Research Status on Plant Genetic Resources Conservation

World Agroforestry Centre (2006), Anon (1996) studied the morphological characteristics of Schima wallichii and described in relatively detail the morphological characteristics of the stem, leaves, bark, fruit, and seeds.

Incubate this species, partly support the cultivation and propagation of medicinal Myrtle species in the afforestation project (according to Hoang Van Chu, 2009) (15). Medicinal Myrtle is a pioneer species in the light, with a wide ecological amplitude, distributed widely in the Southeast Asian region. Medicinal Myrtle appears in many lowland forest areas (South Thailand) and in the lower sub-tropical regions (Nep l) as well as in cold climate regions. It is native to Brunei, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam (World Agroforestry Centre, 2006). Medicinal Myrtle is a pioneer species of swidden cultivation (Laos tree seed project, 2006) (according to Hoang Van Chu, 2009) 15).

According to Kh mle k (2004), the Chestnut family is quite widely distributed, with about 900 species.

Basil is found in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but

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No documents have shown that the basil is distributed in tropical Africa. Most of the subspecies are distributed in Asia, especially in Vietnam with 216 species and at least in Africa and the Mediterranean with 2 species (according to Tran Hop, 2002) (19).

Thus, with the above research on ecological theory, regeneration, and natural forest larval habitat as well as research on biological and ecological characteristics of some species, it has partly clarified the characteristics of larval habitat and regeneration in tropical forests. This is the basis for choosing the research direction in the thesis.

1.1.2 Research situation on conservation of plant genetic resources

Faced with the destruction of forest ecosystems, climate change and biodiversity loss, the world has paid attention to the conservation of plant genetic resources. In the years 1908-1938, the International Union for Forestry Research (IUFRO) organized the collection and testing of the origin of 13 lots of Pinus taeda seeds from 11 different countries. Since the late 1950s, a series of species and origins of the most important coniferous species such as P. caribaea, P. kesiya, P. oocarpa, P.

merkusii , etc. have been collected and tested. Collection of seed samples and testing of the origin of broadleaf trees such as: Te h, Loi tho, Ba h dan, Keo, etc.

It has also been carried out by many countries in the last 20 years.

Currently, there are about 1,500 botanical gardens in the world. Many botanical gardens are over 100 years old, such as Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesia. This garden was built in 1817 on an area of 87 hectares with a huge collection of 3,504 species, 1,273 genera and 199 families of plants. In addition, there are a number of collection gardens and botanical gardens dedicated to one or a few species. For example, in Malaysia, the Mauritius Garden of the Malaysian Forestry Research Institute (FRIM) is a living collection of Shorea species , the Su collection garden at the Su Research Institute, the Su collection garden ( Elaeis guineensis ), etc. Besides conservation, many rare and valuable species of plants are also being exploited. For example, subspecies of Hopea , Shorea , Vatica , Erythrophleum , Garcinia , Abies , Picea and Pinus are known to be good quality sawn timber producing subspecies. Some species with considerable potential for non-timber forest products have also been discovered, such as Cephalotaxus hainanensis and Cinnamum mairei (Le Dinh Kha et al. , 2006; Koskela

J. et al., 2001 ) . Besides, some countries such as Malaysia, Korea... have used the method of cold preservation for seeds and seed samples. The program of cold preservation of seeds (unpreserved seeds) has been sponsored by IPGRI in collaboration with the Danish Seed Center to conserve forest tree genetic resources in tropical countries.

In order to provide a basis for the management and conservation of forest genetic resources, many international organizations have published many papers related to the methodology and conservation orientation (Boyle and Boontwee, 1995; Brynt, 1997; FAO, 1993; FAO/UNEP, 1975; Um Shnker, Gnesh ih and Bw, 2001). IUCN (1994, 2001 & 2008) has proposed a classification system for assessing the level of threat to natural forest species and this classification system is considered as a criterion for selecting threatened species for conservation. According to this classification level, species can be classified into: Extinct (E), Endangered (C ...

endangered in the wild (EW), critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), vulnerable (VU), near threatened (NT) and least concerned (LC). In 1998, with the cooperation of

Hundreds of them are stored worldwide, IUCN and WCMC have published lists of

The sub-species of this tree are globally threatened, comprising a total of 7,388 species according to the IUCN sub-criteria in 1994. In 1993, the results of conservation research were also compiled in an international conference paper with many papers relevant to the Asia-Pacific region (Drysd and Yp, 1993). The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) has published a series of publications related to status assessments, technical guidelines and conservation action plans for a number of important tropical forest tree species.

