LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Area of Vo Nhai district 14
Table 1.2. Gross national income GDP in the period 2015-2019 (at 2010 prices) 16 Table 1.3. Economic structure shift of Vo Nhai in the period (2015-2019) 16
Table 1.4. Average population distribution table in rural and urban areas 17
Table 1.5. List of accommodation establishments operating in Vo Nhai 19
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Table 2.1: Summary scorecard of indicators for evaluating the tourist attraction potential of 25 TNDLSTs
Table 2.2: Summary scorecard of indicators for assessing exploitation potential 30
of DLST 30 points
Table 2.3. Assessment of investment development priority based on the correlation between attraction potential and exploitation potential of eco-tourism sites 31
Table 3.1. Classification of good and bad climate for human health 36
Table 3.2. Some typical unique landscapes in Vo Nhai 39
Table 3.3. List of historical revolutionary relics of Vo Nhai 43
Table 3.4. Summary table of results of potential assessment to attract 50
Tourists at Phoenix Cave - Mo Ga Stream, Vo Nhai 51
Table 3.5. Summary table of results of potential assessment to attract 51
Tourists in Huyen Cave, Vo Nhai 51
Table 3.6. Evaluation table of tourism exploitation potential at Phoenix cave - Mo Ga stream in Vo Nhai 53
Table 3.7. Evaluation table of tourism exploitation potential at Than Sa archaeological site in Vo Nhai 54
Table 3.8 Summary assessment table of priority levels for development investment 59
These TNDLs are for tourism purposes 59
Table 3.9. Tourists' travel purposes 62
Table 3.10. Number of tourists to Vo Nhai from 2015-2019 (unit: number of visitors) ... 63 Table 3.11. Sources of information visitors know about Vo Nhai 64
Table 3.12. Number of tourists visiting Vo Nhai 66
Table 3.13. Measuring tourist satisfaction 67
Table 3.14. Labor in the tourism industry 70
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Ecotourism model 11
Figure 1.2: Administrative map of Vo Nhai district 13
Figure 3.1: Chart of average monthly and annual temperature changes at Thai Nguyen Hydrometeorological Station (2015 - 2019 period) 34
Figure 3.2: Chart of rainfall changes in months and total rainfall in years at Thai Nguyen Hydrometeorological Station (period 2015 - 2019) 35
Figure 3.3: Chart of average air humidity changes in months of the year at Thai Nguyen Hydrometeorological Station (period 2015 - 2019) 36
Figure 3.4: Potential for tourism development in Vo Nhai 56
Figure 3.5: Level of exploitation of natural resources in Vo Nhai 56
Figure 3.6: Some main difficulties in exploiting natural resources for eco-tourism development 57
Figure 3.7: Choosing information channels for tourism promotion in Vo Nhai 58
Figure 3.8: Proposed directions for effective exploitation of natural resources for eco-tourism 59
INTRODUCTION
1. Reasons for choosing the research topic
Vo Nhai is a mountainous district of Thai Nguyen province, about 30 km northeast of Thai Nguyen city with a natural area of 83,950.24 hectares. The district receives great favor from nature and a long-standing culture imbued with national identity.
Coming to Vo Nhai, you can immerse yourself in the majestic beauty of the Phoenix Cave complex, bathe in the cool water of Mo Ga stream located in Phu Thuong commune. You can also visit the archaeological site of Mai Da Nguom in Than Sa commune, where many traditional cultural features of the ethnic group are still preserved in terms of housing, costumes and festivals, and participate in experiencing the unique cultural features and customs here... Because of this potential and advantage, Vo Nhai district tourism is gradually developing. Along with that, the general goal in the Resolution on the orientation of tourism development in Thai Nguyen province to 2030 has determined to develop Thai Nguyen tourism into an important economic sector, striving to contribute 3.5% to the district's GRDP by 2020, effectively exploiting the potential of eco-tourism, cultural and historical tourism, striving to make tourism an important economic sector of the district by 2030 and Thai Nguyen province become a tourism center of the Viet Bac region.
In recent years, Vo Nhai district has made great efforts to take advantage of natural resources and indigenous culture to invest in developing ecotourism, creating remarkable changes. However, in general, tourism in the district still has many limitations, unsustainable development, and is not commensurate with the potential and current status of resources. For that reason, the author chose the topic " Research on the potential and current status of resources for the development of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district, Thai Nguyen province " with the desire to contribute a small part of his efforts to take advantage of favorable natural resource conditions to promote effective tourism development in the district in the coming time.
