Male-Female Identity Difference Theory

+ Blue color indicates negative poles.

- In addition, color is also used to paint labor tools to distinguish different types.

- Using colors to prevent accidents: People often use colors and drawings to signal to workers about dangers so they should not approach or be careful when working, such as: Painting hot gas pipes and flammable fuels red, areas with movement hazards are often painted dark gray...

In short, color plays a very important role in the psychology of workers, so we must pay close attention to using it appropriately to contribute to improving labor productivity.

2.3.2 Music psychology in production

The influence of music on the state of excitement and labor activities of people has been recognized for a long time. The ancient Egyptians and Greeks knew how to use music as a means of healing and tonic to improve the spirit and mood of patients. Today, world music art plays an extremely important role in the lives of people around the world in general. With lyrical songs, songs praising life, peace, love and happiness, music has brought great happiness to humanity. Right from the early years of the 20th century, many psychologists and music researchers used music in sports and in labor to stimulate the activities of players and workers. Music has a great effect on workers in two aspects: Creating an excited mood in labor, creating a high and stable labor pace for a long time. That has fought fatigue and increased working capacity. Labor psychology researchers have used music in production and found that music, if used properly, can increase productivity by 7-20%. When using music, we need to pay attention to the following issues:

- First, the type of music and the time of playing: Researchers have agreed on the timing and syllables of the music in the following stages:

+ In the stage when workers first arrive at work and prepare to work, we should use music with happy, gentle, joyful tones and urgent rhythms to create a happy, urgent mood for a working day.

+ At the beginning of the working period, use light, cheerful music with a slow rhythm at first and gradually increase to a level suitable for the high rhythm of production to stimulate workers to gradually increase the working rhythm.

+ During the stable working period, you should use soft, smooth, and gentle music with a steady beat that matches the high production rhythm to maintain the ability.

work high

+ During the stage of fatigue, we should use soft, gentle music with a rhythm that tends to decrease gradually following the decreasing trend of the labor rhythm, but must be slightly higher than that decreasing labor rhythm.

+ At the end of the working day, you should use strong, exciting, lively, cheerful, and relaxing music to create a happy, proud, and relaxed mood after a day of work.

+ During breaks, you should use soft, cheerful, relaxing, and gentle music to help workers quickly recover physiological functions that have been exhausted during production.

- Second, the amount of time playing music during the working day: According to American researchers, playing music for 1 hour a day will increase productivity by 11%, while playing music for 5 hours a day will only increase labor productivity by 3%. From these studies, labor psychologists have agreed on the amount and level of music playing as follows:

+ The amount of time to play music in a working day is from 1 hour to 2.5 hours depending on the specific conditions and decided within that range.

+ The optimal music playback time is 15 - 25 minutes and should not exceed 30 minutes per playback.

- Third, types of music that should not be used in production: Psychological researchers have pointed out types of music that should not be used in production such as:

+ Music with strong feelings and high rhythm such as rock music, jazz music.

+ Music with lyrics and songs are popular in society because they distract the listener's thoughts.

+ Sad, mournful music with slow rhythm.

- Fourth, music rotation in production: Researchers believe that we need to rotate different types of music in certain stages. We should not play a certain song too many times, it will cause boredom. Each song should only be played 2-3 times a week and should be stopped after a long period of time.

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY

- Psychological basis of the process of division of labor and labor cooperation;

- Psychological basis for building a reasonable work and rest regime

- Aesthetic psychology in production

QUESTIONS, DISCUSSION SITUATIONS CHAPTER 2

Question 1: What are the basic requirements of labor psychology for division of labor and cooperation?

A. Ensuring independence in operations

B. Ensure initiative in work

C. Ensuring creativity in work

D. Ensure interest in work

E. Ensure promotion for employees

F. All of the above

Question 2: The following formula is used to calculate reasonable rest time?

A. True

B. False

CHAPTER 3: PSYCHOLOGY OF WORK SAFETY

Introduction to Chapter 3

This chapter helps students to be aware of the origin of incidents and accidents, understand the role of occupational psychology in occupational safety. Know how to apply measures to prevent occupational accidents at work.