The status of forest tree genetic resources conservation in Asia and the Pacific has recently been briefly reported in the proceedings of the regional workshop of the Asia-Pacific Forest Tree Genetic Resources Programme (Luom-aho et al. , 2004).

1 2 Vietnam research situation

1.2.1 A typical study on the forestry characteristics of Vietnamese tree species

In our country, research on the forest characteristics of some indigenous tree species has not been systematically studied, but the content only appears sporadically in some

Mr. Trinh, can summarize some information related to the research problem as follows:

Nguyen Ba Chat (1996) (14) has studied the forest characteristics and measures for cultivating and nurturing Ladderwort. In addition to the research results on the distribution characteristics, ecology, regeneration... the author also proposed a number of technical measures for sowing and planting Ladderwort.

Tran Minh Tuan (25) studied some biological characteristics of the family of Hazelnut as a basis for conservation and cultivation in Ba V National Park - Hanoi, in addition to the results on ecological characteristics, natural regeneration, growth and distribution.

In order to incubate the species, the author also gives some directions on silvicultural techniques to create trees from seeds and plant forests for this species.

Vu Van Can (13) conducted research on some biological characteristics of the compost family.

The Cho Dai is a nursery for him to plant trees in Cu National Park.

In addition to the conclusions about the distribution characteristics, the author also presented techniques for propagating the plant from seeds for the Chodai plant species.

Nguyen Thanh Binh (2003) (12) studied some characteristics of the forest family of the naturally recovered fruit-bearing Chestnut species in Bac Giang. With the research results achieved, the author has made many conclusions, in addition to the characteristics of the morphology, phenology, distribution, larval residence and natural regeneration of the species, the author asserted that the distribution of N - H and N - D all have some peaks; the correlation between Hvn and D1.3 is in the form of a Log rit equation. Similarly, Le Phuong Trieu (2003) (24) studied some biological characteristics of the forest family of the Chestnut species in Cu Phuong National Park.

Vuong Huu Nhi (2003) (21) studied some biological characteristics and techniques of cultivating Cam xe trees to serve forest planting in Dak Lak - Central Highlands. From the research results with conclusions about the morphological characteristics, distribution, habitat, natural regeneration... the author also proposed cultivation techniques for this tree species.

Ly Meng Seang (2008) (6) studied some characteristics of the Te h forest plantation in K mpong - Cham - Kampu hi. In addition, the author also suggested that in the first 18 years of planting the Te h forest, it should be pruned and nurtured 3 times according to the method of the world, with a period of 6 years once.

Nguyen Toan Thang (2008) (22) studied some characteristics of the forest plantation of English chestnut ( Castanapsis piriformis Hickel & A. mus) in Lam Dong. The author has

Clear conclusions about the morphological characteristics, phenology, distribution, usage value, and composition of the woody layer vary from 17 to 41 species, with the dominant species being English Chestnut, Euryale, and Euphorbia....

Le Van Thuan (2009) (23) studied some characteristics of the forest plantation of Schima superba G rdn.et Ch mp in the Central Highlands.

Tran Quang Bao 11) conducted research on the biological characteristics, family ecology and cultivation techniques of Dalbergia oliveri Pierre as a basis for conservation and development of this species in Dak Lak, aiming to contribute to the conservation and development of Dalbergia oliveri Pierre, and determined the biological characteristics of the family, family ecology and cultivation techniques.

Breastfeeding; providing breeding techniques and proposing solutions for conservation and development of breastfeeding in the Central Highlands region.

