Peruvian Currency. The Daily Income of Poor People in Micro Enterprises Is Around 4 – 8 Nuevos Soles. 1 Nuevos Soles Is About 7,000 VND

from Europe, 23 from Asia, 15 from sub-Saharan Africa, and 13 from Latin America). Gächtera, Herrmannb, and Thönia (2004) surveyed and tested trust and voluntary cooperation among more than 330 students and 300 non-students in rural and urban Russia. The results showed that socioeconomic factors influenced trust, but no separate effects of socioeconomic variables on cooperative behavior were found in a community contribution experiment. However, cooperation was significantly correlated with trust in strangers and beliefs about the fairness and helpfulness of others. Students were generally less trusting, contributed less to the community, and older people showed more trust than younger people.

In Karlan's (2005) experiment, the rules of the game were first explained to participants before the task was assigned. All players received 3 Nuevos soles 1 , were randomly paired, and assigned either A or B. After the pairing was announced, the participants could see their partner, but they were immediately separated so that they could not exchange with each other. Then, A gave B 0, 1, 2, or 3 of their coins. If A did not give B the money, the game ended. If A gave B money (1, 2, or 3 coins), the game master recorded it and transferred the money to B. Then, B gave A some money back and the game ended. Additionally, before the game begins, player B will disclose information about his assets before player A makes his move to ensure “fairness” because if A does not give B the coin, both will end up with the same amount of money. With the game ending quickly and without consequences after the game, the perfect equilibrium of the game shows that if B does not give money to A, A will not give money to B either.

Public Goods Game (Games that contribute to the community).

1 Peruvian currency unit. The daily income of poor people in micro-enterprises is around 4 – 8 Nuevos soles. 1 Nuevos soles is equal to about 7,000 Vietnamese Dong.

In a society, mobilizing voluntary contributions to build public or social works is a dilemma because an individual who does not volunteer can benefit from the public good created by the contributions of others. And those who volunteer to contribute must sacrifice a part of their material wealth, money or other personal benefits for the common good. To measure social capital, researchers often use trust games and community contributions to understand and study the responses of subjects from many different professions and fields in society.

Glaeser et al. (2000) measured trust and confidence with the hypothesis: “Most people can be trusted”. The sample consisted of 258 Harvard University students. Before the game, the subjects were paired and met their partners, then separated into pairs: The sender had the opportunity to send between 0 and 15 USD to his partner - the receiver. The facilitator doubled the amount and sent it to the receiver. After receiving, the second player could return the money to the first. The results showed that wealthier and better educated people transferred more money. Black people trusted less than white people (21%). Anderson, Milyo, and Mellor (2008) used the trust game to study whether religious affiliation and participation were related to cooperation and trust. By combining survey results from questionnaires, the results showed that religion was unrelated to behavior in community giving and trust experiments. Religion was not strongly associated with many other related behaviors in controlled experiments, and their behavior appeared inconsistent or not significantly related compared to nonreligious people. Eckel and Grossman (2003, 2004) conducted a number of dictator games in which subjects unilaterally chose whether to donate money to one of a list of charities. Eckel and Grossman (2003, 2004) found no significant differences in donation propensity between subjects who attended or did not regularly attend religious services, although religious subjects responded significantly more quickly when donations to charitable groups were subsidized.

Eckel and Grossman (2002) divided participants into 41 groups, each consisting of people who had participated in the same savings and loan programs. Group sizes ranged from 9 to 29 people, based on the participants' attendance at the day's microfinance meetings. The Public Goods Game was usually conducted before the Trust Game, but the results were not revealed until participants had played the Trust Game. All the rules were explained publicly, but no discussion of the games was allowed. Each participant received a coin. Each individual could then return or not return the coin to the game manager. If the manager received 80% or more of the coins, everyone received 2 coins. Group contribution rates ranged from 55.6% to 100%, with an average of 80.7%.

3.2.3. Evaluation of method selection.

There have been many diverse experimental methods proposed and developed by economists and psychologists to measure, screen, and elicit human risk preferences and social capital. From the above methods, in order to elicit risk preferences, in the author's opinion, the method of Eckel and Grossman (2002) can be the most useful when conducting research on microfinance borrowers in Vietnam for the following reasons:

 This method is relatively easy to implement.

