Management Experiences That Can Be Applied to Nam Dinh Province

amount of waste. Thus, every day there are still hundreds of tons of household waste discharged directly into the environment [Vi Ngoan, 2009 ].

1.2.3. Management experiences that can be applied to Nam Dinh province

Through experiences in solid waste management in the world and practices in Vietnam, the general approach of solid waste management planning applied to Nam Dinh also needs to follow the comprehensive, integrated solid waste management system based on the principles of source reduction, reuse, and recycling before reaching the final waste disposal step of landfill.

In Vietnam in general and in Nam Dinh province in particular, the work of collecting and classifying waste at source has not been widely implemented. Many localities are piloting the classification of solid waste at source (some large cities) to reduce the pressure on waste treatment and improve the efficiency of recycling. Therefore, this is also an opportunity for Nam Dinh in implementing this work.

Furthermore, to improve the capacity of waste collection and treatment, the model of community-based solid waste management and socialized solid waste management should also be encouraged to be applied and replicated in the area. This both creates resources for society and raises environmental protection awareness among people in the context of low environmental protection awareness among Vietnamese people.

* Domestic waste treatment technology

Currently, Serafin technology and An Sinh - ASC technology have been applied in Son Tay and Hue city and have initially achieved certain results in recycling work.

- Serafin technology is currently in the initial testing phase at Xuan Son waste treatment area. This technology can recycle CTR into bio-fertilizer, plastic granules and can recycle construction waste... into block bricks used in traffic dividers to reduce the amount of waste that must be buried.

- For An Sinh – ASC technology has been used at Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Plant – Thua Thien Hue. This technology can recycle waste into bio-fertilizer, plastic granules, remaining inert substances and construction waste still have to be buried.

Comment [T13]: Square brackets

- Solid waste landfill: Landfill is the final treatment method in the general solid waste treatment process. Landfills are the places to receive ash and slag from the incineration process and other types of waste that are not qualified and capable of being recycled and burned. This is an indispensable method regardless of the method of solid waste treatment. The advantage of this method is that it can treat all types of solid waste, including other solid waste that other methods cannot treat, is flexible in use and has low initial investment costs.

The choice of waste recycling technology also depends on the economic conditions and waste application capabilities of each locality. However, the application of Serafin technology will help Nam Dinh province reduce the area and pressure on the province's solid waste treatment areas, especially in finding locations and land funds for landfills.

*Foreign solid waste treatment technology:

- Plasma gasification technology converts waste into electricity, this is a waste treatment technology currently being applied in many countries around the world. Plasma treatment technology is highly safe for the environment, does not produce toxic smoke and toxic residues like conventional incinerators. However, this technology also emits gases such as NO x , SO x, although lower than other incinerators, but still needs to be treated. Because it is a clean technology, the investment for treating one ton of waste is relatively high, the operating cost is high.

- Singapore's waste-to-energy incineration technology is also a technology that needs to be considered and applied in Nam Dinh province. The advantage of this technology is that it can handle many types of waste such as domestic solid waste, non-hazardous industrial solid waste, and thick sludge. The product of this treatment process is to restore and regenerate energy through the process of converting combustion energy into electricity. On the other hand, the ash from the treatment process is also used as construction materials. However, the operating cost is high because this is a clean technology.

Therefore, to choose the technology suitable for the conditions and resources of Nam Dinh province in general and Truc Ninh district in particular, domestic technologies will be more suitable because the installation and operating costs are lower than imported technologies.

Export will be more feasible. However, if we can mobilize support from domestic and foreign organizations, the application of modern technology can be completely applied in Nam Dinh province.

1.2.4. Situation of management and treatment of domestic waste in Nam Dinh province

Nam Dinh province has 10 districts and cities with 229 communes, wards and towns (of which Nam Dinh city includes 25 communes and wards):

For urban areas, domestic waste is collected and transported by Nam Dinh Environmental One Member Co., Ltd. to Nam Dinh City Waste Treatment Complex (Man Village, Loc Hoa Commune, Nam Dinh City).

