solutions on the basis of making good use of production and business conditions to gradually limit and overcome factors that negatively impact the expansion of RAT development.
Within the framework of the thesis, the author would like to propose the following main groups of solutions for sustainable development of RAT in Hanoi:
4.3.1 Develop and implement institutions and policies to encourage the development of safe vegetable production and consumption.
4.3.1.1 Unification of regulations on GAP implementation in safe vegetable production The roadmap for implementing regulations on safe vegetable production according to Decision No. 99/2008/QD-BNN, dated October 15, 2008 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development needs to be
Institutionalization to suit current production practices, including:
- Phase 1:
+ Implement some basic contents of GAP to ensure food hygiene and safety on vegetables.
+ Prepare conditions to implement GAP on vegetables. Build some core models to implement VietGAP to recommend and gradually expand the area.
This stage can last from 2 - 3 years in Hanoi.
- Phase 2:
+ Implement widely the content on product traceability and origin;
+ Mandatory declaration of conformity for RAT products produced and traded by organizations and enterprises; encouraged declaration of conformity for RAT products produced and traded by cooperatives and individuals.
This stage can last from 2 - 3 years.
- Phase 3: Apply conformity declaration to all RAT products before circulating on the market.
4.3.1.2 Hanoi needs to have a separate, synchronous policy for the safe vegetable production and consumption program.
On the basis of applying Decision 107/2008/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister; Circular 59/2009/TT-BNNPTNT, dated September 9, 2009; Circular No. 50/2009/TT-BNNPTNT, dated September 26, 2009 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development