Figure 3.7. Improved EBB product manufactured at the Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 43
Figure 3.8. Experimental system AO 43
Figure 3.9. COD concentration and treatment efficiency through anaerobic column 45
Figure 3.10. COD treatment load through anaerobic column 475
Figure 3.11. COD concentration and treatment efficiency through aerobic column 497
Figure 3.12. COD treatment load through aerobic column 47
Figure 3.13. COD concentration and treatment efficiency through AO 49 system
Figure 3.14. COD treatment load through AO 49 system
Figure 3.15. Ammonia concentration and treatment efficiency through anaerobic column 51
Figure 3.16. Ammonium treatment load through aerobic column 51
Figure 3.17. Ammonium concentration and treatment efficiency through aerobic tank 53
Figure 3.18. Ammonium treatment load through aerobic tank 53
Figure 3.19. Ammonium concentration and treatment efficiency through AO 55 system
Figure 3.20. Ammonium treatment load through AO 55 system
Figure 3.21. TSS concentration and treatment efficiency through anaerobic tank 57
Figure 3.22. TSS treatment load through anaerobic tank 57
Figure 3.23. TSS concentration and treatment efficiency through aerobic tank 59
Figure 3.24. TSS treatment load through aerobic tank 59
Figure 3.25. TSS concentration and treatment efficiency through AO 61 system
Figure 3.26. TSS treatment load through AO 61 system
Figure 3.27. Block diagram of hospital wastewater treatment plan using AO 64 technology
Figure 3.28. Hospital wastewater flow diagram using AO 65 method
INTRODUCTION
High economic growth brings great benefits such as improving people's living standards and economic potential for the country, but it also has a serious impact on environmental quality. Among them, wastewater pollution is one of the most pressing problems.
Hospital wastewater is one of the deep concerns for environmental and social managers because it can cause serious environmental pollution and endanger human life.
According to statistics from the Ministry of Health, up to now, the country has 1,087 hospitals (1,023 state hospitals, 64 private hospitals) with a total of more than 140,000 beds, in addition to more than 10,000 commune health stations, tens of thousands of private clinics, research facilities, training facilities, pharmaceutical and biological medical production facilities. Medical facilities discharge about 250,000 m3 of wastewater per day. This type of medical wastewater pollutes the environment.
heavily contaminated with organic matter and microbial content 100-1000 times higher than the allowable standard. However, about 46% of hospitals currently do not have wastewater treatment systems and 70% of existing wastewater treatment systems do not meet standards [3].
Due to economic difficulties, the management and treatment of hospital waste in many localities have not received adequate attention and investment. Hospital waste, in addition to the general characteristics similar to domestic waste, also has the special characteristic of containing many pathogenic microorganisms with high infectious potential, causing pressing problems in hygiene, environment and public health. According to Mr. Jordan Ryan, former Resident Representative of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Vietnam, 80% of cases of disease are caused by polluted water sources, part of which is from hospital wastewater [8].
Therefore, the research and finding of appropriate technological solutions to effectively treat hospital wastewater to ensure the permitted standards when discharged into the environment has been of interest to domestic and foreign environmentalists. Currently, the above countries
The world and our country have applied many different technological solutions to effectively and safely treat hospital wastewater, in which biological technology is commonly used. Hospital wastewater is a source of serious environmental pollution because it has high organic content, nutrients and especially contains many pathogenic bacteria and viruses. In Vietnam, scientists have researched and developed many hospital wastewater treatment technologies such as aerobic contact biological tanks, activated sludge technology in traditional aeroten tanks, SBR batch aerobic treatment, submerged biological filtration, AAO technology, MBR biomembrane technology... However, these technologies require high investment costs and are difficult to operate.
Eco-Bio Block (EBB) prototype from Japan. EBB from Japan is a solid block produced through the process of mixing materials such as volcanic rocks in Japan combined with the attachment of environmentally friendly microorganisms [20].
Improved EBB has been successfully researched and manufactured by the Institute of Environmental Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology using available materials in the country (lightweight keramzite gravel mixed with sand, cement and activated carbon, inoculated with microorganisms). The Institute of Environmental Technology has conducted studies on the use of improved EBB to treat domestic wastewater and pond water, showing that the treatment efficiency of improved EBB with these types of wastewater is quite high.
That is why I carried out the thesis topic " Research on evaluating the efficiency of hospital wastewater treatment by anaerobic method (AO) using improved EBB biological media " to evaluate the efficiency of pollutant treatment of improved EBB material to improve the treatment efficiency for hospital wastewater, contributing to improving the water environment in particular and the living environment in general.
Objective of the topic:
- Research on production of EBB materials suitable for hospital wastewater treatment
In Vietnam
- Testing and evaluating the effectiveness of hospital wastewater treatment by anaerobic (AO) method using improved EBB biological media, contributing to improving the water environment.
