huge, valuable materials for industry, especially processing industry. Through processing industry, the value of agricultural products increases many times, improving the competitiveness of agricultural products, expanding the market. Therefore, local socio-economic development, input and output markets of agricultural and rural areas will be continuously expanded.
- Agriculture and rural areas create important premises for industrialization and modernization of the economy. Rural and agricultural areas are a large source of capital for economic development, including industry, especially in the early stages of industrialization, because this is the largest area, in terms of both labor and national products. Agriculture, especially agriculture in developing countries, is the area that reserves and supplies labor for industrial and urban development. In the early stages of industrialization, the majority of the population lives on agriculture, concentrated in rural areas. Therefore, the agricultural and rural areas are a reserve and supply of abundant human resources for industrial and urban development of the locality in particular and the whole country in general. The process of industrialization and urbanization creates a great demand for labor. Therefore, the labor force from agriculture and rural areas shifts to the industrial and urban areas, increasing, contributing to the gradual shift in the economic structure of the locality.
Besides, capital from agriculture can be created in many ways, such as farmers' savings invested in non-agricultural activities, agricultural taxes, foreign currency earned from exporting agricultural products... in which taxes play a very important role. Mobilizing capital from agriculture to invest in industrial development is necessary and correct on the basis of implementation by market mechanisms. Typical examples of successful development in many countries have used accumulation from agriculture to invest in agriculture. Therefore, in the early stages of industrialization, capital accumulated from agriculture is one of the necessary resources to carry out industrialization and modernization.
New rural construction activities are also socio-economic development activities.
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Successfully building a new rural area is an important premise to promote socio-economic development.
development. Previously, when there was still war and was regulated by a highly centralized planning mechanism, socio-economic development activities were considered a monopoly of the state, so the activities of building new rural areas, if launched for people to implement, were only considered a social movement, not a socio-economic development program. This new perspective on building new rural areas could only come into being when we affirmed that the transitional economy to socialism in our country is a multi-sector economy. Therefore, the current activities of building new rural areas are the basic and main content of socio-economic development activities in the locality. We will not be able to understand the socio-economic development activities of the province without the content of building new rural areas. Because the typical and common characteristics of the locality are rural areas, the socio-economic development activities of the locality must first of all be rural economic development activities, must develop agriculture, must improve the material and spiritual living standards of farmers.
- Socio-economic development is the basic content of new rural construction. Socio-economic development is the basic content of new rural construction. However, in addition to socio-economic development, new rural construction also aims at other contents and goals.
+ In terms of economy, NTM is an important area providing resources for socio-economic development. The general trend of many countries as well as in our country is that the process of economic restructuring and labor restructuring creates the possibility of labor shortage in urban areas and the ability to attract labor to service activities increases. On the other hand, the development of rural economy will create more jobs for farmers in rural areas, limit the wave of surplus labor into the city, contribute to increasing people's income, shorten the development gap between urban and rural areas, and at the same time create material facilities to build and develop socio-economic infrastructure.
+ In terms of culture, the process of socio-economic development, first of all the cultural and social infrastructure, the expansion of the mass media network, the strengthening of business and trade relations between regions... have made the appearance of the countryside and the spiritual life of rural residents increasingly rich and diverse.
form. In addition to traditional village and commune culture, urban cultural elements have appeared in rural areas, including new and modern elements (the dissemination of cultural products, valuable literary and artistic forms, the introduction of civilized and progressive lifestyles, communication styles, and behaviors), giving new nuances to village culture. The cultural living standards, the level of enjoyment, and participation in cultural creation of farmers have been raised, contributing to improving the spiritual life of the people.
+ Regarding the environment, our country's rural areas account for the vast majority of natural resources such as land, minerals, flora and fauna, forests, seas... which are a treasure trove of economic, cultural and social values. Therefore, liberating production capacity and exploiting all potentials of natural resources is of decisive significance in creating the necessary premise for socio-economic development and protecting the ecological environment.