 There is a loss (trade-off) in their risk-taking decisions.

 These methods have been implemented by researchers on farmers in many countries. Therefore, if the topic is aimed at farmers borrowing credit from microfinance institutions in Vietnam, the possibility of success will be higher.

In addition, for the price list selection method (Holt and Laury, 2002), although this method is very useful in terms of classifying the level of risk behavior, within the scope of this topic, the author finds it difficult to give farmers

- mainly poor people with low education level - understand and calculate

probabilities of the amount of money received. This will greatly influence the choices of participants and thus the results of surveys and experiments.

As for measuring social capital, the author chose the experiment of contributing to the community (Public Goods Game) and the experiment of trust (Trust Game) based on the experiment of Camerer and Fehr (2003) to conduct.

3.2.4. How to organize and allocate participants in the experiment.

In the 3 games (or 3 games / 3 experiments) selected, the game that stimulates risk preferences (Risk Game) has a relatively normal and simple sampling method that is not affected by whether the participants interact or agree with each other or not. Because it is only a personal decision and only affects them personally. The following 2 games, the Trust Game and the Public Goods Game, will be affected by factors such as acquaintance, compromise, reciprocity... For example, for the Trust Game, they can agree that the first person will give all 80 thousand to the controller, so the amount given to the second person will be 160 thousand VND. And so in the case of reciprocity, the second person will return 130 thousand VND to the first person, which means each person will get 30 thousand equally. In the Public Goods Game, if they all agree to contribute, in the case of 10 people participating in a group, the amount of money each person will get will be 5 thousand VND x 9 = 45 thousand VND and the organizer will lose an additional 150 thousand VND. And so each participant will definitely get 175 thousand VND.

Based on the above observations, the research team will organize the following experiments: First, each participant will meet the moderator's table (3-4 tables) to collect demographic information, then divide the Risk Game area. After the Risk Game (Game 1) ends, the organizer will base on the survey form, address, personal information... to separate the participants into groups to minimize the cases where the participants are friends, relatives,

get to know each other... At the same time, only announce and guide how to play Game 2 and Game 3 after dividing the groups and starting to implement the game in separate areas and offices. Each control group consists of 3 people: A team leader, a secretary recording the results and an assistant. Because of the preparation and screening of participation and implementation methods, the results are relatively accurate as designed and calculated from the beginning.

3.2.5. Basis for determining bonus levels in the Game.

Regarding the income of the game participants, it depends on the socio-economic conditions of each region and also depends on the calculation and choice of the researcher. Nguyen et al. (2016) researched in Vietnam and chose the average income for 1 player to be about 120 thousand VND. Gächtera, Herrmannb and Thönia (2004) experimented in Russia, the average income for 1 participant was about 2-6 Euro (about 54 thousand VND - 160 thousand VND).

Table 3.2: Average income and daily expenditure per person in Vietnam.

Unit: Copper.

Nationwide	Urban	Countryside
Income	78,900	132,134	67,934
Spending	62,934	82,034	48,134

Maybe you are interested!