For the remaining 204 communes and towns of the 9 districts, the collection and treatment of domestic waste is mainly directed by the People's Committees of communes and towns to establish cooperatives to collect and transport waste to centralized landfills and collect fees for their operations. According to the 2010 survey results of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Nam Dinh province, 168/204 communes and towns have waste collection activities, the amount of waste generated is 365.9 tons/day, the estimated waste collection rate is about 60%.

According to the 2010 environmental status report of Nam Dinh province, the total volume of solid waste generated in Nam Dinh province is 1,816,683 tons/year (4,977 tons/day). Of which:

- Domestic CTR is 1,020.99 tons/day, accounting for 20.51%

- Industrial CTR is 136.10 tons/day, accounting for 2.73%

- CTR of craft villages is 62 tons/day, accounting for 1.25%

- Medical waste is 3.47 tons/day, accounting for 0.07%

- Agricultural by-products are 843.66 tons/day, accounting for 16.95%

- Livestock CTR is 2,911 tons/day, accounting for 58.49%.

The total amount of domestic solid waste generated in Nam Dinh province in 2010 is estimated at about 372,660 tons/year, of which:

- Residential CTR is 283,023 tons/year, accounting for 75.95%. Of which, rural areas are 194,687 tons/year, urban areas are 88,337 tons/year.

- Domestic waste from commercial service sector: 56,605 tons/year, accounting for 15.19%.

- Domestic waste from school and office areas: 33,032 tons/year, accounting for 8.86%.

According to the report data compiled by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment in 2010: From 2007 to 2010, the People's Committee of Nam Dinh province supported 115 communes and towns to build 120 sanitary landfills (including 04 communes in the buffer zone of Giao Thuy district that were supported to build concentrated landfills from the capital of the environmental protection project in the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park), including 116 landfills in 111 communes and towns that were supported by the province with environmental career funds to build sanitary landfills (not including 04 landfills in 04 communes in the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park). Of which:

- There are 50 sanitary waste treatment landfills (accounting for about 44%) that have been completed and put into operation. Of these, 21 projects have been completed by the investor.

- 45 projects (accounting for about 39%) are in the construction phase, completing project items.

- 20 projects whose investors are completing project procedures, have not yet started construction, are looking for suitable locations for construction or are agreeing with local people on the location of the landfill.

- The total scale of rural waste treatment landfills according to planning is 973,766 m2 , the scale of waste treatment landfills according to construction is 759,179 m2 .

- Total investment is 193,969,394,700 VND.

In general, the commune-level landfill projects supported by the province in construction funding have helped collect most of the waste generated in rural areas. However, waste classification at landfills has not been carried out; compacting waste, covering it with soil, spraying EM products to enhance waste decomposition, reduce odors, and limit parasitic animals living in landfills have not been done regularly, so waste treatment at these landfills has not been effective.

Truc Ninh district is supported by Nam Dinh Provincial People's Committee to invest and build 13 concentrated landfills in 21 communes and towns; of which Trung Dong commune has 03 landfills and is considered a model for waste collection in the whole district. However, the situation of waste being dumped indiscriminately in public areas is common.

The problem of waste is becoming a burning, urgent problem in Truc Ninh district.

currently [Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Nam Dinh province, 2013] . Comment [T14 ] : Source of this information?

CHAPTER II. LOCATION, TIME, METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS

2.1. Research location

The research location chosen to carry out the research topic is Truc Ninh district, Nam Dinh province (see figure 2).

2.1.1. Natural conditions of Truc Ninh district, Nam Dinh province

Truc Ninh district is a district located in the Southeast of Nam Dinh province with a natural area of 14,318.96 hectares, a population of 176,173 people including 21 administrative units including 19 communes and 02 towns: Truc Thang, Truc Dai, Truc Thai, Truc Cuong, Truc Phu, Truc Hung, Truc Noi, Truc Hung, Truc Khang, Truc My, Truc Thuan, Truc Thanh, Truc Dao, Truc Tuan, Phuong Dinh, Trung Dong, Truc Chinh, Liem Hai, Viet Hung and Cat Thanh town, Co Le town .

Geographical location of Truc Ninh district: North borders Thai Binh province,

The South borders Hai Hau district,

The East borders Xuan Truong district with Ninh Co river, the West borders Nam Truc and Nghia Hung districts.