2. Research objectives
Research on the potential and current status of tourism resources to serve the development of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district, based on the assessment of the potential of these tourism resources to propose solutions for the reasonable exploitation of these resources, aiming to serve the development of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district, Thai Nguyen province.
3. Research tasks
- Overview of tourism resources of Vo Nhai district.
- Analyze and evaluate the potential of tourism resources, orient the development of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district.
- Assess the current status of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district.
- Proposing directions and solutions for resource management to develop ecotourism in Vo Nhai district in the coming time.
4. Significance of the topic
The topic has systematized some basic theoretical issues on tourism resources and ecotourism; on the potential of tourism resources. The topic also assessed the potential and current status of ecotourism in Vo Nhai, proposed some solutions to exploit the endowed natural resources, historical relics, and traditional culture of Vo Nhai district to serve the development of ecotourism.
The topic can be used as a reference for tourism related agencies such as: Policy making agencies, travel companies, organizations and individuals interested in ecotourism and as a reference for research and teaching activities.
5. New contributions of the topic
- The thesis synthesizes and analyzes the relationship between tourism resources and ecotourism from a theoretical perspective.
- Analyze and evaluate the values of resources associated with ecotourism to create resources for the development of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district.
- Assess the current situation and propose feasible solutions to protect and effectively exploit the tourism resources of Vo Nhai.
- The thesis contributes to educating pride in the homeland as well as actively promoting the image of Vo Nhai in particular and Thai Nguyen in general to domestic and foreign tourists.
- The thesis can be used as a reference for research, teaching and learning local history.
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
1.1. Overview of basic issues related to Ecotourism
1.1.1 In the world
Tourism resources and ecotourism have been studied since the late 1980s. Many international organizations such as UNWTO (World Tourism Organization), IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), WW (World Wide Fund for Nature) have addressed theoretical and practical issues on ecotourism development.
Besides, since the end of the last century, there have been research works directly referring to tourist routes, destinations and eco-tourism such as:
- “ Research on the carrying capacity and stability of tourist destinations ” by Kadaxki (1972), Sepfer (1973). This is the first work to provide a framework for evaluating the standard criteria for the carrying capacity of a tourist destination, it becomes a basic tool for building standards for evaluating the potential of tourist destinations later.
- “ Research on determining tourist routes between the Polish and German border ” (ICURP Organization, 1994) by Lechoslaw Czernic, Halina, Orlinska (Poland) and Edfrank (Netherlands). The document analyzed natural, socio-economic conditions that affect tourism, methods of determining tourist routes and destinations as well as environmental protection from the perspective of sustainable tourism development.
- “ Ecotourism - A Guide for Planners and Managers ” (Ecotourism Association – North Benning ton – Vermont, 1999).
These are extremely valuable documents as a basis for continuing research in the field of tourism resources and eco-tourism.
1.1.2. In Vietnam
In Vietnam, there have been many research projects on TNDL. Assessment of natural resources and natural conditions (TNTN) for tourism purposes. Nationwide, there have been some typical projects such as:
- Master plan for Vietnam tourism development in the period 1995-2010;
- Master plan for tourism development in the North until 2010, with a vision to 2020;
- Master plan for Vietnam tourism development to 2020, vision to 2030;
- Master plan for tourism development in the Northern Midlands and Mountains region to 2020;
- The master plan for tourism development in the Red River Delta and Northeast Coast to 2020, with a vision to 2030, was implemented by the Institute for Tourism Development Research.
- The authors Vu Tuan Canh, Dang Duy Loi, Le Thong, Nguyen Minh Tue in the work "Organization of Vietnam's tourism territory" determined the evaluation content based on the nature of tourism resources such as: integrity, attractiveness, capacity, and stability of the natural environment.
- Author Nguyen Minh Tue and others in the textbook "Tourism Geography" have systematized the basic concepts of tourism, tourism resources and initially oriented the exploitation of tourism potential of some tourism sub-regions of Vietnam.
- Especially in the work " Vietnam's tourism resources and environment " has systematized quite comprehensively the theoretical and practical basis in evaluating tourism resources.
- Regarding DLST, there are many researched and successful projects such as:
- Ecotourism - Theoretical and practical issues in Vietnam by Pham Trung Luong (Hanoi, 2002) clearly states the theoretical basis of ecotourism, the potential and current status of ecotourism development, and provides orientations and solutions for ecotourism development in Vietnam.
- Ecotourism - Research on the potential for ecotourism development in Hoa Binh province by Nguyen Van Thang (Son La, 2014) clearly states the potentials including landscapes, environment, historical and cultural relics, scenic spots, festivals, natural resources, etc. to form a form of sustainable ecotourism.