• Pre-tax Profit of Bidv Tien Giang in the Period 2011-2015 zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gsnon-credit services, joint stock commercial bank zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts At that time, the Branch had to set aside a provision for credit risks, which reduced the Branch's income. Chart 2.2. Pre-tax profit of BIDV Tien Giang in the period 2011-2015 Unit: Billion VND 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 63.3 80.34 89.29 110.08 131.99 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Profit before tax (Source: Report on the implementation of the annual business plan of the General Planning Department of BIDV Tien Giang [24]) However, through chart 2.2, it can be seen that BIDV Tien Giang's profit is still increasing continuously, and its operating efficiency is currently leaking. This is a contribution of non-credit services, and this service segment will be increasingly focused on growth by BIDV Tien Giang to ensure the highest profit safety because credit activities have many potential risks. At the same time, focusing on developing non-credit services is consistent with one of the contents of restructuring the financial activities of credit institutions in the project "Restructuring the system of credit institutions in the period 2011-2015" approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 254/QD-TTg dated March 1, 2012 [14]: "Gradually shifting the business model of commercial banks towards reducing dependence on credit activities and increasing income from non-credit services". 2.2. Current status of non-credit service development at BIDV Tien Giang. 2.2.1. BIDV Tien Giang has deployed the development of non-credit services in recent times. Along with the development of the Head Office, BIDV Tien Giang's products and services are constantly improved and deployed in a diverse manner to ensure provision for many different customer groups in the area: individual customers, corporate customers, and financial institutions. Typical services are as follows: Payment services, treasury services, guarantee services, card services, trade finance, other services: Western Union, insurance commissions, consulting services, foreign exchange derivatives trading, e-banking services,... 2.2.1.1. Payment services: In accordance with the Prime Minister's Project to promote non-cash payments in Vietnam [15], banks in Tien Giang province have continuously developed payment services to reduce customers' cash usage habits through card services and electronic banking services such as: salary payment through accounts, focusing on developing card acceptance points, developing multi-purpose cards, paying social insurance by transfer, paying bills through banks, etc. Chart 2.3. Net income from payment services in the period 2011-2015 Unit: Million VND 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 3922 4065 4720 5084 5324 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Net income from payment services (Source: Report on the implementation of the annual business plan of the General Planning Department of BIDV Tien Giang [24]) Along with the technological development of the entire system, BIDV Tien Giang has a payment system with a fairly stable transaction processing speed, bringing many conveniences to customers. The results of observing chart 2.3 show that the income from payment services that the Branch has achieved has grown over the years but the speed is not high and the products are not outstanding compared to other banks. Domestic payment products such as: Online bill payment, electricity bills, water bills, insurance premiums, cable TV bills, telecommunications fees, airline tickets, etc. bring many conveniences to customers. Regarding international payment, this is an indispensable activity for foreign economic activities, BIDV Tien Giang is providing international payment methods for small enterprises producing agriculture, aquatic food and seafood that have credit relationships with banks in industrial parks in Tien Giang province such as: money transfer, collection, L/C payment. 2.2.1.2. Treasury services: BIDV Tien Giang always focuses on ensuring treasury safety and currency security, always complies with legal regulations, and minimizes risks in operations such as: counting and collecting money from customers, receiving and delivering internal transactions, collecting from the State Bank (SBV) or other credit institutions, receiving ATM funds, bundling money, etc. BIDV Tien Giang's treasury service management department is always fully equipped with modern machinery and equipment such as: money transport vehicles, fire prevention tools, money counters, money detectors, magnifying glasses, etc. to ensure absolute safety in treasury operations, immediately identifying real and fake money and other risks that may affect people and assets of the bank and customers. In addition, implementing regulation 2480/QC dated October 28, 2008 between the State Bank of Tien Giang province and the Provincial Police on coordination in the fight against counterfeit money, in the 3-year review of implementation, BIDV Tien Giang discovered, seized and submitted to the State Bank of Tien Giang province 475 banknotes of various denominations and was commended by the Provincial Police and the State Bank of Tien Giang province [17]. Chart 2.4. Net income from treasury services in the period 2011-2015 Unit: Million VND 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 105 122 309 289 279 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Net income from treasury services (Source: Report on the implementation of the annual business plan of the General Planning Department of BIDV Tien Giang [24]) However, as shown in Figure 2.4, income from treasury operations is not high and fluctuates. Specifically, in the period 2011-2013, net income increased and increased most sharply in 2013, then in the period 2013-2015, there was a downward trend. This fluctuation is due to the fact that fees collected from treasury services are often very low and can even be waived to attract customers to use other services. 