economic zone and continental shelf . The breadth of these maritime zones is measured from the baselines used to measure the territorial sea of the coastal state. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea also specifies the legal status of each maritime zone of that country.
+ Seas are large areas of salt water on the Earth's surface (or large lakes containing salt water that do not have a natural outlet to the Ocean) [27, p.55]; while islands are large areas of land surrounded by water in rivers, lakes, and seas [27, p.119]. According to the Law on the Sea of Vietnam issued in 2012, Article 19 clearly states: an island is a natural area of land surrounded by water, when the tide is high, this area of land is still above water. An archipelago is a group of islands, including parts of islands, adjacent waters, and other closely related natural components [95].
Through the above concepts, sovereignty over seas and islands is a part of national territorial sovereignty, the supreme right of a coastal state exercised within the waters and islands of that state. Sovereignty over seas and islands includes the right over its internal waters and territorial waters as well as over the airspace above, the seabed and the subsoil below the seabed below that water area. On islands and archipelagos, a state has complete, absolute and full sovereignty as on its mainland territory.
Thus, based on the understanding of education on awareness and sovereignty of seas and islands , we believe that educating students on awareness of sovereignty of seas and islands is a reflection of the objective reality of sovereignty of seas and islands through systematic, scientific and diverse educational activities to equip students with basic knowledge about seas and islands and sovereignty of seas and islands in a correct manner, in accordance with history, Vietnamese law and international conventions. From that correct awareness and understanding, Vietnamese students will take appropriate actions to contribute to affirming and firmly protecting the sovereignty of the seas and islands of the Fatherland.
2.1.2. Orientation of the Party, State, Ministry of Education and Training on education in general and education on awareness of sea and island sovereignty in particular
2.1.2.1. General orientation on education
Education at any stage is considered the most important condition for building and developing the country. To meet the requirements of the country's industrialization and modernization, education and training are given special attention by the Party and the State, especially for general education.
Resolution No. 29-NQ/TW/2013 on fundamental and comprehensive innovation of education and training clearly defined the goal: "focus on developing intelligence, physical strength, forming
qualities, civic capacity, discovering and nurturing talents, career orientation for students. Improving the quality of comprehensive education, focusing on education of ideals, traditions, ethics, lifestyle, foreign languages, information technology, practical capacity and skills, applying knowledge into practice" [4].
To direct the development of new general education programs and textbooks according to the requirements of fundamental and comprehensive educational innovation, Resolution No. 88/2014/QH13 once again emphasizes the importance and goals of general education, focusing on comprehensive education, especially the qualities, ethics, lifestyle, and sense of responsibility of citizens, helping students develop creativity, self-study, encourage lifelong learning, and know how to appropriately apply learning content to practical life.
It can be seen that the issue of educating ideology, qualities, ethics, lifestyle and sense of civic responsibility is a very important content in the orientation of educational and training goals, especially for students in general schools.
Based on the general educational development goals of the country, the history program in high schools has also determined the goal of the subject to contribute to forming in students a scientific worldview, educating love for the homeland, national traditions, revolution, fostering thinking skills, actions, correct attitudes in social life and applying knowledge to life.
To meet the requirements of fundamental and comprehensive educational innovation, the general education program on history issued with Circular 32/2018/TT-BGDDT also clearly defines the goal of helping students develop historical capacity, contributing to educating national spirit, patriotism, fine traditional values of the nation and the quintessence of human culture, the qualities and capacities of Vietnamese citizens and global citizens in line with the development trend of the times.
Thus, in the period of development and integration, education is invested in to improve people's knowledge, train human resources and nurture talents, serving the cause of building and defending the Fatherland. In particular, education on love for the homeland, national traditions, sense of responsibility of citizens and correct attitudes in life are highly valued issues.
2.1.2.2. Orientation on education on sovereignty of seas and islands
Realizing the importance of the sea and islands in the cause of building and defending the Fatherland, very early on, the Party and State of Vietnam issued guiding documents to promote the role of the sea and islands, while protecting and exploiting them.
Sustainable exploitation of national marine and island resources, contributing to the development and integration of the country.
