Applying Some Key Experiences in Human Resource Development for Marine Resources and Environment Management of Korea to Human Resource Development

domestic capacity and level of technology and application. In the immediate future, it is necessary to enhance the capacity of NNL to survey, monitor, and analyze experiments to serve the research of ocean plastic waste and control marine environmental pollution.

To achieve the above goals and directions, it is necessary to synthesize solutions, in which the important solution to take a shortcut is to study and apply Korea's experience in developing human resources to manage marine natural resources and environment.

4.5. Applying some key experiences in developing human resources for marine resource and environmental management in Korea to developing human resources for marine resource and environmental management in Vietnam

4.5.1. Some key experiences in developing human resources for marine resource and environment management from Korea applied to Vietnam's conditions

The success of Korea in developing marine natural resources management is clear evidence that with appropriate policies and methods of developing marine natural resources, suitable to the context and actual conditions, characteristics, position and role of marine natural resources management, it is possible to overcome the limitations due to the specific characteristics of the industry to develop marine natural resources to serve the development goals and ambitions of becoming the world's leading ocean economy and becoming a country with an ocean economic space, rich and prosperous living conditions.

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There are many experiences in developing human resources for marine environmental management in Korea, including both successful and unsuccessful lessons, all of which are very valuable lessons. Vietnam needs to study and learn to flexibly, creatively and effectively apply them to its specific conditions, contributing to meeting the requirements and development goals of the industry in the period of 2020 - 2030 with a vision to 2045. In order to promote the development of human resources for marine environmental management, contributing to promoting rapid and sustainable socio-economic development in general, the marine economy and maintaining sovereignty over seas and islands in particular. From the similarities in the development of human resources for marine environmental management in the two countries, the researcher proposed that in the coming period, the General Department of Sea and Islands of Vietnam needs to apply some key experiences in developing human resources for marine environmental management in Korea to the specific conditions of Vietnam:

4.5.1.1. Raising awareness of the important role of human resources in managing marine resources and environment for sustainable marine economic development and maintaining independence and sovereignty of seas and islands

From the practical research of Korea on the awareness of the important role of human resources in managing natural resources and environment, it shows that it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive set of measures to raise awareness of the important role and decisive factor of human resources in managing marine natural resources and environment in accelerating the development of marine economy, associated with protecting marine natural resources and environment and maintaining sovereignty over seas and islands. On that basis, raise the sense of responsibility.

First of all, it is the responsibility of the leaders, sectors, and levels, and then the whole society to be determined to invest resources in the development of human resources, especially highly qualified human resources, to create a breakthrough in the management of marine natural resources and environment. Because in order to create a positive change in the development of human resources in general, and human resources for the management of marine and island natural resources and environment in particular, it must first come from the premise of awareness of the role and position of human resources in socio-economic development. If awareness is not raised, to raise the sense of responsibility of leaders, sectors, and levels in investing in the development of human resources, there will be no development, and even a deadlock.

To raise awareness of the role and position of marine natural resources and environment management in economic development in general, marine economic development, resource management, and marine environmental protection in particular, it is necessary to implement well the following solutions: The Natural Resources and Environment sector needs to proactively coordinate with mass media agencies, such as: Television, Radio, and Newspapers to promote propaganda to raise awareness for leaders, sectors, levels, and the whole society about the role and position of marine natural resources and environment management in general, and marine natural resources and environment management in particular, in order to form positive public opinion to encourage and promote a sense of responsibility in training to improve professional qualifications and careers; Direct the sector's information agencies to focus resources on propagating the position and role of marine natural resources and environment management. In propaganda and education to raise awareness, it is necessary to focus on the following issues:

First of all, it is necessary to propagate to leaders, sectors at all levels and all subjects in society, to clearly perceive the requirements of the cause of industrialization, modernization of the country and international integration. In particular, the requirements of sustainable marine economic development, protection of environmental resources, maintenance of independence and sovereignty of seas and islands, are objectively and urgently requiring the promotion of human resources development in general, human resources for management of marine and island natural resources and environment in particular. Developing marine human resources is of decisive importance, aiming to create a synergy to ensure economic growth - political stability - healthy society in culture and spirit to protect environmental resources, maintain the sacred sovereignty of the sea and islands of the fatherland.