2.2.1.3. Guarantee and trade finance services: BIDV Tien Giang, thanks to the advantages of the province and the favorable location of the Branch, has continuously focused on developing income from guarantee services and trade finance. Chart 2.5. Net income from guarantee and trade finance services in the period 2011-2015 Unit: Million VND 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 5193 5695 2742 3420 8889 3992 11604 12206 5143 5312 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Net income from guarantee services Net income from Trade Finance (Source: Report on the implementation of the annual business plan of the General Planning Department of BIDV Tien Giang [24]) Through chart 2.5, we can see that BIDV Tien Giang's income from guarantee services and trade finance has grown over the years. The reason is: Among BIDV Tien Giang's corporate customers, the construction industry is the industry with the highest proportion of customers after the trading industry, this is a group of customers with potential to develop guarantee services. The second group of customers is corporate customers in the fields of agricultural production, livestock and seafood processing with high import and export turnover in the area. are the target of trade finance development. In addition, BIDV Tien Giang also focuses on continuously developing these customer groups to increase revenue for many other products and services in the future. 2.2.1.4. Card and POS services: As a service that BIDV Tien Giang has recently developed strongly, it can be said that this is a very potential market and has the ability to develop even more strongly in the future. Card services with outstanding advantages such as fast payment time, wide payment range, quite safe, effective and suitable for the integration trend and the Project to promote non-cash payments in Vietnam. Cards have become a modern and popular payment tool. BIDV Tien Giang early identified that developing card services is to expand the market to people in society, create capital mobilized from card-opened accounts, contribute to diversifying banking activities, enhance the image of the bank, bring the BIDV Tien Giang brand to people as quickly and easily as possible. BIDV Tien Giang is currently providing card types such as: credit cards (BIDV MasterCard Platinum, BIDV Visa Gold Precious, BIDV Visa Manchester United, BIDV Visa Classic), international debit cards (BIDV Ready Card, BIDV Manu Debit Card), domestic debit cards (BIDV Harmony Card, BIDV eTrans Card, BIDV Moving Card, BIDV-Lingo Co-branded Card, BIDV-Co.opmart Co-branded Card). These cards can be paid via POS/EDC or on the ATM system. In addition, with debit cards, customers can not only withdraw money via ATMs but also perform utilities such as mobile top-up, online payment, money transfer,... through electronic banking services. In order to attract customers with card services, BIDV Tien Giang has continuously increased the installation of ATMs. As of December 31, 2015, BIDV Tien Giang has 23 ATMs combined with 7 ATMs in the same system of BIDV My Tho, so the number of ATMs is quite large, especially in the center of My Tho City, but is not yet fully present in the districts. Basic services on ATMs such as withdrawing money, checking balances, printing short statements,... BIDV ATMs accept cards from banks in the system. Banknetvn and Smartlink, cards branded by international card organizations Union Pay (CUP), VISA, MasterCard and cards of banks in the Asian Payment Network. From here, cardholders can make bill payments for themselves or others at ATMs, by simply entering the subscriber number or customer code, booking code that service providers notify and make bill payments. Chart 2.6. Net income from card services in the period 2011-2015 Unit: Million VND 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 687 1023 1547 2267 3104 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Net income from card services (Source: Report on the implementation of the annual business plan of the General Planning Department of BIDV Tien Giang [24]) Through chart 2.6, it can be seen that BIDV Tien Giang's card service income is constantly growing because the Branch focuses on developing businesses operating in industrial parks, which are the source of customers for salary payment products, ATMs, BSMS. Specifically, there are companies such as Freeview, Quang Viet, Dai Thanh, which are businesses with a large number of card openings at the Branch, contributing to the increase in card service fees [25]. Table 2.6. Number of ATMs and POS machines in 2015 of some banks in Tien Giang area. Unit: Machine STT Bank name Number of ATMs Cumulative number of ATM cards POS machine 1 BIDV Tien Giang 23 97,095 22 2 BIDV My Tho 7 21,325 0 3 Agribank Tien Giang 29 115,743 77 4 Vietinbank Tien Giang 16 100,052 54 5 Dong A Tien Giang 26 97,536 11 6 Sacombank Tien Giang 24 88,513 27 7 Vietcombank Tien Giang 15 61,607 96 8 Vietinbank - Tay Tien Giang Branch 6 46,042 38 (Source: 2015 Banking Activity Data Report of the General and Internal Control Department of the Provincial State Bank [21]) Through table 2.6, the author finds that the number of ATMs of BIDV Tien Giang is not much, ranking fourth after Agribank Tien Giang, Dong A Tien Giang, Sacombank Tien Giang. The number of POS machines of BIDV Tien Giang is very small, only higher than Dong A Tien Giang and BIDV My Tho in the initial stages of merging the BIDV system. Besides, BIDV Tien Giang has a high number of cards increasing over the years (table 2.7) but the cumulative number of cards issued up to December 31, 2015 is still relatively low compared to Agribank, Vietcombank, Dong A (table 2.6). div.maincontent .content_head3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Courier