Organizational Structure of Management Apparatus: The Organizational Model and Operation of the Nghe An Provincial People's Credit Fund is Shown in Diagram 3.1. Below.

Accepting entrustment. Disseminate and guide the implementation of State and industry mechanisms and regulations. Research and analyze the situation of policy credit activities to propose credit policy solutions suitable for local socio-economic development programs and projects.

3.1.3. Management structure: The organizational and operational model of the People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province is shown in diagram 3.1. below.

CEO

PROVINCIAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS

20 REPRESENTATIVE BOARD

DISTRICT BOARD OF DIRECTORS,

COMMUNE WOMEN'S UNION

COMMUNE LEVEL WAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION

COMMUNE-LEVEL YOUTH UNION

TK&VV SYSTEM

LOAN HOUSEHOLD

BOARD OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE NHCSXH

Science and Technology Department

INTERNAL EXAMINATION DEPARTMENT

KT - NQ DEPARTMENT

HC-TC DEPARTMENT

NEWS ROOM

20 TRANSACTION OFFICES

DISTRICT LEVEL

FARMERS ASSOCIATION

COMMUNE LEVEL

Diagram 3.1. Organizational and operational model of the People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province

(i) Board of Directors:

- The Board of Directors of the Social Policy Bank of Nghe An province currently has 203 members. Of which: The Board of Directors of the Provincial Social Policy Bank has 13 members; The Board of Directors of the District, Town and City Social Policy Bank has 220 members.

The Provincial Board of Directors has 13 members, including representatives: Head of the Board is Vice Chairman of the Provincial People's Committee; 01 Deputy Head (Director of the State Bank); 11 members including: Head of the Ethnic Committee; Deputy Chief of Office of the Provincial People's Committee; Deputy Director of the Department of Finance; Chairwoman of the Women's Union; Chairwoman of the Provincial Farmers' Association; Chairman of the Veterans' Association; Secretary of the Provincial Youth Union; Deputy Director of the Department of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs; Deputy Director of the Department of Planning and Investment; Deputy Director of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development; Director of the Provincial Social Policy Bank.

- The Board of Directors - District-level Social Policy Bank includes representatives: The Head of the Board is the Chairman or Vice Chairman of the District People's Committee; 09 members are the Chief of Office of the People's Committee, Head or Deputy Head of Finance Department, Department of Internal Affairs, Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Chairmen of Farmers' Association, Women's Association, Veterans' Association, Secretary of Youth Union and Director of Social Policy Bank transaction office.

(ii) Operational management department

- At the Provincial Social Policy Bank, the Board of Directors consists of 04 people: Director, 03 Deputy Directors.

- The functional departments include: Credit Planning Department; Treasury Accounting Department; Internal Auditing Department; Information Technology Department, Organizational Administration Department.

- At district level there are 21 transaction offices.

(iii) Social-political organizations entrusted at district and commune levels (Farmers' Association, Women's Union, Veterans' Association, Youth Union) to the branch of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies in Nghe An province.

(iv) Savings and Credit Groups in blocks, hamlets, villages, and hamlets are established and managed by social organizations and are assigned the main task of mobilizing savings deposits from members to establish the group's self-reliance fund, committing to using loans effectively and inspecting and supervising group members in using loans for the right purposes.

3.1.4. Basic characteristics of policy credit programs of the People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province

Nghe An Provincial Social Policy Bank operates not for profit, for the goal of poverty reduction, ensuring social security, contributing to the construction of new rural areas. There are many differences compared to commercial banks:

- Capital:

+ Capital from the State Budget: The State supports capital for the Social Policy Bank, demonstrating the State's ownership role for the Social Policy Bank, providing capital for the Social Policy Bank when it first starts operating, and supplementing capital during its operation. This capital is partly used by the Social Policy Bank to form fixed assets (headquarters, working vehicles, transportation, equipment, etc.), and partly included in capital for lending. The increase in capital also depends on many factors such as: policies for preferential credit subjects, financial capacity of the Social Policy Bank, and customers' borrowing needs in each period.