1.2.2. Situation of research on conservation of plant genetic resources in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the conservation of genetic resources is also of special concern at the Forestry Institute, National Parks and Universities. Here are some of the outstanding studies:

- Vietnam Forestry Science Institute : Since 1988, the Forestry Research Institute has been designated as the focal point for forest genetic resource conservation, and since then

Conservation research is considered a regular and long-term task to serve the goal of protecting rare and special genetic resources of the country. After many years of implementation, the research topic " Conservation of forest genetic resources " led by the Vietnam Forestry Research Institute has achieved some significant results. Through field surveys and collection of documents, species conservation and threat assessment according to IUCN criteria (2001) are as follows:

+ Coniferous species : 53 coniferous species in the country have been surveyed and 33 species have been assessed for their threat level and potential for planting (Nguyen Hoang Nghi, 2004). It can be clearly seen that many Vietnamese coniferous species are facing the threat of extinction. Of which, 1 species is in the category of extinct in the wild (EW) which is Hoang Dan, 2 species are in the category of critically endangered (CR) which are Thuy Tung and Thong Do Nam, 10 species are in the category of endangered (EN) which are Ba h vang, Ba hx nh đá, Ba h tan Taiwan Lo, Dinh Tung, Thong do ba, De tung skull Nau, Thiet sm, Thong five la Pa Co, Du sm da limestone, Van sm F nsipang and 12 species are in the category of nearly endangered (VU). Outstanding characteristics in most subspecies

Native conifers are those that live in mountainous areas, harsh limestone mountains, climate and terrain conditions are not favorable for natural regeneration, and are heavily impacted by human exploitation.

+ Dipterocarpaceae species : Based on the previous subfamily and the new subfamily (Nguyen Ti and Tran Hop, 1971; FIPI, 1996; Pham Hoang Ho, 1999; Nguyen Hoang Nghi, 2003; National Center for Natural and Technological Family Repositories, 2003)

Combined with field surveys, the total number of Dipterocarpaceae subspecies was identified as 42 species belonging to 6 families ( Anisoptera : 1 species; Dipterocarpus : 12 species; Hopea : 11 species; Parashorea : 2 species; Shorea : 8 species and Vatica : 8 species and 1 subspecies). Compared with coniferous subspecies, Dipterocarpaceae subspecies have a lower threat level and a lower number of threatened species. There are 2 species in the critically endangered (CR) category, which are Heart-shaped Dipterocarpus and Ca Na Mang Dipterocarpus; 3 species in the endangered (EN) category, which are Brown Melaleuca, Mittia and Bo Melaleuca; 17 species in the vulnerable (VU) category; 22 species out of 42 threatened species. Heart-shaped Dipterocarpus is less than 250 trees in Cam Ranh - Khanh Hoa. While the Ca Na network has no more than 200 people in Ca Na - Ninh Thuan.

Research on bamboo species at the Vietnam Forestry Research Institute has been conducted for many years on the basis of inheriting and developing the results of surveys and collecting plant samples from many regions in the country. Starting with the research of Dr. Nguyen Dinh Hung in the framework of the KN03 Research Program, period 1991-1995. In the years 2003-2005, under the coordination of the project "Species diversity and ex situ conservation of some bamboo species in Vietnam" funded by IPGRI and the support of the Chinese Bamboo Classification Institute, many surveys from North to South were carried out and the re-evaluation of the list of bamboo species in 2003 and the identification of species were also conducted. The result is 133 species of 24 species.

The new list of children residing in the country has been added. In addition, the topic also adds

A number of new species have been collected in this list and up to now, there have been 216 species/subspecies of bamboo in 25 regions of Vietnam (Nguyen Hoang Nghi, 2005). Among these, many species are classified as having economic value and are widely planted (such as Tre gi, Luong, Tru sao, Vau, Dien and Nu), while some species are classified as rare and need to be collected for conservation (such as Tru den, Tru trung, and Tru bong). Hundreds of bamboo species are newly discovered and have so far been found in documents and newspapers that they have not been published (Nguyen Hoang Nghi, 2005).

- Forestry University : since moving from Dong Trieu - Quang Ninh to Xuan Mi - Hanoi (1983), it has been interested in preserving forest tree genetic resources.