New", monospace; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13.5pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: -2pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s11 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: -5pt; } div.maincontent .s12 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: -3pt; } div.maincontent .s13 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: -4pt; } div.maincontent .s14 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7.5pt; } div.maincontent .s15 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s16 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s17 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; } div.maincontent .s18 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -1pt; } div.maincontent .s19 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -5pt; } div.maincontent .s20 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -2pt; } div.maincontent .s21 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10pt; } div.maincontent .s22 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s23 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -3pt; } div.maincontent .s24 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -5pt; } div.maincontent .s25 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s26 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -4pt; } div.maincontent .s27 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -6pt; } div.maincontent .s28 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -1pt; } div.maincontent .s29 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11.5pt; } div.maincontent .s30 { color: black; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s31 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s32 { color: black; font-family:.VnTime, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s33 { color: black; font-family:Cambria, serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s34 { color: black; font-family:Cambria, serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: -4pt; } div.maincontent .s35 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11.5pt; } div.maincontent .s36 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s37 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s38 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s39 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .s40 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; fo
• Loan Procedures for Poor Households of Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Credit Fund
• Mobile Phone Usage in Hanoi Inner City Area zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gsconsumer,consumption,consumer behavior,marketing,mobile marketing zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts - Test the relationship between demographic variables and consumer behavior for Mobile Marketing activities The analysis method used is the Chi-square test (χ2), with statistical hypotheses H0 and H1 and significance level α = 0.05. In case the P index (p-value) or Sig. index in SPSS has a value less than or equal to the significance level α, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and vice versa. With this testing procedure, the study can evaluate the difference in behavioral trends between demographic groups. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS During two months, 1,100 survey questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone users in the inner city of Hanoi using various methods such as direct interviews, sending via email or using questionnaires designed on the Internet. At the end of the survey, after checking and eliminating erroneous questionnaires, the study collected 858 complete questionnaires, equivalent to a rate of about 78%. In addition, the research subjects of the thesis are only people who are using mobile phones, so people who do not use mobile phones are not within the scope of the thesis, therefore, the questionnaires with the option of not using mobile phones were excluded from the scope of analysis. The number of suitable survey questionnaires included in the statistical analysis was 835. 4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample The structure of the survey sample is divided and statistically analyzed according to criteria such as gender, age, occupation, education level and personal income. (Detailed statistical table in Appendix 6) - Gender structure: Of the 835 completed questionnaires, 49.8% of respondents were male, equivalent to 416 people, and 50.2% were female, equivalent to 419 people. The survey results of the study are completely consistent with the gender ratio in the population structure of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular (Male/Female: 49/51). - Age structure: 36.6% of respondents are <23 years old, equivalent to 306 people. People from 23-34 years old accounting for the highest proportion: 44.8% equivalent to 374 people, people aged 35-45 and >45 are 70 and 85 people equivalent to 8.4% and 10.2% respectively. Looking at the results of this survey, we can see that the young people - youth account for a large proportion of the total number of people participating in the survey. Meanwhile, the middle-aged people including two age groups of 35 - 45 and >45 have a low rate of participation in the survey. This is completely consistent with the reality when Mobile Marketing is identified as a Marketing service aimed at young people (people under 35 years old). - Structure by educational level: among 835 valid responses, 541 respondents had university degrees, accounting for the highest proportion of ~ 75%, 102 had secondary school degrees, ~ 13.1%, and 93 had post-graduate degrees, ~ 11.9%. - Occupational structure: office workers and civil servants are the group with the highest rate of participation with 39.4%, followed by students with 36.6%. Self-employed people account for 12%, retired housewives are 7.8% and other occupational groups account for 4.2%. The survey results show that the student group has the same rate as the group aged <23 at 36.6%. This shows the accuracy of the survey data. In addition, the survey results distributed by occupational criteria have a rate almost similar to the sample division rate in chapter 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the survey data is suitable for use in analysis activities. - Income structure: the group with income from 3 to 5 million has the highest rate with 39% of the total number of respondents. This is consistent with the income structure of Hanoi people and corresponds to the average income of the group of civil servants and office workers. Those People with no income account for 23%, income under 3 million VND accounts for 13% and income over 5 million VND accounts for 25%. 