The 4th Conference of the 10th Central Executive Committee (February 2007) issued Resolution No. 09 on Vietnam's Marine Strategy to 2020, which affirmed that "The sea and islands are sacred parts of the Fatherland's territory, holding a particularly important position in the cause of building, developing and defending the country. Protecting the sovereignty of the sea and islands is an important task of the entire Party, the entire people and the entire army. Promoting the combined strength of the whole country and the entire political system, under the leadership of the Party and the unified management and administration of the State, firmly maintaining the independence, sovereignty, sovereign rights, jurisdiction and integrity of the Fatherland's sea areas" [3].
On March 23, 2010, the Prime Minister approved Decision 273/QD-TTg approving the Project to promote propaganda on the management, protection and sustainable development of Vietnam's seas and islands, emphasizing: "Propaganda on the management, protection and sustainable development of Vietnam's seas and islands is the responsibility of the entire political system, both in the short and long term, to raise awareness of reaching out to the sea and getting rich from the sea in the Vietnamese community; affirming the implementation of Vietnam's sovereignty, sovereign rights and national jurisdiction over seas and islands in the East Sea region" [158].
On October 22, 2018, on behalf of the Central Executive Committee, General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong signed and issued the Resolution of the 8th Conference of the 12th Central Executive Committee on the Strategy for sustainable development of Vietnam's marine economy to 2030, with a vision to 2045: " Unifying the ideology and awareness of the position, role and special importance of the sea for the cause of national construction and protection throughout the Party, the entire people and the entire army. The sea is a component of the sacred sovereignty of the Fatherland, a living space, a gateway for international exchange, closely associated with the cause of national construction and protection" [5].
It can be said that protecting national territorial sovereignty in general and protecting sea and island sovereignty in particular is a matter of utmost importance to the Party and State. In particular, in the face of disputes over sea and island sovereignty in the region and the world, this issue is increasingly important. Protecting sea and island sovereignty has become a task of the entire nation, in line with historical traditions as well as the requirements of national construction and development, in which, high school students need to be properly educated, helping them to have the right awareness and demonstrate their sense of responsibility for the current requirements of protecting the sovereignty of the sea and islands of the Fatherland.
2.1.3. History subject with the education of sea and island sovereignty awareness for high school students
2.1.3.1. Objectives of history subject in high school
The objectives of history in general schools are built on the basis of theory and practice, focused on thoroughly grasping the general objectives of general education, through the functions, tasks, characteristics, content of the subject and the situation and tasks of the country in specific conditions. On that basis, the objectives of history in general schools are determined to help students acquire basic and necessary knowledge about national history and world history; contribute to forming in students a scientific worldview, educating love for the homeland, country, national traditions, revolution, fostering the ability to think, act, and behave properly in social life. Specifically:
- Regarding knowledge : guiding students to acquire basic knowledge of world history as well as national history, including: basic events, chronology, concepts, terms, names of people, names of places... Understanding of simple theoretical viewpoints, issues of research and learning methods suitable to the requirements and level of students. On that basis, helping students grasp basic and comprehensive knowledge about the development process of national history as well as world history.
- Regarding skills : students must be trained in the necessary skills in studying the subject. From having a historical perspective such as examining events and characters, working with textbooks and sources of documents, students must be proficient in subject skills such as: analysis, comparison, synthesis, generalization... Promote the ability to self-study, self-discover, propose, solve problems independently, further improve thinking and practice skills, speaking and writing presentation skills; make and use visual aids effectively, skillfully apply information technology to learning; organize and carry out extracurricular activities and experiences of the subject under the guidance and direction of teachers; apply learned historical knowledge to learning and practical life.
- Regarding attitude : must educate students about ideological viewpoints, positions, moral qualities, personality, emotions, contributing to the training of Vietnamese people to develop comprehensively. On the basis of correct perception of the objective development in accordance with the law of development of human society in general and the nation in particular, educate students about emotions, firm belief in the development of national history in the fight to protect the Fatherland as well as in building the country. At the same time, through knowledge
The knowledge of history teaches students gratitude, following the example of their fathers and brothers, striving to study and work, having a sense of responsibility and fulfilling their duties as citizens as well as their duties to the world. Cultivating moral qualities, the spirit of international solidarity, friendship with other nations, fighting for peace, independence, freedom, progress, democracy, civilization... Forming the necessary qualities in community life, meeting the requirement of "teaching letters to teach people".
The above are the general objectives of the history subject. In addition, at each level, each lesson and each student, with different teaching conditions in each region, teachers need to set specific objectives and directions for teaching history to achieve the best results.
