+ Number of samples : Select 6 factors as observation variables, with 64 criteria to measure and evaluate the current status of sustainable tourism development in Ninh Binh, using a 5-point Likert scale with the following levels: Very high, high, medium, low, very low.
50+64*5= 445 votes. The minimum sample size is 445. The actual sample size is 1050. The author sent out 1050 survey votes.
+ Investigation method : Investigate 4 subjects, State management agencies of tourism in the locality, For state management agencies and enterprises, NCS uses the method of sending letters and direct contact to collect data. Tourists and local people, NCS directly contacts and through tourism businesses to collect and distribute survey forms.
- M1 : Number of ballots: 100, 55 ballots for Ninh Binh area, mainly focusing on Ninh Binh Provincial People's Committee, Ninh Binh Provincial Department of Tourism, relevant departments such as Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Tax Department, etc. Reserve number of 21 ballots for the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of districts such as Yen Mo, Hoa Lu, etc. to survey.
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- M2 : Number of votes 150 select tourism service establishments, issue votes to the establishments of your choice.
In total 150 survey forms, divided as follows: 31 forms for state-owned enterprises operating in the field of tourism services. 119 forms for non-state-owned enterprises operating in tourism services, from small to large scale. Among them, there are forms for tourist transport companies, restaurants, hotels, from small to large scale.
- M3 : Number of votes: 500 votes. Select tourists to Ninh Binh. Through travel agencies, select international tourist groups. Each group only selects 1 to 2 people as representatives. Similarly, with domestic tourist groups.
International votes 75 votes: Age of visitors: 25-55 years old, male 65% female 45%.
Domestic votes 75 votes: Age of tourists: 25-55 years old, male 65% female 45%.
- M4 : Number of ballots: 300 ballots. 200 ballots are for surveying residents participating in tourism activities such as selling goods, ferrying, etc. 100 ballots are for residents not participating in tourism activities, living in areas with tourist sites. Main survey age: 25-55 years old. Men account for 65%, women account for 45%.
Survey period: 5 months from March 15 to August 15, 2016. Then proceed to process and analyze the data and create a table to analyze the results obtained.
+Results: 1050 ballots were issued, after checking, 1020 ballots were eligible for analysis.
b,Data processing method
+For secondary data: Through data collection, the researcher uses analysis, comparison, contrast, and mapping methods to process data:
-Analysis : Data from the State tourism management agency and Ninh Binh during the period from 2007 to 2016. The tourism goals set by the local management agency serve as the basis for the thesis's proposals.
-Comparison: Development speed, tourism revenue, number of tourists coming to Vietnam, coming to Ninh Binh every year, number of domestic and foreign tourists, each region and each country, number of facilities, tourism human resources, etc. are announced annually, quarterly in the press, on reliable and controlled mass media.
Combining primary and secondary data analysis synthesizes the results to propose solutions.
In addition, the system analysis method is also used: Systematically analyzing the theory of sustainable tourism of topics on socio-economic environment to propose solutions for the thesis.
+For primary data: Using statistical synthesis method, collected during the investigation process, the author entered data on SPSS.20 software to perform descriptive statistics of the results obtained.
Chapter 1 Conclusion
Chapter 1 of the thesis has summarized the domestic and foreign research situation related to the topic, divided into groups: Research group on sustainable development, research group on tourism and research group on sustainable tourism development, research group on tourism and sustainable tourism in Ninh Binh. Synthesize concepts, perspectives, roles and principles, evaluation criteria, models of research projects on sustainable development and sustainable tourism in the locality, thereby building a theoretical framework for the research topic. Based on the theory of sustainability and sustainable tourism development of previous scientific works, the researcher identifies gaps in research, thereby building criteria for evaluating sustainable tourism development in Ninh Binh, giving some recommendations and proposals.
Presenting the survey method for data collection and the survey implementation process of the thesis, with 4 types of survey forms, belonging to 4 groups of subjects, management agencies, tourism businesses operating in Ninh Binh, local people and tourists. From the survey results obtained, analysis and evaluation are conducted, with the collected data, assessing the sustainability of Ninh Binh tourism and making further recommendations.
CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF A PROVINCIAL LOCALITY
2.1 Concept, role and parties in sustainable tourism development
2.1.1 Sustainable development
The term sustainable development was first used in the report “World Conservation Strategy” proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in 1980. The organization initiated the concept of sustainable development with the overall goal of the strategy being to achieve sustainable development by protecting biological resources, emphasizing the ecological sustainability of development, calling for the conservation of biological resources. By 1987, this concept was adopted by the World Commission on Environment and Development (Commission mondiale surl'Environnement et le développement) chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland and defined in "Our Common Future" (Notre avenir à tous/Our Common Future): "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"[61].
Thus, the main content of sustainable development is the development process that closely and harmoniously combines three aspects of development: economic sustainability, environmental resource sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability.
The content of sustainable development was reaffirmed at Rio - 92 and supplemented and completed at the Johannesbug Conference - 1991: " Sustainable development is a development process that closely, reasonably and harmoniously combines three aspects of development. That is: economic development, social justice and environmental protection " [17]. In addition to these three main aspects, many works also mention other aspects of sustainable development such as politics, culture, spirit, ethnicity... and require calculating and balancing them in planning strategies and policies for socio-economic development for each country and each specific locality.
Synthesis of views on sustainable development
The view on sustainable development of the WCED Council on Sustainable Environment and Development (now the Brundtland Commission)[62]. This report clearly states: Sustainable development is "development that can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This view is agreed upon by Nguyen Dinh Hoe and a number of other scholars.
Vietnam's viewpoint has been affirmed, especially clearly in the 1991-2000 Socio-Economic Development Strategy approved by the 7th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, according to which the policy is "Economic growth must be associated with social progress and equity, cultural development, and environmental protection". The 8th Congress continued to affirm "Economic growth is associated with social progress and equity, preserving and promoting national identity, and protecting the ecological environment". Directive No. 36-CT/TW dated June 25, 1998 of the Politburo on strengthening environmental protection during the period of industrialization and modernization of the country emphasized: "Environmental protection is a fundamental and inseparable content in the guidelines, policies and plans for socio-economic development of all levels and sectors, and is an important basis for ensuring sustainable development and successfully implementing the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country". The viewpoint on sustainable development has been reaffirmed in the documents of the 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam and in the Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2001 - 2010 as: "Rapid, effective and sustainable development, economic growth goes hand in hand with progress, social justice and environmental protection" and "Socio-economic development is closely linked to environmental protection and improvement, ensuring harmony between the artificial environment and the natural environment, preserving biodiversity". The Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2011 - 2020 also emphasized "Rapid development is linked to sustainable development, sustainable development is a consistent requirement in the Strategy". Sustainable development has become the Party's guidelines and viewpoints and the State's policies.
Thus: The nature of sustainable development is the harmonious combination of socio-economic and environmental. The criterion for evaluating sustainable development is economic growth.
stability, social progress and equity, economical use of natural resources, protection and improvement of the quality of the living environment.
For the economy, sustainable development is reflected in the continuous economic growth over time in terms of economic indicators, creating prosperity for the community and achieving efficiency for all economic activities. It is important that the vitality and development of enterprises are maintained in a long-term manner. That means the quality of growth is reflected in economic efficiency indicators of labor productivity, investment efficiency, capital efficiency, etc. The quality of growth is also reflected in the economic structure or the economic structure. The economic sector structure is a synthesis of economic sectors and the proportional relationship between sectors expressed in the position and proportion of each sector in the overall economy depending on each stage of economic development, in which state management directs the participating subjects to become the main driving force for economic activities: There are periods where industry is the main industry, there are periods where services are the main industry, there are periods where services and technology are combined, etc. In addition, with the goal of continuous economic development, economic factors need to be focused on: Growth in social investment for production, business and services, increasing the quantity and quality of business operations, promoting technical and technological progress, stimulating labor motivation.