4.2 Mobile phone usage in Hanoi inner city area According to the survey results, most respondents said they had used the phone for more than 1 year, specifically: 68.4% used mobile phones from 4 to 10 years, 23.2% used from 1 to 3 years, 7.8% used for more than 10 years. Those who used mobile phones for less than 1 year accounted for only a very small proportion of ~ 0.6%. (Table 4.1) Table 4.1: Time spent using mobile phones Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Alid <1 year 5 .6 .6 .6 1-3 years 194 23.2 23.2 23.8 4-10 years 571 68.4 68.4 92.2 >10 years 65 7.8 7.8 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The survey indexes on the time of using mobile phones of consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very impressive for a developing country like Vietnam and also prove that Vietnamese consumers have a lot of experience using this high-tech device. Moreover, with the majority of consumers surveyed having a relatively long time of use (4-10 years), it partly proves that mobile phones have become an important and essential item in people's daily lives. When asked about the mobile phone network they are using, 31% of respondents said they are using the network of Vietel company, 29% use the network of of Mobifone company, 27% use Vinaphone company's network and 13% use networks of other providers such as E-VN telecom, S-fone, Beeline, Vietnammobile. (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1: Mobile phone network in use Compared with the announced market share of mobile telecommunications service providers in Vietnam (Vietel: 36%, Mobifone: 29%, Vinaphone: 28%, the remaining networks: 7%), we see that the survey results do not have many differences. However, the statistics show that there is a difference in the market share of other networks because the Hanoi market is one of the two main markets of small networks, so their market share in this area will certainly be higher than that of the whole country. According to a report by NielsenMobile (2009) [8], the number of prepaid mobile phone subscribers in Hanoi accounts for 95% of the total number of subscribers, however, the results of this survey show that the percentage of prepaid subscribers has decreased by more than 20%, only at 70.8%. On the contrary, the number of postpaid subscribers tends to increase from 5% in 2009 to 19.2%. Those who are simultaneously using both types of subscriptions account for 10%. (Table 4.2). Table 4.2: Types of mobile phone subscribers Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Prepay 591 70.8 70.8 70.8 Pay later 160 19.2 19.2 89.9 Both of the above 84 10.1 10.1 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The above figures show the change in the psychology and consumption habits of Vietnamese consumers towards mobile telecommunications services, when the use of prepaid subscriptions and junk SIMs is replaced by the use of two types of subscriptions for different purposes and needs or switching to postpaid subscriptions to enjoy better customer care services. In addition, the majority of respondents have an average spending level for mobile phone services from 100 to 300 thousand VND (406 ~ 48.6% of total respondents). The high spending level (> 500 thousand VND) is the spending level with the lowest number of people with only 8.4%, on the contrary, the low spending level (under 100 thousand VND) accounts for the second highest proportion among the groups of respondents with 25.4%. People with low spending levels mainly fall into the group of students and retirees/housewives - those who have little need to use or mainly use promotional SIM cards. (Table 4.3). Table 4.3: Spending on mobile phone charges Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <100,000 212 25.4 25.4 25.4 100-300,000 406 48.6 48.6 74.0 300,000-500,000 147 17.6 17.6 91.6 >500,000 70 8.4 8.4 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The statistics in Table 4.3 are similar to the percentages in the NielsenMobile survey results (2009) with 73% of mobile phone users having medium spending levels and only 13% having high spending levels. The survey results also showed that up to 31% ~ nearly one-third of respondents said they sent more than 10 SMS messages/day, meaning that on average they sent 1 SMS message for every working hour. Those with an average SMS message volume (from 3 to 10 messages/day) accounted for 51.1% and those with a low SMS message volume (less than 3 messages/day) accounted for 17%. (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Number of SMS messages sent per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 142 17.0 17.0 17.0 3-10 news 427 51.1 51.1 68.1 >10 news 266 31.9 31.9 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 Similar to sending messages, those with an average message receiving rate (from 3-10 messages/day) accounted for the highest percentage of ~ 55%, followed by those with a high number of messages (over 10 messages/day) ~ 24% and those with a low number of messages received daily (under 3 messages/day) remained at the bottom with 21%. (Table 4.5) Table 4.5: Number of SMS messages received per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 175 21.0 21.0 21.0 3-10 news 436 55.0 55.0 76.0 >10 news 197 24.0 24.