+ Regarding the construction of technical infrastructure, socio-economic development in a modern direction is the key content of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and is a solid foundation for the transformation from a backward agricultural society to a modern industrial society. Developing agriculture and rural areas and improving the material and spiritual life of farmers must be based on a socialist-oriented market economic mechanism, suitable to the conditions of each region and each field, to liberate and effectively use social resources, first of all labor, land, forests and seas; exploiting favorable conditions in international economic integration for the development of productive forces in agriculture and rural areas; promoting internal resources; At the same time, strongly increase investment from the State and society, quickly apply advanced scientific and technological achievements to agriculture and rural areas, develop human resources, improve farmers' knowledge through preserving and developing national cultural identity values, preserving and regenerating the environment.
+ Regarding human issues, the ultimate goal of all development is for
human. In general, such a development process must include
goals: material values; cultural and social values and intrinsic human values. These goals cannot be separated in the development process, socio-economic development will become meaningless if it does not go hand in hand with human development. Therefore, socio-economic development changes the economic structure and social face. That reality shows that socio-economic development aims towards a developed society, in which the material and spiritual life of the people is increasingly improved, the ecological environment is preserved and regenerated.
2.2.2.2. Requirements for the new rural construction program in socio-economic development
- Must aim at the goals of local socio-economic development. Rural areas are an important local area, mainly agricultural production. However, the level of production forces is low, labor productivity is low, the competitiveness of agricultural products in integration is still limited. The process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas is being carried out and has achieved certain results. However, to achieve the comprehensive goals set out at the 10th Congress on agriculture, farmers and rural areas to improve the material and spiritual life of rural residents, the national target program on new rural construction must aim at the local socio-economic goals and be an important content of the local socio-economic development strategy.
- Must ensure the goals of sustainable rural development. Rural areas in our country are large areas and are mainly located in localities, where the traditional cultural values of the nation are preserved and maintained. The national target program on new rural construction has contributed to promoting the sustainable development of commodity production, modern infrastructure systems, traditional cultural values are preserved and developed, and the environment is preserved and regenerated. This means that new rural construction must ensure the goals of sustainable rural development in the present and the future.
- Must be integrated with other programs and activities within and outside the local socio-economic development activities.
The national target on building new rural areas is comprehensively implemented in economic, cultural, social, environmental contents... Therefore, to successfully build new rural areas in localities, it is necessary to integrate the implementation of the new rural construction program with socio-economic development programs as well as other activities carried out inside and outside the province.
The commune level is the subject and the basic level of implementing the new rural program. Therefore, the implementation of the national target program on new rural construction has advantages and difficulties in implementation: the commune is a new rural unit as a complete system (according to 19 criteria), the program is widely implemented on all economic, political, social, environmental contents... In which, the subject of new rural construction is the rural people themselves, the State only supports a certain part. The active propaganda and dissemination of the national target program on new rural construction from the central to local levels has created positive changes among the people about the meaning, necessity and affirming the role of the people in the program. Thanks to that, after 3 years of implementation in many localities, certain results have been achieved.
However, the implementation process also has potential factors that limit development because the current new rural construction, in addition to being directly controlled and led by the national new rural construction program, is also controlled and impacted by many other programs and actions outside the new rural construction program, such as the implementation of the land law, so there are problems of overlap, duplication... even preventing, restricting, and restraining each other. In particular, the criteria of this model are affected and dominated by the goals of many other programs. Because many tasks of new rural construction are outside this program, it is necessary to coordinate and integrate programs and projects to ensure the overall goals and effectiveness of the system... that is, it is beyond the capacity of the "people" - the main subject implementing the new rural construction program... That causes inadequacies and ineffectiveness of the new rural construction program.
2.2.2.3. Factors affecting the new rural construction program in socio-economic development
- Factors related to natural conditions. In terms of structure, agricultural activities account for a large proportion in rural areas, while agricultural production in our country depends closely on natural conditions. Favorable natural conditions will positively impact the development of agricultural production and vice versa. Therefore, any changes in nature have a significant impact on agricultural production and the lives of rural residents. In recent years and forecasts, along with climate change, agricultural production in our country will be affected in many aspects:
+ Impact on agricultural land use due to loss of area due to rising sea levels, droughts, floods, landslides, desertification, etc. Climate change changes the suitability of agricultural production with the climate structure. The gradual decrease in cold intensity in winter and the increase in hot weather lead to the gradual loss or elimination of suitability between plants and animals in ecological zones.