+ Capital from domestic social-political organizations (Social-political organizations entrusted with the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies, Labor Federation, Cooperative Alliance, Association of the Blind, etc.); Government and non-Government organizations (industry development, regional development, hunger eradication and poverty reduction, etc.) Capital from these sources is relatively large, low interest rates, long term of use, grace period, accompanied by transfer of science, technology, experts, and scientific and technical training.

+ Capital mobilized from members of the Savings and Credit Group: Although this is a small source of capital, it is this source of capital that has created a sense of saving among policy beneficiaries, motivating the poor to escape poverty in a sustainable way, and at the same time, this small source of capital has added capital to lend to households in the Savings and Credit Group.

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+ Capital sources mobilized at market interest rates: Organizations and individuals open deposit accounts with temporarily unused capital. In particular, credit and financial institutions (State-owned commercial banks, Social Insurance, Deposit Insurance, financial companies) maintain a deposit balance of 2% according to Decree 78/2002/ND-CP at the Social Policy Bank to lend to beneficiaries.

It can be seen that capital plays an important role for the Social Policy Bank, assessing the position of the Social Policy Bank in the financial market. The Government guarantees the payment capacity of the Social Policy Bank for the resources mobilized by the Social Policy Bank because the activities of the Social Policy Bank are not for profit, so if the Government does not guarantee the payment capacity, the capital mobilization of these banks will be very difficult.

- Capital use : Loans are used to serve poor households, near-poor households and other policy beneficiaries. The People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province is managing 14 policy credit programs. Specifically: Poor households; Students in difficult circumstances; Loans for job creation; Subjects going to work abroad for a limited period; Clean water and rural environmental sanitation program; Households doing business in difficult areas; Ethnic minority households with special difficulties; Housing loan program for poor households; Program for traders doing business in difficult areas; Flood shelter building program, WB3 project forestation, Near-poor households, Deposit for labor export to Korea (EPS) and other programs.

- Lending interest rate: The Social Policy Bank operates not for profit but for social security, providing loans with preferential interest rates and conditions. Therefore, the lending level and interest rate of the Social Policy Bank are regulated by the Government, depending on each specific period. Currently, the interest rate of the lending programs of the Social Policy Bank is from 0%/month to 0.8%/month.

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- Regarding loan procedures : Loan procedures and conditions are generally simple, flexible, and suitable for each subject. For poor households, near-poor households, students, labor export, etc., borrowers do not have to mortgage assets. As for cases of borrowing capital for production and business, production and business establishments to create jobs, assets must be mortgaged.

- Loan methods for credit programs :

The lending method for policy credit programs of the Nghe An Provincial Bank for Social Policies mainly implements entrusted lending through socio-political organizations (Farmers' Association, Women's Association, Veterans' Association and Youth Union) for all preferential credit programs. The evaluation of loan objects, loan amounts, and loan terms are undertaken by the Savings and Credit Group and commune-level organizations, and the Commune People's Committee confirms the loan. The Bank for Social Policies directly disburses to borrowers. The disbursement, collection of savings deposits, interest, and principal collection are carried out at the transaction point in the commune. The collection of interest and urging of principal collection when due are entrusted by the Bank for Social Policies to the lending group. The Bank for Social Policies disburses loans once or many times, collects interest monthly; the principal repayment amount is based on the repayment period (for medium and long-term loans).

3.2. Policy credit for students at the People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province from 2007 to present

3.2.1. Management of loan applicant evaluation

- The assessment of poor, near-poor, and disadvantaged households in reality is based on village and neighborhood sentiment, so it is still considerate and not close to the prescribed criteria.

- The People's Committees at the commune level in some localities have not conducted timely surveys and investigations to supplement the list of poor and near-poor households, households with a maximum income of 150% of poor households, and households with sudden financial difficulties that affect the borrowers.

- Some localities have not paid attention to vocational students, so the propaganda work for students studying vocational training for more than 1 year and less than 1 year to borrow capital is still limited, so the main borrowers are university, college and vocational secondary school students.

- Some training schools do not confirm students fully and promptly, which partly affects the disbursement progress of the People's Credit Fund.