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 When comparing the data of the two result tables 4.4 and 4.5, we can see the reasonableness between the ratio of the number of messages sent and the number of messages received daily by the interview participants. 4.3 Current status of SMS advertising and Mobile Marketing According to the interview results, in the 3 months from the time of the survey and before, 94% of respondents, equivalent to 785 people, said they received advertising messages, while only a very small percentage of 6% (only 50 people) did not receive advertising messages (Table 4.6). Table 4.6: Percentage of people receiving advertising messages in the last 3 months Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Have 785 94.0 94.0 94.0 Are not 50 6.0 6.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The results of Table 4.6 show that consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very familiar with advertising messages. This result is also the basis for assessing the knowledge, experience and understanding of the respondents in the interview. This is also one of the important factors determining the accuracy of the survey results. In addition, most respondents said they had received promotional messages, but only 24% of them had ever taken the action of registering to receive promotional messages, while 76% of the remaining respondents did not register to receive promotional messages but still received promotional messages every day. This is the first sign indicating the weaknesses and shortcomings of lax management of this activity in Vietnam. (Table 4.7) div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: 6pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; } div.maincontent .s11 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s12 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s13 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s14 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s15 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: 6pt; } div.maincontent .s16 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 5.5pt; vertical-align: 3pt; } div.maincontent .s17 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 8.5pt; } div.maincontent .s18 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s19 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s20 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s21 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s22 { color: black; font-family:"Courier New", monospace; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s23 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s24 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s25 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s26 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s27 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 1.5pt; } div.maincontent .s28 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s29 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s30 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s31 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s32 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s33 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s35 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s36 { color: #F00; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s37 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s38 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 8.5pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s39 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s40 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 4pt; } div.maincontent .s41 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s42 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s43 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7.5pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s44 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s45 { color: #F00; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s46 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s47 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s48 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s49 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -2pt; } div.maincontent .s50 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; } div.maincontent .s51 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -1pt; } div.maincontent .s52 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -2pt; } div.maincontent .s53 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s54 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: -1pt; } div.maincontent .s55 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10.5pt; } div.maincontent .s56 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s57 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s58 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s59 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s60 { color: #00F; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s61 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s62 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s63 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .content_head2 { color: #F00; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s64 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s67 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9.5pt; } div.maincontent .s68 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; } div.maincontent .s69 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; } div.maincontent .s70 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; tex
• Organizational Structure of Management Apparatus: The Organizational Model and Operation of the Nghe An Provincial People's Credit Fund is Shown in Diagram 3.1. Below.
• Completing the credit information system in the banking system of the Lao People's Democratic Republic - 1