Target

 Present the role of labor psychology, the origin of incidents and accidents.

 Present measures to prevent occupational accidents.

 Apply measures to prevent occupational accidents at work.

TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS CHAPTER 3

- For teachers: use active teaching methods (lecture, question and answer, problem-based teaching); ask students to do discussion questions and exercises in chapter 3 (individually or in groups).

- For learners: actively read the textbook (chapter 3) before class; complete all discussion questions and case studies of chapter 3 individually or in groups and submit them to the teacher on time.

CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF CHAPTER 3

- Specialized classrooms/workshops: No

- Equipment: Projectors and other teaching equipment

- Learning materials, tools, and supplies: Course curriculum, textbooks, reference materials, lesson plans, movies, and related documents.

- Other conditions: None

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW AND EVALUATION

- Content:

Knowledge: Test and evaluate all content stated in the knowledge objectives

Skills: Review and evaluate all content stated in the skill objective

Autonomy and responsibility: During the learning process, learners need to:

+ Study the lesson before coming to class

+ Prepare full learning materials.

+ Participate in full course duration.

+ Serious in learning process.

- Method:

Regular check points: none

Periodic theory test: none

CHAPTER 3 CONTENTS

THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN WORK SAFETY.

Any industrial facility is understood as a system. Due to the application of a specific technical program for each specific system, its components (human - machine - environment) have relationships with each other depending on the set purpose. The interaction between the components shows the operation of the system. People have proposed two systems of indicators to determine the quality of the system's operation: direct indicators that determine the results of desired actions and indirect indicators that affect the results of unwanted actions. Based on the above indicators, it is possible to determine whether the system is operating normally or not. Of course, direct indicators reflect the achieved purpose of the system, while indirect indicators are shown as problems that affect the achievement of the set purpose. From a systemic perspective, a malfunction is an undesirable phenomenon that manifests itself as activities that deviate from predetermined programs, reducing the effectiveness of activities and hindering the achievement of predetermined goals. Any malfunction has certain causes and consequences. In terms of its consequences, a sudden phenomenon can be considered a malfunction. In terms of its causes or origins, a malfunction can be the consequence of another malfunction, which in turn is the cause. Here, based on the consequences, whether more or less serious, people divide malfunctions into two types: incidents and work accidents. Work accidents are an indicator of a small-scale malfunction, manifested in a slight production stoppage, and workers or businesses spend little money to adjust, which will be quickly overcome so that the system can operate normally. An occupational accident is an undesirable output of the system, an indicator or a sign of a major malfunction in the system, expressed by a heavy and serious loss of people, machines or labor objects. The loss of people is at the lowest level of injuries and at the highest level of death. The loss of machinery is at the highest level of serious machine failure requiring a stop for repair. The loss of labor objects is at the highest level of the elimination of the entire damaged labor objects. When an occupational accident occurs, production must stop and the enterprise must spend a large amount of money to overcome the consequences.

All system failures are unsafe phenomena in labor. Therefore, labor safety is the process of eliminating incidents and labor accidents to protect production and workers. In reality, incidents and labor accidents are a major loss for businesses in terms of people and property, affecting the efficiency of business operations. Normally, to prevent incidents and labor accidents, businesses need to pay attention to the following three major issues:

- One is the labor discipline regulations and labor safety regulations.

- Second is the abnormal psychological manifestations of workers during the working process.

- Third is the quality of machinery, equipment, tools, and labor used in production.

In fact, research by occupational psychologists shows that incidents and occupational accidents are mainly related to human psychological problems (70-80%). Therefore, a thorough study of occupational safety psychology will help us have effective solutions to prevent incidents and occupational accidents from occurring. Occupational safety psychology plays an extremely important role for businesses, as shown in the following points:

- Reduce costs to fix incidents and work accidents such as: costs to repair machinery and equipment, costs of loss of raw materials, costs due to production delays, costs for days off, costs for treating workers, costs for damaged products...

- Protect workers against injuries to workers caused by accidents, especially preventing death and disability.

- Creates a sense of security, peace, and stability in work and helps workers to be enthusiastic and creative, contributing to increased productivity.