It is necessary to strongly innovate the content and methods of propaganda. Propaganda does not stop at theory, but must be done through the art of propaganda and agitation with rich, attractive, vivid and expressive forms to win over the people being propagated. It is necessary to diversify, be flexible and adaptable when applying forms and methods of propaganda and agitation. Focus on building a team of cadres doing propaganda work who are dynamic in researching, selecting, flexibly and creatively using forms of propaganda suitable for each target audience.

Propaganda work to raise awareness of the position and role of human resources and the need to develop marine human resources must be carried out regularly and persistently, ensuring objectivity, authenticity, timeliness and practicality in propaganda content.

At the same time, it is necessary to pay special attention to closely linking propaganda work with the implementation of economic, political, ideological measures, timely material and spiritual encouragement for those who have a sense of responsibility and contribute their strength, intelligence and material wealth to the cause of developing marine human resources. It is necessary to strictly handle violations of policies and laws. To ensure discipline and create a combined strength, enhance the sense of responsibility and focus resources on developing marine human resources.

4.5.1.2. Strengthen education and training to improve the qualifications and skills of human resources in marine resource and environment management, especially training highly qualified human resources in terms of education and professional expertise.

Applying the Korean experience in education and training to train and develop human resources for marine environmental management in Vietnam, it is necessary to first focus resources on promoting, diversifying and innovating to improve the quality of training, ensuring that human resources training is sufficient in quantity, synchronous in structure, and of high quality, meeting the requirements of providing sufficient human resources for the development of the State management sector of marine environmental management; It is necessary to plan and develop an information system, analyze and forecast the demand for training human resources in general, human resources for marine environmental management in particular, especially training human resources for new industries, occupations, and new vocational skills that need to be trained, fostered, and supplemented to apply new techniques and technologies to marine environmental management; Research and complete policies to encourage, motivate and facilitate human resources to study to improve their qualifications, policies to encourage organizations and individuals to invest in training to improve the quality of human resources and have policies to attract foreign investment in training and developing human resources. Promote and organize the implementation of key national programs and projects on training and developing high-quality human resources for marine environmental management. Develop and complete policies on training and retraining human resources, policies to encourage human resources to self-study to improve their academic qualifications, expertise, skills and foreign languages; policies to encourage and treat those with initiatives, experience and professional talents, to encourage human resources to stick with the profession and develop their talents, have the ability to master advanced technology, know how to behave flexibly and creatively in work and in social life, and have the ability to perform the task of accelerating and "taking shortcuts".

It is necessary to strengthen State management of human resource training, ensure unified management, to improve training quality and link training with human resource use. Build and supplement a synchronous legal system, detailed regulations and instructions for law implementation, to promote the development of human resource training. Regularly inspect the quality of training facilities and human resource training programs, ensuring that human resource training meets the requirements of quantity and quality standards of the region and the world.

Carry out planning of the network of schools and vocational training facilities, in which the State plays the core role, and at the same time have policies to attract economic sectors.

Invest in building a number of standard schools and standard programs to train high-quality human resources for a number of key marine economic sectors, with modern techniques and technology for the field of marine environmental management.