Besides, there are many doctoral and master's thesis research programs that have also approached tourism issues related to nature and environmental ecology.
- On December 9 and 10, 2013, the scientific conference: “Developing ecotourism in protected areas”. The conference took place at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Ho Chi Minh City National University. The conference attracted many representatives from localities from the North Central to the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Especially, there was the participation of lecturers from the city of Pau - French Republic.
Thus, in general, research works on TNDL and ecotourism as well as practical activities of TNDL and ecotourism show that this is a new tourism field, contributing to the protection of nature and the environment, aiming to develop a sustainable tourism industry.
sustainable tourism, not only limited to a territory, but also a country and the whole world is moving towards developing it.
1.1.3. In Thai Nguyen
Thai Nguyen is located in the Northeast of Vietnam, a province with many favorable natural and social conditions for developing ecotourism. In recent years, the province has continuously implemented programs and projects to develop this economic sector. Thai Nguyen identifies investment in ecotourism in particular and tourism in general as investment for the present and the future.
With rich tourism resources, Thai Nguyen province's ecotourism has made great strides in recent years and achieved many remarkable achievements. This economic sector has been making great contributions to the economic and social development of the province and has become the subject of many research projects and the focus of the press. Some evaluation opinions and studies in many projects at different levels can be listed as follows:
- Thai Nguyen Museum (2003), "Historical relics - Scenic spots of Thai Nguyen"
- Tran Thi Mai (2006), “ Nature tourism - Ecotourism ”, in the book Tourism overview textbook, Labor - Social Publishing House.
- Trung Nghia (2010), “ Thai Nguyen with the potential of cave tourism ”, in Thai Nguyen Culture - Sports - Tourism Newsletter, Canh Dan spring.
- “ Developing tourism in Thai Nguyen province by exploiting tourism resources in the surrounding area ”, Nguyen Lan Anh (2014), PhD thesis in Geography – Hanoi National University of Education.
- “ Assessing bioclimatic conditions for sustainable tourism development in Thai Nguyen province ”, by Hoang Thanh Tung (2019), master's thesis in natural resources and environment management, Thai Nguyen University of Science.
Through the above articles, documents, theses, and dissertations, the authors have pointed out the potential of tourism resources as well as the development of ecotourism in Thai Nguyen and typical activities and orientations for the development of the tourism industry. However, ecotourism needs to be associated with specific localities to assess the potential as well as appropriate development methods. The above works only mention ecotourism in a general way, not associated with a specific locality. For that reason, the author will focus on learning more deeply about the potential of tourism resources, the current status of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district in order to initially make assessments of the potential and solutions for the development of ecotourism in Vo Nhai district.
1.2. Theoretical basis
1.2.1. Tourism resources
a. Concept
In the book Tourism Geography (Nguyen Minh Tue et al., 1997), it is stated that: “Tourism resources are the natural and historical cultural complex and their components that contribute to the restoration and development of human physical strength, intelligence, their working capacity and health. These resources are used for direct and indirect needs, for the production of tourism services ”. The 2017 Vietnam Tourism Law stipulates: “Tourism resources are natural landscapes, natural elements and cultural values that serve as the basis for the formation of tourism products, tourist areas, and tourist attractions, to meet tourism needs. Tourism resources include natural tourism resources and cultural tourism resources” . Nguyen Minh Tue believes that tourism resources are the natural, socio-economic and cultural complex used to restore health, develop human physical strength and spirit. On this basis, the author believes that terrain, hydrology, climate, flora and fauna, cultural heritage, arts and culture, festivals, etc. are tourism resources. However, in reality, not all types of terrain, all types of climate, climate factors or cultural values, etc. have the ability to attract visitors as well as the ability to do tourism business.
In the book Tourism Resources (Bui Thi Hai Yen, 2009), it is stated that: "Tourism resources are everything that belongs to nature and cultural values created by humans that attract tourists, can be protected, embellished and used for the tourism industry to bring about economic, social and environmental efficiency ."
b. Characteristics of tourism resources.
The general characteristic of tourism resources is that they are the objects of exploitation of many economic and social sectors. Tourism resources have a historical scope, so more and more types of tourism resources are being researched, discovered, created and put into exploitation and use. Tourism resources are variable.
The effectiveness and level of exploitation of tourism resources depend on the following factors: research capacity, level of scientific and technological development, and national assets. Tourism resources are rich and diverse; have aesthetic, cultural, historical, spiritual, and entertainment values; and are attractive to tourists.
Tourism resources include tangible and intangible resources. Tourism resources are renewable resources. Tourism resources