Truc Ninh has 09 craft villages with many traditional occupations such as Co Chat silk weaving village, Cu Tru weaving and dyeing village (Phuong Dinh commune); mat weaving village (Truc Thanh commune); embroidery and lace export village, rattan and bamboo weaving village (Trung Dong commune); hemp, net and net village (Truc Dao commune) and scarf weaving village (Truc Chinh commune) [People's Committee of Truc Ninh district, 2013].

2.1.2. Socio-economic conditions of Truc Ninh district, Nam Dinh province

+ Economic growth:

- Agriculture: In 2013, production activities of Truc Ninh district achieved rice output of 99,809 tons/year, average rice output per capita reached 574 kg/person. People's lives have gradually improved and increasingly enhanced. In 2013, the aquaculture area of Truc Ninh district was 1,057 hectares. The livestock industry plays a key role in the

Comment [T15]: You should have a map showing the location of the research site in the Northern region (and Nam Dinh)

The main focus is on agriculture, in which the district promotes the development of large-scale farm and ranch models.

- Industry - handicrafts: The diverse industrial structure includes: textiles, construction materials production, mechanical repair industry, food processing industry, agriculture, forestry, seafood, etc., contributing to the steady development of industry - handicrafts. The whole district has 03 industrial clusters (ICs), namely Co Le town IC, Cat Thanh town IC and Truc Hung commune IC, simultaneously forming an economic zone along the Red River and Ninh Co River. Truc Ninh district has about 246 enterprises operating in the area, mainly private enterprises [People's Committee of Truc Ninh district, 2013].

+ Traffic system:

- Road: The road traffic system of Truc Ninh district is relatively developed with provincial road 490C, provincial road 486B, national highway 21 and inter-commune asphalt roads. The system of concrete roads and inter-hamlet roads creates favorable conditions for people's travel in the district and economic exchange and exchange of goods with the outside.

- Waterways: Red River and Ninh Co River are two important waterways that can connect to the sea and go to provinces and cities across the country.

The above basic foundations create favorable conditions for Truc Ninh to develop road and waterway transport, expand economic exchanges, and develop trade and services.

+ Cultural and social conditions.

The socio-cultural field of the district has many improvements. The education and training system has developed strongly, can train and provide human resources with academic qualifications, technical skills and skills to meet the requirements of the country's industrialization and modernization; the political system from the district to the grassroots has been firmly built and consolidated, national defense and security are ensured, which are favorable conditions for socio-economic development.

* About population.

The population of the district in 2013 was 177,105 people, of which 88,395 were male and 88,710 were female. The population density was 1,234 people/km 2 .

* About education.

Interpretation	Nursery school	Elementary school	Junior High School	High school	Total
Number of schools	28	28	26	5	87
Number of classes	308	431	303	123	1,165
Number of teachers	685	658	743	279	2,365
Number of students	11,952	13,261	10,527	5.525	41,265

Maybe you are interested!

The education system of Truc Ninh district is specifically shown in the following table: Table 2. Number of schools, teachers and students of Truc Ninh district .

[Nam Dinh Provincial Statistics Office, 2013] The education sector always adheres to the content of the school year's program. Teachers and students of primary, secondary and preschool schools strive to promote the two-good emulation movement, improving the quality of education for students. The school closely coordinates with organizations and parents to do a good job of socializing education, participating in repairing facilities, and doing a good job of encouraging learning and talent. The school often integrates environmental protection content into the education program by organizing activities to keep the environment green - clean - beautiful,...

* About health.

In 2013, Truc Ninh district had 01 general hospital (Truc Ninh district general hospital) and 21 commune health stations with 233 beds (including 140 beds of the district general hospital; 93 beds of the commune health station). The total number of doctors and nurses was 278 (including 42 doctors; 91 physicians, technicians; 94 nurses; 51 with other qualifications).

* About festival culture.

Truc Ninh has many pagodas and temples with ancient folk architecture, such as Than Quang Pagoda, also known as Than Quang Tu in Co Le, worshiping Buddha and great monk Nguyen Minh Khong. In addition, there is Co Le Pagoda Tower, a very unique architectural work that represents the traditional culture of the people of the Red River Delta in general and

Comment [T16]: Source? Statistical yearbook or from which report?