It is necessary to focus on planning the training of human resources in a synchronous manner both domestically and internationally, in order to ensure the balance in education and training, between training and the development requirements of the field of natural resources and environment management, between training and use, in order to meet the requirements of high-quality human resources, serving the requirements of improving the quality and effectiveness of marine natural resources and environment management. At the same time, limit losses and waste in training. In human resources training, it is necessary to closely combine education on patriotism, love of the sea and islands, education on political awareness, sense of organization and discipline, and industrial working style. In order to train human resources who not only have high professional qualifications, but also love the country, have good moral qualities, have the will to strive and be loyal to the interests of the nation. There is a need for solutions to develop the fine cultural traditions of Vietnam, combined with absorbing the quintessence of human culture. In order to arouse the love for the sea and islands, the love for the homeland and the country, and national pride, to create a driving force for strong socio-economic development, and to maintain the integrity of the sovereignty of the sea and islands. This is a very profound lesson of Korea and many countries in the world, which needs to be paid attention to, inherited, promoted and applied flexibly and creatively in the conditions of Vietnam developing a market economy and integrating more deeply and widely into the world.

To implement the above contents in the immediate future, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the General Department of Seas and Islands of Vietnam need to develop a strategy for training and fostering human resources until 2030 with a vision to 2045, specifically: Building and perfecting the organizational structure for training and fostering human resources; Identifying the need for training and fostering human resources according to each specialty and level of qualification, ensuring harmony between the goals of agencies, units and the needs of individuals; Diversifying training and fostering, diversifying resources for training and fostering human resources; Conducting training and fostering regularly to ensure human resources for stable and sustainable development; Regularly inspecting, evaluating and drawing lessons from training and fostering. Focusing on expanding international cooperation in training, fostering, exchanging and learning experiences in developing human resources for marine natural resources and environment management of coastal countries.

4.5.1.3. Promote the application of advanced technology in resource and environmental management, create working environment and conditions, improve the quality and efficiency of task performance. Especially improve the quality of human resources.

Science and technology are important factors to ensure the quality and effectiveness of marine environmental management, and science and technology are also the environment and conditions for human resources to strive to improve their qualifications. Applying the experience of Korea, promoting the application of advanced science and technology in marine environmental management in the specific conditions of Vietnam, it is necessary to pay attention to implementing the following issues:

First of all, it is necessary to have solutions to mobilize domestic and foreign resources of organizations, individuals, and overseas Vietnamese to invest in developing and applying advanced science and technology in marine environmental management. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of management, exploitation, and protection of marine environmental resources. At the same time, it is necessary to create an environment, conditions, and demand for the development of high-quality marine environmental management human resources. Research, supplement, and perfect mechanisms and policies, create conditions, motivate, and encourage appropriately and promptly in terms of material and spiritual resources for human resources who promote initiatives, improve techniques, improve working methods, and apply advanced science and technology in marine environmental management, contributing to the rapid and sustainable development of the marine economy, reducing the gap in science and technology and the quality of human resources between Vietnam and other countries, to link the rapid development of the marine economy with the protection of marine environmental resources, firmly maintain sovereignty over the sea and islands, and soon turn our country into a developed country in general and develop the marine economy in particular; Actively integrate and cooperate in the field of research and application of achievements in marine science and technology, marine environmental management science, with developed countries on the principles of equality, mutual respect and mutual benefit. Have policies to attract resources, Vietnamese scientists abroad to invest in developing marine environmental management science and technology. Strengthen the organization of seminars, scientific activities, research cooperation, application of advanced science and technology with universities, research institutes, on the sea to take advantage of the knowledge and experience of domestic and foreign scientists on environmental management in general and on developing human resources for marine environmental management in particular.

4.5.1.4. Focus on building, supplementing and perfecting policies to attract, use, create working environment and conditions, and policies to encourage material and spiritual incentives for marine human resources.