With such an important role, businesses need to pay due attention to labor safety, providing both basic and long-term solutions as well as urgent solutions to ensure labor safety.

ORIGIN OF WORK ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS.

To have effective solutions to prevent incidents and occupational accidents, we need to fully study their origins. Labor psychology researchers have collected and analyzed a large number of incidents and occupational accidents and have pointed out the following six groups of causes leading to incidents and occupational accidents:

3.2.1 Individual differences:

People are born different and combined with different living and development conditions, they have many big differences. In labor, workers gather in groups and perform relatively similar types of labor. Therefore, the difference between individuals is a big factor leading to incidents and labor accidents. That difference is shown in the following factors:

- First: differences in gender psychology: Researcher Deborah Sheppard has proposed the following theory of differences in male-female identity:

Male Identity

Female Identity
Logic	Intuition
Reasonable	Emotional
Dynamic	Obey
Bold	Ability to judge others
Use strategy	Spontaneous
Independence	Motherly love
Competitive	Cooperate
The leader and the decider	Supporters and Loyalties

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• Mobile Phone Usage in Hanoi Inner City Area zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gsconsumer,consumption,consumer behavior,marketing,mobile marketing zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts - Test the relationship between demographic variables and consumer behavior for Mobile Marketing activities The analysis method used is the Chi-square test (χ2), with statistical hypotheses H0 and H1 and significance level α = 0.05. In case the P index (p-value) or Sig. index in SPSS has a value less than or equal to the significance level α, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and vice versa. With this testing procedure, the study can evaluate the difference in behavioral trends between demographic groups. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS During two months, 1,100 survey questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone users in the inner city of Hanoi using various methods such as direct interviews, sending via email or using questionnaires designed on the Internet. At the end of the survey, after checking and eliminating erroneous questionnaires, the study collected 858 complete questionnaires, equivalent to a rate of about 78%. In addition, the research subjects of the thesis are only people who are using mobile phones, so people who do not use mobile phones are not within the scope of the thesis, therefore, the questionnaires with the option of not using mobile phones were excluded from the scope of analysis. The number of suitable survey questionnaires included in the statistical analysis was 835. 4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample The structure of the survey sample is divided and statistically analyzed according to criteria such as gender, age, occupation, education level and personal income. (Detailed statistical table in Appendix 6) - Gender structure: Of the 835 completed questionnaires, 49.8% of respondents were male, equivalent to 416 people, and 50.2% were female, equivalent to 419 people. The survey results of the study are completely consistent with the gender ratio in the population structure of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular (Male/Female: 49/51). - Age structure: 36.6% of respondents are <23 years old, equivalent to 306 people. People from 23-34 years old accounting for the highest proportion: 44.8% equivalent to 374 people, people aged 35-45 and >45 are 70 and 85 people equivalent to 8.4% and 10.2% respectively. Looking at the results of this survey, we can see that the young people - youth account for a large proportion of the total number of people participating in the survey. Meanwhile, the middle-aged people including two age groups of 35 - 45 and >45 have a low rate of participation in the survey. This is completely consistent with the reality when Mobile Marketing is identified as a Marketing service aimed at young people (people under 35 years old). - Structure by educational level: among 835 valid responses, 541 respondents had university degrees, accounting for the highest proportion of ~ 75%, 102 had secondary school degrees, ~ 13.1%, and 93 had post-graduate degrees, ~ 11.9%. - Occupational structure: office workers and civil servants are the group with the highest rate of participation with 39.4%, followed by students with 36.6%. Self-employed people account for 12%, retired housewives are 7.8% and other occupational groups account for 4.2%. The survey results show that the student group has the same rate as the group aged <23 at 36.6%. This shows the accuracy of the survey data. In addition, the survey results distributed by occupational criteria have a rate almost similar to the sample division rate in chapter 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the survey data is suitable for use in analysis activities. - Income structure: the group with income from 3 to 5 million has the highest rate with 39% of the total number of respondents. This is consistent with the income structure of Hanoi people and corresponds to the average income of the group of civil servants and office workers. Those People with no income account for 23%, income under 3 million VND accounts for 13% and income over 5 million VND accounts for 25%. 