(Source: Vietnam Statistical Yearbook, 2016 and author's calculation). The amount of money players receive in each game is 100 thousand VND, 80 thousand VND and 50 thousand VND respectively. The reason the author chooses this amount is based on statistical data.

Vietnam population living standards survey and Vietnam statistical yearbook 2016

in which the average income per person per day fluctuates between 67 thousand VND - 133 thousand VND. The average price for cutting rice and carrying rice for hire per day in the West is about 150 thousand VND - 200 thousand VND, driving a Honda motorbike taxi is about 80 thousand VND - 100 thousand VND, simple labor is about 50 thousand VND - 80 thousand VND (synthesized and calculated by the author from customer interviews during the experiment). According to the survey announcement

According to a survey by the Institute of Workers and Trade Unions (Vietnam General Confederation of Labor) on July 12, 2018, the average income of a garment worker is only about 5.5 million VND/month, or only about 180,000 VND/person/day, the price of 1 kg of rice in the West is about 8,000 VND - 10,000 VND on average. Meanwhile, the income of a player in the experiment of this study is about 200,000 VND on average, with some people earning up to 400,000 VND, equivalent to about 25 kg - 50 kg of rice for an experimental session lasting about 2 hours. Such income is also relatively satisfactory and suitable for both participants and organizers. On the other hand, if the bonus is too large, the player may waste or spend too much or have negative thoughts, play "carelessly"... which will affect the final result. Therefore, the bonus amount chosen for each game is reasonable, selective and also relatively suitable for both the game participants and the organizer. Because in case the player does not give money (neutral-untrust) in Trust Game, the player is always sure to get an income of 80 thousand VND.

Thus, the amount of money spent on each game is relatively suitable for both the game participants and the organizer.

3.3. Methods and steps to perform experiments.

A random sample of 176 microfinance borrowers was selected by the author to conduct field experiments. A total of 176 people in the sample were randomly selected and distributed in the provinces of Long An, Ben Tre, Tien Giang, Vinh Long, Hau Giang and Kien Giang. A total of 6 experimental rounds were organized, with the number of participants ranging from 30 to 38 people each round. The author also consulted senior experts currently working at microfinance institutions in the study area to identify which localities have bad debts in microfinance activities. Then, the random sampling was carried out by people, microfinance employees currently working at local microfinance institutions, the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies, Agribank and a few commercial banks participating in microfinance activities. Here, the author uses the concept of credit risk as debts

loans with bad debts, that is, loans of credit institutions that are overdue for 91 days or more (according to Circular 02 of the State Bank, debts from groups 3 to 5). Before conducting the experiment, the author will conduct quick interviews with participants through a questionnaire on economic, social and demographic characteristics related to the individuals and families of the experimental participants. CBTD only participates in the random sampling process and does not participate in the experiments. Experimental participants will be publicly informed that all will receive remuneration and additional income for participating in the interviews and experiments.

Experiment 1: Eliciting risk preferences.

Each participant will receive 100 thousand VND and they will choose 1 of 6 random options listed in Table 3.3. Then, the participant will be instructed to draw 1 of 2 paper tickets, in which 1 paper ticket has the word "Win" and 1 paper ticket has the word "Lose" which means the participant wins or loses. And the participant will receive the amount of money when winning or losing is also listed in the selection table. With this choice, the probability of winning or losing of the participant is 50%. Details of the information that the experimental participant receives are as shown in Table 3.3.

o When choosing scenario 1, participants will not encounter any risks or uncertainties. This means that whether they win or lose, they will not lose money and will not receive any additional money.

Table 3.3: Game options.

Unit: Copper.

Situation

Amount of money lose when lose	Amount received win	Choice of participants (mark X)	Draw results Visit (Win or Lose)
1	0	0
2	-20,000	+30,000
3	-40,000	+60,000

4

-60,000	+90,000
5	-80,000	+120,000
6	-100,000	+140,000

(Source: Author's choice).

o For risky situations when choosing from situation 2 to situation 6, if winning, the participant will receive the corresponding increase in money but if losing, the amount of money lost will also increase accordingly.

Experiment 2: Contribute to the community (Public Goods Game).

Participants were divided into groups of 10-15 people, each participant would receive 50 thousand dong. The moderator would ask them to choose to contribute or not to contribute. If the participant agreed to contribute, he would have to give the moderator 30 thousand dong, and this amount would be divided among the players in the group, each person receiving 5 thousand dong after the game ended. If the participant did not agree to contribute, the amount of money for all the participants in the game would remain unchanged.

Experiment 3: Trust in others (Trust Game).

After completing the community contribution game experiment, participants took part in a final experiment on trust in others.

Before the start, all participants will receive 80 thousand VND and draw lots to receive 01 piece of paper randomly paired with another person numbered either 1 or 2. After that, the participants will be separated to perform the game. The moderator will ask person number 1 whether they decide to give money to person number 2 or not. If person number 1 does not give money to person number 2, the game will end. If person number 1 decides to give money to person number 2, they will give it to the game moderator. The moderator will double the amount received from person number 1 and then transfer this doubled amount to person number 2. Next, the moderator