To attract high-quality human resources for marine economic development. At the same time, to create motivation and encourage human resources to strive in working, studying, contributing more and more strength and intelligence to the cause of marine economic development, protecting the environment and maintaining sovereignty over seas and islands, it is necessary to:

Develop and supplement policies to attract and encourage good cadres and experts in the field of sea and islands to work at the General Department of Sea and Islands and local sea sub-departments. Specifically, it is necessary to have preferential policies for recruiting, using and treating experts in the field of sea and islands working at the sea sub-departments, in accordance with the reality and requirements of the locality; support funding and time for human resources to self-study to improve their professional qualifications and skills in the field of sea and islands; Pay attention to creating promotion opportunities and creating working conditions for human resources with good professional qualifications, to motivate and encourage human resources to strive for career development, make efforts in their work and be more attached to agencies in the field of sea and islands. Pay attention to building and improving the working environment of human resources, including technical facilities serving the State management of sea and islands. Focus on

Create favorable conditions in terms of facilities, such as: offices, laboratories, means of transport... for leading experts (especially professors, associate professors, foreign experts) so that they can maximize their capacity and strengths in their work; Focus on researching and developing assessment standards, organizing objective, public and accurate assessment of the quality and effectiveness of the work of human resources. Have a mechanism to encourage and reward promptly, appropriately in terms of material and spiritual matters for individuals and groups that complete their assigned tasks well, and make many important contributions to the management of marine and island natural resources and environment. In order to encourage, attract and motivate other human resources to follow.

Develop a set of standards for human resources working in the comprehensive management of marine and island resources and environmental protection, as a scientific basis for determining standards, tasks, and requirements of job positions and planning, making plans for selection, use, assessment, training, and fostering to improve the capacity and qualifications of human resources working in the comprehensive management of marine and island resources and environmental protection. Based on the functions and tasks of State management of seas and islands, human resources working in the management of marine natural resources and environment need to possess the following basic capacities: professional capacity, organizational capacity, policy-making capacity, career development capacity, and personal capacity of human resources working in the State management of seas and islands. The above capacities play a fundamental role as a "support" to motivate the development of professional capacity of human resources. The thesis proposes 06 capacity standards with 25 criteria: (1) Basic capacity; (2) professional capacity; (3) organizational capacity; (4) policy-making capacity; (5) career development capacity and (6) personal capacity. Each capacity area (called standards) includes component capacities (called criteria) describing the requirements for knowledge, skills and attitudes presented in Appendix 9, p208.

Pay attention to caring for and protecting the legitimate and legal rights and interests of employees in charge of State management of seas and islands: To effectively carry out this task, it is necessary to promote and improve the quality of trade union activities, in order to care for and protect the legitimate and legal rights and interests of employees, develop, perfect and strictly implement regulations on rewards, handling of violations, complaints and settlement of complaints related to the rights and obligations of employees in charge of State management of seas and islands, ensuring accuracy, objectivity, fairness and transparency.

4.5.1.5. Strengthen international cooperation in the field of marine resource and environment management in general, and in the field of training and human resource development in particular.

Promote international cooperation with advanced maritime countries to exchange information, consult experiences and research on the application of advanced science and technology and assistance from countries in training and fostering cadres, in investment cooperation in developing marine economy and in scientific research, taking advantage of advanced technology from developed countries to apply in resource management, environmental protection and sustainable marine economic development. This is a very valuable experience, aiming to take advantage of the achievements of

developed countries, to take a shortcut, gradually reduce the gap in economic and social development, science and technology and human resource quality between Vietnam and advanced countries in the world. Continue to maintain and promote cooperation with developing maritime countries, especially neighboring countries, to exchange information, increase solidarity, friendship, understanding, communication and learning through sending cadres for training or receiving students and postgraduates from countries in the region to study and research. On the one hand, to help and support countries in training and developing human resources. On the other hand, to increase income, take advantage of human resources, knowledge and experience of countries where students and postgraduates come to study.