2.1.3.2. Vietnamese history content in high school related to sea and island sovereignty
In the current high school history program, the Vietnamese History section has content directly or indirectly related to the issue of sovereignty over seas and islands:
* History of Vietnam from its origin to the mid-19th century (grade 10)
Title/topic
Related content sovereignty of sea and islands | Specific knowledge to be exploited and taught awareness education on sea and island sovereignty | |
Lesson 14: Ancient nations in Vietnam | Section 1: Van Lang - Au Lac Nation Section 2: Ancient Cham Kingdom – Pa Section 3: Ancient Kingdom of Funan | The boat image on the Dong Son bronze drum and ancient tomb in Trang Kenh, Hai Phong shows the sea-oriented nature and the attachment to life with the sea of ancient Vietnamese people. Sa Huynh culture is a coastal culture, with strong maritime orientation through trade exchange activities with many Southeast Asian countries. Oc Eo port - an important commercial port, shows that Phu Nam's sea trade was very developed. This proves the role of the sea and islands in development. economic development and cultural exchange. |
Lesson 15: The period of Chinese domination and the struggle for independence (II.BC- X) | Section I. 2. a: On economy | Knowledge of many waterways that were formed…, demonstrates the role of maritime trade in the economy in the history of nation building and defense. country of the people |
Lesson 16: The period of Chinese domination and the struggles for independence nation | Section II. 2. d: Ngo Quyen and the Bach Dang victory in 938 | Knowledge of the geographical location of Bach Dang River; the arrangement of underground stakes, taking advantage of the tidal regime in the Bach Dang 938 victory demonstrates the role of the sea in fight to protect the country |
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Lesson 17: The process of formation and development of the feudal state
(X-XV)
Part II: Development and completion of the feudal state in the 11th - 15th centuries | The policy of protecting national sovereignty of feudal dynasties; the policy of building and developing the army, especially the navy... | |
Lesson 18: Economic construction and development (X-XV) | Section 3: Business Expansion | The bustling development of our country's maritime foreign trade from very early on is an important factor promoting economic development. |
Lesson 19: Resistance wars against foreign invaders in the 10th-15th centuries | Part I: The resistance war against the Song invaders; II: The resistance wars against invaders Mongol – Yuan | Naval battles commanded by talented generals fighting on rivers and seas glorify the nation's art of naval warfare. |
Lesson 20: Building and developing national culture in the 10th - 15th centuries | Section 4. Science and Technology | During the reign of King Le Thanh Tong, the court paid great attention to the issue of territorial protection. The Hong Duc map set was completed at the end of 1469, including maps of the whole country and localities, showing the our country's sea and islands |
Lesson 21: Changes in the feudal state in the 16th century – XVIII | Section 4: Dang Trong Government | The Nguyen Lords had many activities to establish and exercise sovereignty over seas and islands, especially in the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos, typically the establishment of establish Hoang Sa teams. |
Lesson 22: Economic situation in the 16th - 18th centuries | Section 3: The Development of Commerce | The open-door policy of Lord Trinh and Nguyen brought about the development of foreign trade, leading to the prosperity of commercial ports such as Hoi An, Thanh Ha... showing the role of the sea. in economic development. |
Lesson 23: Tay Son movement and the cause of national unification and defense of the fatherland 18th century | Part II. 1: Resistance against Siam (1785) | The Rach Gam - Xoai Mut naval battle and the outstanding leader Nguyen Hue highlighted the role of the river and sea system in our people's struggle against foreign invaders, protecting our independence. Fatherland. |
Lesson 24: Cultural situation in the 16th century – XVIII | Section III. Arts and Science | Le Quy Don recorded about Hoang Sa and Truong Sa in Phu Bien Tap Luc ; the map of Bai Cat Vang in "Toan Tap Thien" “The Road Map of the Four Southern States” … |
Lesson 25: Political, economic and cultural situation under the dynasty Nguyen (Half) early 19th century) | Section 1: Building and strengthening the state apparatus - foreign policy. | The Nguyen Dynasty maintained the Hoang Sa fleets to exercise sovereignty over the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos; the administrative diagram from the reform of King Minh Mang clearly shows Vietnam's sovereignty over the sea and islands in the Sea. Winter. |
* History of Vietnam from 1858 to 1918 (grade 11)
Title/topic