3.2.2. Management of the use of loans by families and students

The important thing in student credit management is how the borrowers and students use the capital to ensure efficiency, from which debt recovery results can be achieved. After receiving the loan, in reality, some borrowers use the loan capital for purposes other than the loan application, or when families send money to students, students use it for other purposes. It is very difficult to detect the misuse of capital for families and students.

3.2.3. Managing the borrower's debt repayment compliance

- When the debt is due, there are still cases where families and students lack interest and responsibility in repaying the loan on time, even though they have jobs and income. The district Social Policy Bank, entrusted organizations, and loan groups have to remind and work with them many times before they can repay, making it difficult to recover capital for the State.

- Some households take advantage of the low interest rate of the Social Policy Bank, or in other words, the overdue debt of the Social Policy Bank is still lower than the interest rate of commercial banks. Therefore, some households have the conditions to repay the debt but still take advantage of the capital to delay and drag out the debt repayment, increasing the overdue debt, making it difficult for the Social Policy Bank to recover capital for the State.

3.2.4. Management of debt settlement, overdue debt, and risky debt

- The plan to handle due debts and overdue debts from savings and loan groups and organizations receiving trust at the commune level is not close to reality. Therefore, the actual debt handling plan on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis is far from the plan. This leads to limited capital recovery for the State, leading to the risk of increasing potential bad debts.

- For students who die during the loan process, if their parents are still alive, the debt will not be forgiven.

3.2.5. Student loans by credit product

The Social Policy Bank is disbursing in cash, with an average amount of VND 5,500,000 per semester for each student. Meanwhile, for specific fields such as construction, architecture, art, information technology, etc., the cost of student learning to equip learning facilities is large, and when disbursed at the above level, it is not enough for students to have conditions to study well.

3.2.6. Inspection and supervision work

According to the Government's direction, interdisciplinary teams have been established to conduct inspections. Inspections are carried out every 6 months in a year, with a short inspection period. Therefore, it is difficult to assess whether the inspections are aimed at the right subjects and the effective use of capital.

3.3.Evaluation of the impact of credit lending to students at the Social Policy Bank of Nghe An province from 2007 to present.

3.3.1. For Nghe An Provincial Social Policy Bank

3.3.1.1. Proportion of outstanding student credit

Table 3.1. Some main indicators on credit activities of the People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province in the period 2003-2014

Unit: Billion VND, %

TT

Target	Outstanding debt over the years						Proportion
	2003	2005	2008	2012	2013	2014
1	Loans for the poor	344	543	995	1,899	2.015	1,976	31.7
2	Loan Solve the problem do	48	59	79	114	118	121	1.95
3	Student Loans	3	4	666	2,847	2,712	2.212	35.5
4	Loan for Labor Export dynamic	0	4	57	57	47	42	0.67
5	Loan for Clean Water and Rural Sanitation village	0	53	117	222	273	385	6.17
6	Loans for disadvantaged areas	0	0	191	350	351	390	6.25
7	Loans for Ethnic Minorities number	0	0	0	18	20	20	0.32
8	Loans for the poor Housing according to decision 167	0	0	0	209	208	206	3.31
9	Loans for the poor flood shelter	0	0	0	0	1	1	0.01
10	Loans for Near Poor Households	0	0	0	0	311	802	12.9
11	Business Loans difficult area	0	0	0	5	5	5	0.08
12	Project Development Loans forestry	0	0	0	0	21	59	0.95
13	Margin Loan for Export Labor Export in Korea (EPS)	0	0	0	0	0	10	0.16
14	Other loans	0	0	0	2	1	2	0.03
	Total outstanding balance:	395	663	2.105	5,723	6,083	6.231	100

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• Organizational Structure and Management of Agribank Ha Nam Province Branch
• Organizational Structure of Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam - Bac Ninh Branch

(Source: Report on the performance of the People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province in recent years)

2003-2014)

Table 3.1 shows that, after more than 12 years of operation, the total outstanding balance of preferential credit programs of the People's Credit Fund of Nghe An province in recent years has increased.