4.2 Mobile phone usage in Hanoi inner city area According to the survey results, most respondents said they had used the phone for more than 1 year, specifically: 68.4% used mobile phones from 4 to 10 years, 23.2% used from 1 to 3 years, 7.8% used for more than 10 years. Those who used mobile phones for less than 1 year accounted for only a very small proportion of ~ 0.6%. (Table 4.1) Table 4.1: Time spent using mobile phones Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Alid <1 year 5 .6 .6 .6 1-3 years 194 23.2 23.2 23.8 4-10 years 571 68.4 68.4 92.2 >10 years 65 7.8 7.8 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The survey indexes on the time of using mobile phones of consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very impressive for a developing country like Vietnam and also prove that Vietnamese consumers have a lot of experience using this high-tech device. Moreover, with the majority of consumers surveyed having a relatively long time of use (4-10 years), it partly proves that mobile phones have become an important and essential item in people's daily lives. When asked about the mobile phone network they are using, 31% of respondents said they are using the network of Vietel company, 29% use the network of of Mobifone company, 27% use Vinaphone company's network and 13% use networks of other providers such as E-VN telecom, S-fone, Beeline, Vietnammobile. (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1: Mobile phone network in use Compared with the announced market share of mobile telecommunications service providers in Vietnam (Vietel: 36%, Mobifone: 29%, Vinaphone: 28%, the remaining networks: 7%), we see that the survey results do not have many differences. However, the statistics show that there is a difference in the market share of other networks because the Hanoi market is one of the two main markets of small networks, so their market share in this area will certainly be higher than that of the whole country. According to a report by NielsenMobile (2009) [8], the number of prepaid mobile phone subscribers in Hanoi accounts for 95% of the total number of subscribers, however, the results of this survey show that the percentage of prepaid subscribers has decreased by more than 20%, only at 70.8%. On the contrary, the number of postpaid subscribers tends to increase from 5% in 2009 to 19.2%. Those who are simultaneously using both types of subscriptions account for 10%. (Table 4.2). Table 4.2: Types of mobile phone subscribers Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Prepay 591 70.8 70.8 70.8 Pay later 160 19.2 19.2 89.9 Both of the above 84 10.1 10.1 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The above figures show the change in the psychology and consumption habits of Vietnamese consumers towards mobile telecommunications services, when the use of prepaid subscriptions and junk SIMs is replaced by the use of two types of subscriptions for different purposes and needs or switching to postpaid subscriptions to enjoy better customer care services. In addition, the majority of respondents have an average spending level for mobile phone services from 100 to 300 thousand VND (406 ~ 48.6% of total respondents). The high spending level (> 500 thousand VND) is the spending level with the lowest number of people with only 8.4%, on the contrary, the low spending level (under 100 thousand VND) accounts for the second highest proportion among the groups of respondents with 25.4%. People with low spending levels mainly fall into the group of students and retirees/housewives - those who have little need to use or mainly use promotional SIM cards. (Table 4.3). Table 4.3: Spending on mobile phone charges Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <100,000 212 25.4 25.4 25.4 100-300,000 406 48.6 48.6 74.0 300,000-500,000 147 17.6 17.6 91.6 >500,000 70 8.4 8.4 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The statistics in Table 4.3 are similar to the percentages in the NielsenMobile survey results (2009) with 73% of mobile phone users having medium spending levels and only 13% having high spending levels. The survey results also showed that up to 31% ~ nearly one-third of respondents said they sent more than 10 SMS messages/day, meaning that on average they sent 1 SMS message for every working hour. Those with an average SMS message volume (from 3 to 10 messages/day) accounted for 51.1% and those with a low SMS message volume (less than 3 messages/day) accounted for 17%. (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Number of SMS messages sent per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 142 17.0 17.0 17.0 3-10 news 427 51.1 51.1 68.1 >10 news 266 31.9 31.9 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 Similar to sending messages, those with an average message receiving rate (from 3-10 messages/day) accounted for the highest percentage of ~ 55%, followed by those with a high number of messages (over 10 messages/day) ~ 24% and those with a low number of messages received daily (under 3 messages/day) remained at the bottom with 21%. (Table 4.5) Table 4.5: Number of SMS messages received per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 175 21.0 21.0 21.0 3-10 news 436 55.0 55.0 76.0 >10 news 197 24.0 24.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 When comparing the data of the two result tables 4.4 and 4.5, we can see the reasonableness between the ratio of the number of messages sent and the number of messages received daily by the interview participants. 4.3 Current status of SMS advertising and Mobile Marketing According to the interview results, in the 3 months from the time of the survey and before, 94% of respondents, equivalent to 785 people, said they received advertising messages, while only a very small percentage of 6% (only 50 people) did not receive advertising messages (Table 4.6). Table 4.6: Percentage of people receiving advertising messages in the last 3 months Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Have 785 94.0 94.0 94.0 Are not 50 6.0 6.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The results of Table 4.6 show that consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very familiar with advertising messages. This result is also the basis for assessing the knowledge, experience and understanding of the respondents in the interview. This is also one of the important factors determining the accuracy of the survey results. In addition, most respondents said they had received promotional messages, but only 24% of them had ever taken the action of registering to receive promotional messages, while 76% of the remaining respondents did not register to receive promotional messages but still received promotional messages every day. This is the first sign indicating the weaknesses and shortcomings of lax management of this activity in Vietnam. 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• Male characters in Luc Van Tien read according to gender theory - 16
• Inspectorate of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs Theory, current situation and solutions - 16
• Ensuring the rights of female workers under Vietnamese labor law - 9
• Male characters in Luc Van Tien read according to gender theory - 6