+ Slows down the development of modern agriculture, commodity production and diversification, and distorts traditional agriculture. To a certain extent, climate change causes the loss of some important characteristics of agricultural regions in the North.
+ Climate change causes many difficulties for irrigation work , the ability to drain water to the sea is significantly reduced, the water level of rivers rises, flood peaks increase, threatening river dykes in the northern provinces, dykes and embankments in the southern provinces; flooded areas expand, flooding time lasts longer. The demand for drainage and water supply increases beyond the response capacity of many irrigation systems. On the other hand, increased flood flows are likely to exceed the design parameters of reservoirs and dams, affecting the safety of reservoirs and dams and water resource management...
Recent forecasts show that the impact of climate change on Vietnam will be very large. In addition to the impact on water resources, the impact of sea level
Rising sea levels due to climate change will directly affect our country's food security because most of the food production area in the two main rice granaries of the country is likely to be flooded. Rising sea levels will directly threaten countries with high populations and economies concentrated in coastal areas. According to the World Bank (February 2007), if sea levels rise by 5m, Vietnam could lose 16% of its area, with more than 35% of its population and about 35% of its total GDP affected. The Red River Delta and Mekong Delta regions are most severely affected because, if sea levels rise by 1m, it will affect about 10.8% of Vietnam's population [47].
Rising sea levels, as predicted by 2030, will put about 45% of the Mekong Delta at risk of extreme salinity and crop damage due to flooding. Rice yields are expected to fall by 9%. If sea levels rise by 1 meter, most of the Mekong Delta will be completely submerged for long periods of the year” [47].
Due to the impact of climate change, the living environment is destroyed, rural households are heavily affected by risks caused by natural disasters such as floods, droughts, storms, rising sea levels, epidemics, and destroyed living environments, with 4-5% of the population being affected by natural disasters [51]. Thus, natural conditions directly and indirectly affect agricultural production and the lives of rural residents, reducing water volume, increasing salinity intrusion, reducing cultivated areas, and polluting the living environment.
- The process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Vietnam is an agricultural country, the population mainly lives in rural areas, and agricultural labor still accounts for a large proportion. Industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas is an important breakthrough to liberate farmers' labor, creating conditions to best exploit the abundant labor potential. Abundant labor resources are a relatively important advantage to carry out industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. On the contrary, when that process takes place, it liberates labor in rural areas, creating more jobs for workers. Moreover, agriculture and rural areas have extremely rich land resources. Implementing industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas can best exploit land potential to serve the cause of national development.
Agriculture and rural areas are the main sources of food for society, providing raw materials for light industry development... Meanwhile, agricultural production depends heavily on nature, is a production sector where the application of science and technology still faces many difficulties. To successfully industrialization, the country must solve many problems, must have investment capital for agriculture through the process of exporting agricultural products, can contribute to solving the capital needs of the economy.
Moreover, in the context of international integration and the strong scientific and technological revolution, improving product quality to be competitive with goods from other countries is very necessary. The State has policies to support farmers in forms consistent with the regulations of the World Trade Organization (WTO) such as: building infrastructure and projects to develop diversified industries and services in rural areas; vocational training for rural workers, creating non-agricultural jobs, increasing working hours and restructuring the labor force in rural areas; promoting the role of professional organizations in protecting farmers' rights.
In general, the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas clearly affects the following aspects: Firstly , it changes, deforms and fragments agricultural production units, industries start up and quickly take over the space of agricultural production, the proportion of the agricultural sector will decrease, becoming increasingly smaller in a relative way. Secondly, the de-agriculturalization of agricultural workers, the number of workers in non-agricultural sectors is increasing. In the process of industrialization and modernization, the development of industry and services has attracted a large number of rural workers. Thirdly, the rapid urbanization process has rapidly transformed the face of the countryside. The lives of people in the commune have changed a lot. With specific investments in electricity, roads, schools, medical stations, rural markets, irrigation systems, etc., rural infrastructure has been consolidated and enhanced. However, the process of industrialization and modernization also raises many economic, cultural and social problems in rural areas.