Applying this experience requires being proactive, flexible, and creative in enhancing cooperation and exchanging experiences in marine environmental management. It is necessary to base on the specific conditions of Vietnam to proactively build cooperative relationships with countries in the spirit of equal cooperation and mutual benefit; It is necessary to diversify cooperative activities, such as organizing seminars, exchanging experiences, cooperating in research to apply scientific and technological achievements into practice, and cooperating in research to solve emerging hot issues. To expand and improve the quality and effectiveness of international cooperation, on the one hand, it is necessary to improve the level and foreign language and information technology skills of human resources in marine environmental management. On the other hand, it is necessary to strongly innovate the organizational structure, content and methods of marine environmental management, so that Vietnam's marine environmental management organization and management work is gradually compatible with those of coastal countries. At the same time, it is necessary to promote information about Vietnam, understand Vietnam's marine natural resources and environment so that countries can understand the country, people of Vietnam, marine natural resources and environment, and to seek support, cooperation and assistance from countries in developing the marine economy in general, and developing human resources to manage Vietnam's marine natural resources and environment in particular.

4.5.1.6. Unify management of marine-related fields into one focal point to concentrate investment resources on human resource development.

It is necessary to study and soon establish an agency directly responsible to the head of the Government for the work of organizing and managing the socio-economic development of coastal and island areas in general, and an agency for managing the development of marine resources and the marine environment in particular. To closely link the socio-economic development of the marine sector with the development of marine resources and to enhance the responsibility of agencies, as well as the heads of agencies, in focusing and promoting resources for rapid investment in the development of marine resources and socio-economic development of coastal and island areas, associated with firmly protecting the sovereignty of the sea and islands.

4.5.1.7. Lessons learned from Korea's limitations in developing human resources for marine resource and environmental management, Vietnam needs to study to avoid repetition

As presented in section 3.3.2. In addition to the successful experiences in developing human resources for marine environmental management in Korea, the thesis also presents four unsuccessful experiences in developing human resources for marine environmental management in Korea.

Quoc. The unsuccessful lessons of Korea have many causes. Based on the study of the unsuccessful lessons and the causes of unsuccessful experiences in developing marine environmental resources management, NCS proposes solutions for the Vietnamese marine environmental resources management agency to pay attention to in order to avoid repetition:

- Firstly, to overcome the shortage of human resources for marine environmental management in some sectors and professions such as Korea, the Vietnam Administration of Seas and Islands needs to, on the basis of building and implementing a strategy for developing the marine environmental management sector (in the short, medium and long term), to build, perfect and strictly implement a strategy for developing human resources for marine environmental management sectors, in conjunction with the sector development strategy, and at the same time have a policy to attract human resources with expertise in the field of marine environmental management. In order to overcome the shortage of human resources, especially high-quality human resources for developing the field of marine environmental management, an increasingly important field but due to harsh working conditions and environments, it is very difficult to recruit human resources.

- Second, to overcome the situation in Korea where human resources for marine environmental management often fluctuate, due to the lack of commitment to their profession, the Vietnam Administration of Seas and Islands needs to proactively coordinate with coastal provinces and cities to research, develop, implement strategies, mechanisms, policies, attract, train, arrange, use and implement policies for human resources for marine environmental management in coastal provinces and cities, because human resources in coastal provinces and cities are attached to the sea, attached to their homeland, more or less familiar with the marine environment, so they quickly adapt to working conditions at sea, and are also attached to their work. On the other hand, it is necessary to research and propose policies for training and nurturing human resources for marine environmental management, because marine environmental management is a complex, multi-disciplinary field, using a lot of labor, requiring marine human resources to have skills, technical skills, and be "professionally" trained and educated. The working environment of human resources is harsh, so to retain human resources, there needs to be a mechanism to motivate and encourage human resources to strive in work, study, and contribute more and more strength and intelligence to the cause of developing the marine economy and maintaining sovereignty over seas and islands.

- Third, to overcome the shortage of human resources in new occupations for the development of the marine environment sector, in the context of increasingly rapid development of science and technology, with more and more new occupations emerging. The Vietnamese marine environment sector needs to proactively coordinate with state agencies, with the education and training sector, to research and predict the impact of scientific and technological development on the emergence of new occupations in the field of marine environment management. On that basis, propose to build training programs and training levels for new occupations to meet market demand. On the other hand,

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