The first stage was to reclaim the barren hill area (Luot Mountain) by planting Acacia auriculiformis, Pine, Eucalyptus, Acacia leucocephala, Acacia leucocephala. Since 1995, this place has started to plant native tree species under the forest canopy. In particular, from 1999 to now, many new tree species have been added, diverse in composition, rich in use value with the goal of building a garden to collect and preserve forest tree gene sources. The garden is also a practice site, a research facility for teachers and students of the Forestry University. Up to now, the garden has been formed, many tree species planted in the area have adapted to the new environment, growing and developing normally. In some states, the planted forest grows and develops well, reaching large sizes, many species have produced results.

Some studies on the field of plant diversity conservation have been carried out at the Garden for Collection and Conservation of Genetic Resources. Typical examples include: Planning and preliminary design of the Garden for Collection and Conservation of Forest Plant Genetic Resources belonging to the Research Center.

Experimental research at the University of Forestry (Le Mong Chan, 1997-1998) has recorded 250 native plant species belonging to 68 families of stem-growing plants. The author also recorded the number of subspecies and the growth status of the basil; Evaluation of the biodiversity of flora and fauna in Luot Mountain (Tran Ngo Hai and Nguyen Van Huy, 2003) has recorded 342 native plant species belonging to 257 families, 90 families and 3 phyla of stem-growing plants; Investigation of the composition, growth status and planting characteristics of native plant subspecies in plot C, plot 3 (Tran Van Quynh, 2005) has initially recorded 69 native plant species and the growth status of the basil; Assessment of the current status of native plant species planted in plots A and D, plot 3 of the collection and conservation garden of genetic resources - University of Forestry (Phung Van Phe, 2006, 2008) has recorded 283 plant species belonging to 117 genera, 81 families and 3 phyla of seedlings in plot A. Of which 173 are native plant species and 110 are naturally distributed. In plot D, 197 plant species belong to 161 genera, 64 families and 2 phyla of seedlings in plot D. Of which 107 are native plant species and 90 are naturally distributed. In addition, the geographical coordinates and growth status of 22 species have been determined.

important indigenous trees; Research on the diversity of flora in Luot and Voi mountains in

The Forestry University (Nguyen Van Thanh, 2009) has recorded 397 species in Luot Mountain, belonging to 272 genera, 95 families, 3 phyla of plant seedlings; Building a model of planting non-timber forest products under the forest canopy at the Collection Garden at the Forestry University (Pham Thanh Ha, 2008-2011) has planted 0.5 ha of NTFP conservation forest; Researching the diversity and system of native plant groups in the experimental forest of the Forestry University (Hoang Van Sam, 2011, 2013).

In addition to the research on conserving forest plant genetic resources and building an experimental forest at Luot Mountain, in recent years, the University of Forestry has also carried out a number of investigations and studies related to rare plant species that need to be protected in the country and in limestone plant species in the limestone mountain flora. Typically: Research on

Research on collecting and conserving rare endemic forest plant genetic resources in the Son La hydroelectric reservoir (Tran Ngo Hai, 2007-2009); Research on conserving and developing some rare endemic forest plant species in the Northwest region (Tran Ngo Hai, 2010-2012); Conservation of limestone plant species ( Keteleeria davidiana (Bertr nd) Beissn 1881) in Bac Kan (Tran Ngo Hai, 2009-2012); Discovery and development of genetic resources of white Disporopsis longifolia ( Disporopsis longifolia Cr ib. 1912) and Stephania dielsiana YCWu.1940) in some mountainous provinces in the North (Tran Ngo Hai, 2012-2014); Discovery and development of Dendrocalmus velutinus gene sources in Hanoi and Son La (Tran Ngo Hai, 2013-2016); Research on creating Dendrocalmus velutinus plants using in vitro cultivation techniques (Vu Thi Hue, 2008-2011); Research on biological characteristics, family ecology and cultivation techniques of Dalbergia mammosa Pierre as a basis for proposing measures to conserve and develop this species in the Central Highlands (Tran Quang Bao, 2008-2011); Research on propagation and cultivation techniques of Anoectochilus roxburghii for medicinal use in the northern sub-province (Phung Van Phe, 2008-2011); Research on some biological and ecological characteristics of the Black Sheep ( Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lind.) Munro, 1868) species for conservation purposes in Lao Cai and Ha Giang provinces (Pham Thanh Trung, 2010-2012). Research on the classification and conservation system of the species.

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