Sustainable development of environmental resources requires the exploitation, management and use of resources to meet current needs without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations. This is demonstrated by the rational use of resources, ensuring biodiversity, and having no negative impacts on the environment. Sustainable development of economic, social and environmental activities is planned and established according to a certain process with the participation of scientists, people and managers to minimize negative impacts on the natural environment. In terms of technology, sustainable development reduces the consumption of fossil fuels, encourages the use of clean energy, applies new technology, advanced technology to increase output, reuses waste, prevents emissions, and minimizes consequences for the environment. The relationship between the environment and sustainable development is not only within the national scope but also globally.
The world is interested, with international organizations such as UNESCO, WTO, UNDP in many fields, these organizations coordinate with countries and localities in studying the changes in the natural environment, on that basis, propose specific action programs. Each country and each locality has economic and environmental benefits within the space and time of operation of that country and locality, directing countries and localities towards the common goal of sustainable development of the whole world with national and local commitments and their awareness in the issue of protecting the common environment is a challenge for the above organizations.
For social culture, sustainable development needs to ensure long-term benefits for society such as creating jobs for workers, sharing benefits fairly, contributing to improving people's living standards and social stability, while preserving cultural values, recognizing and respecting different cultures. In the current economic conditions, income distribution is mainly based on input factors, distribution based on capacity, dedication, investment, etc. sustainability is achieved only when there is social justice. Thus, sustainable development from the social perspective is the division of economic achievements and benefits, based on the criteria of social justice, those who contribute more receive more and vice versa. With social justice, sustainable development brings increased jobs for people, ensuring income, as well as reducing poverty in society.
2.1.2 Development, requirements and differences of sustainable local tourism development
*Sustainable tourism development
Tourism is considered the largest “smokeless industry” in the world, contributing positively to the economic development of countries, preserving global cultural values as well as having an impact on all aspects of resources and the environment. For the tourism industry, the environment has a very broad meaning, which is the natural, economic, cultural, political and social environment; it is a very important factor in creating diverse and unique tourism products. Without environmental protection, development will decline, but without development, environmental protection will fail. Therefore, we need to develop tourism but must not harm the environment.
resources, without negatively affecting the environment. In other words, sustainable tourism must be the development trend of the tourism industry. Currently, there is no consensus on sustainable tourism. Some definitions such as Machado, 2003 [45] have defined sustainable tourism forms as: "Forms of tourism that meet the current needs of tourists, the tourism industry, and local communities but do not affect the ability to meet the needs of future generations. Tourism is economically viable but does not destroy the resources on which the future of tourism depends, especially the natural environment and social structure of the local community". This definition focuses on the sustainability of the form of tourism (tourism product), not generally mentioning sustainability for the entire tourism industry. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 1996, "Sustainable tourism is meeting the current needs of tourists and tourist areas while ensuring the ability to meet the needs of future generations of tourists." This is a brief definition based on the definition of sustainable development of UNCED. In Vietnam, the concept of sustainable tourism development is relatively new, there is no consensus on the concept, mainly on sustainable tourism, including many types: Ecotourism, rural tourism, community tourism, etc. Although there is no consensus on the concept, through lessons learned and practices on sustainable tourism development in countries around the world, it can be understood that: " Sustainable tourism development is the activity of managing the exploitation of natural and human resource values to satisfy the diverse needs of tourists; concerned with long-term economic benefits and ensuring contributions to the conservation and restoration of resources, maintaining cultural integrity, protecting the environment for future tourism development, and contributing to improving the living standards of local communities " [1]. With the interpretation of the words of the tourism law issued on June 19, 2017. on sustainable tourism to unify in the document on sustainable tourism is tourism development that meets current needs without harming the ability to meet future tourism needs.
Inheriting the above studies, sustainable tourism development is conceptualized as: " Tourism development that meets current needs without harming the ability to meet the tourism needs of future generations ." In the process of development,