Related content sovereignty of sea and islands | Specific knowledge needs to be exploited to teach awareness education on sea and island sovereignty | |
Lesson 19: Vietnamese people resisted the French invasion (from 1858 to before) 1873) | Section I.3. Battle of Da Nang in 1858 Section II.2. Resistance spreads to the provinces of Eastern Cochinchina. Treaty 1862 | The strategic location of Da Nang seaport in arranging the defense system, moving, repelling many attacks of the French army, forced France to admit the initial failure of the plan "fight fast, win fast". The 1862 Treaty forced the court to open three seaports: Da Nang, Ba Lat, and Quang Yen, showing the important role and position of the sea. island in history |
Lesson 20: The war spread throughout the country. The resistance of our people from 1873 to 1884. Nguyen Dynasty surrendered | Section I.2. The French colonialists invaded Bac Ky for the first time (1873) Section I.3. Resistance movement in the North in the years 1873 - 1874 Section II.1. The French army occupied Hanoi and the Northern provinces for the second time (1882 - 1883) Part III. French colonialists attack Thuan An estuary. Treaty of 1883 and Treaty of 1884 | The sea route was a vital traffic route for both the French colonialists and our army. Therefore, the French colonialists chose the sea route to promote their naval superiority and modern equipment. In the 1874 treaty, France required the Nguyen Dynasty to continue opening the Thi Nai (Quy Nhon) and Ninh Hai (Hai Phong) seaports and take control of tax collection at the ports, showing the economic and defense potential of the seaports. France continued to use the sea route to promote its advantage in means, facilitating troop movements and surprise attacks on Hanoi. The role of Thuan An seaport for Hue citadel shows the importance of sea and islands in protecting national independence and sovereignty. With the two treaties of 1883 and 1884, the French government became the political and foreign representative of Vietnam, including issues of sovereignty of sea and islands |
Lesson 21: The Vietnamese people's patriotic movement against the French South in | Section I.2. Development stages of the Can Vuong movement | During the period 1885 - 1888, hundreds of large and small uprisings broke out, on a large scale, especially in the coastal provinces of Bac Ky and Trung Ky, showing the contribution of of the people and army of the coastal areas in the war |
the last years
19th century
fight against colonialism to regain independence independent, free | ||
Lesson 22: Vietnamese society during the first colonial exploitation by French colonists. | Section 1. Economic changes | France expanded many river ports and sea ports such as Hai Phong, Da Nang, Cam Ranh, and Saigon to serve pacification, troop movement, and colonial exploitation, and to gain economic value. Through that, we can see the important role of the sea and islands in the economic field. economic and military |
Lesson 23: Patriotic and revolutionary movements in Vietnam from the beginning of the 20th century to World War I (1914) | Section 1: Phan Boi Chau and the violent tendency Section 2: Phan Chau Trinh and the reform trend | The introduction of New Books and New Newspapers showed the importance of the sea in propagating new ideas; the Eastern Journey movement also aimed at a maritime nation, Japan. Among the reforms in Central Vietnam, the water transport business was economic development is emphasized. |
Lesson 24: Vietnam in World War I years (1914 - 1918) | Section I.1. Economic fluctuations Section III.2. The early days of Nguyen Tat Thanh's national salvation activities (1911 - 1918) | National bourgeoisie saw the potential of maritime transport such as Nguyen Huu Thu, Bach Thai Buoi... These activities demonstrated the great economic potential of maritime transport, and also demonstrated the awareness of protecting and enforcing sovereignty over seas and islands. The patriotic young man Nguyen Tat Thanh set out to find a way to save the country at Nha Rong port, on a merchant ship to receive a lot of information from merchants, at the same time to earn a living and visit many countries. Almost in the early days of his activities, he went to many countries. all by sea. |
* History of Vietnam from 1919 to present (grade 12)
Title/topic
Related content sovereignty of sea and islands | Specific knowledge needs to be exploited to teach awareness education on sea and island sovereignty | |
Lesson 12: The national democratic movement in Vietnam from 1919 to 1925 | Section I.1. The second colonial exploitation policy of French colonialism Section II.2. Activities of the Vietnamese bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and workers | France promoted foreign trade, especially maritime trade; invested in dredging and expanding the seaport system to serve the exploitation program. Movement of Vietnamese landlords and bourgeoisie against Saigon port monopoly, anti-private monopoly on rice export |