Evaluation of COD treatment efficiency;
Evaluation of Ammonium treatment efficiency;
Evaluation of suspended solids treatment efficiency;
- Proposing a new hospital wastewater treatment method suitable for Vietnam conditions.
Research object
Study on the efficiency of COD, ammonium, and suspended solids treatment of hospital wastewater using anaerobic method combined with improved EBB biological media. Wastewater was taken from the equalization tank of E hospital, Cau Giay district, Hanoi.
Research scale
Laboratory scale.
Outline of the topic:
Chapter 1. Overview
- Overview of hospital wastewater
- Overview of hospital wastewater treatment technology
- Overview of EBB materials
- Choose the right technology
Chapter 2. Location, time, methodology and research methods Chapter 3. Research results
- Production of EBB materials
- Study on COD treatment efficiency in AO experimental system using improved EBB biological media
- Study on the efficiency of ammonia treatment in AO experimental system using improved EBB biological substrate
- Study on TSS treatment efficiency in AO experimental system using improved EBB biological media
- Proposing new methods for treating hospital wastewater. Conclusion and recommendations.
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
1.1. Overview of hospital wastewater
1.1.1. Sources of hospital wastewater
Hospital wastewater is the waste solution from medical examination and treatment facilities.
Hospital wastewater comes from many different sources such as: drug preparation - disinfection, cleaning medical instruments, washing away medical specimens, washing patient wounds, wastewater from operating rooms, testing rooms, laboratories, from examination and treatment departments, patient treatment areas, etc. are collected together and brought to the wastewater treatment system. This type of wastewater mainly contains organic compounds, suspended solids, blood, pus and especially pathogenic bacteria.
In addition, a large amount of wastewater is generated during the daily activities of staff, employees, patients and their relatives. This wastewater mainly contains residues, nutrients (N, P), suspended solids (SS), organic substances (BOD5, COD and bacteria), if not treated before being discharged, it will pollute the environment.
1.1.2. Characteristics and composition of hospital wastewater
Hospital wastewater has a fairly high content of biodegradable organic matter (represented by the BOD5 parameter ) , and a large amount of suspended solids. In particular, hospital wastewater is a typical source containing a large amount of pathogenic bacteria. In most surveyed hospitals, when analyzing wastewater samples, it was found that the total coliform was in the range of 106 - 107 MNP /100ml, exceeding the allowable standard many times [4]. In addition to these bacteria, hospital wastewater also contains a significant amount of other pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, if hospital wastewater is not effectively treated, these pathogens will be released into the environment and receiving water bodies, increasing the risk of disease outbreaks, seriously affecting the environment and public health.
The composition of hospital wastewater is usually at the level shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1. Composition of hospital wastewater
Parameter
Unit | Value range | Average value | |
pH | - | 6.5 - 7.5 | 7.0 |
TSS | mg/l | 100 - 200 | 150 |
BOD 5 | mg/l | 120 - 250 | 200 |
COD | mg/l | 150 - 350 | 300 |
Total Coliforms | MNP/100 ml | 10 6 - 10 9 | 10 6 - 10 7 |
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Source: Hospital waste management documents, 2015 [2]
In addition, hospital wastewater also contains some heavy metals with small contents such as: manganese, copper, mercury, chromium,... The results of analysis of heavy metals in hospital wastewater often show that the contents of these metals are all lower than the permitted standards (QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT).
1.1.3. Hospital wastewater source classification plan
In order to minimize the amount of wastewater for the treatment system, reduce investment costs, reduce treatment costs and ensure the treatment system operates stably and effectively, it is necessary to separate rainwater and wastewater into separate streams.
- Rainwater and surface water runoff must be collected separately into a separate surface drainage system. Water from this drainage system will be discharged directly into the drainage ditch.
- Wastewater from departments and rooms, including wastewater generated during medical examination and treatment and domestic wastewater from staff, patients and patients' relatives, is collected and led through separate pipes to the wastewater treatment area as shown in Figure 1.1.
Before
Wastewater treatment plant
hospital
After
handle
Wastewater from professional and domestic activities of the hospital
General wastewater system
Rainwater overflow
Figure 1.1. Diagram of principles of hospital wastewater source classification
1.2. Overview of hospital wastewater treatment technology
Although the output of traditional hospital wastewater treatment technologies meets QCVN, they increasingly reveal many weaknesses such as: space-consuming, high operating and investment costs, slow construction time, odor generation during operation, unstable quality of treated water, large amount of sludge discharged...
Research on hospital wastewater treatment technology not only needs to satisfy the prescribed standards, but also must ensure the following factors: occupying little space, easy to install, operate and maintain, and not causing secondary pollution affecting the surrounding environment.
Countries around the world and our country have applied many different technological solutions to effectively and safely treat hospital wastewater. In some developed countries such as Germany, Japan, France, the US, Canada, etc., scientists have researched and successfully applied biological methods for wastewater treatment, including anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic methods using microorganisms. The advantages of biological wastewater treatment are simplicity, economy, and utilization of