Table 3.1: Male-Female Identity Difference Theories

The above differences in identity have led to different psychological actions between the two sexes and that psychological expression in different activities such as:

+ For men, they often show strong competitiveness, great dynamism, creativity, boldness and physical strength in work. However, men also show major weaknesses such as: carelessness in work, sloppiness in activities, impatience and lack of confidence. Low perseverance.

+ For women, good personalities include: carefulness, meticulousness, diligence in work, neatness and tidiness in activities, high psychological endurance, and high perseverance in work. But women also reveal weaknesses such as: contentment in work, lack of competitiveness, love and care for each other, and being easy-going with each other.

With that difference, the rate of incidents and occupational accidents in women is much lower than that of men. According to statistics from Germany, Poland, and Hungary, for every 1,000 male workers, there are 71.9 cases of incidents and occupational accidents, while for every 1,000 female workers, there are only 41.5 cases. With the above difference, scientific labor organization needs to arrange work in accordance with gender characteristics to help reduce incidents and occupational accidents. In particular, the division of labor between men and women is interwoven to coordinate and support each other to reduce incidents and occupational accidents.

- Second: the difference in work experience: Work experience is expressed as the number of times the work is repeated in assigned jobs over time. The greater the level of repetition of work activities, the more work experience the worker has. Work experience depends on the following two factors: the frequency of repetition of work activities, and the working time (in years). Labor psychology researchers believe that the higher the proficiency in work, the fewer work accidents and incidents, and vice versa, the lower the proficiency in work, the higher the work accidents and incidents. Hungarian psychologists I.Balintơ and M.Murani calculated that in 1960, workers with less than one year of experience accounted for 41.5% of work accidents and incidents, while in 1961, one year later, this rate was 37.7%. With the above conclusion, scientific labor organizers need to alternate between types of labor with different labor experiences to complement each other and supervise each other in labor.

- Third: age differences: Psychologists have studied the psychology of working age and come to the following conclusion:

+ The older the working age, the more complete their personality and they tend to think more maturely and have a higher responsibility for life.

+ The older the working age, the more careful and confident people are in their work activities.

+ The older the working age, the more responsibility individuals have to shoulder in life, therefore, they are more conscious of preserving themselves.

+ In situations facing danger, people of older working age are often more experienced and calmer, more confident in handling the situation.

From the above conclusion, labor psychologists have pointed out that at a young age, workers sometimes rely on their strength and disregard danger, and are subjective in their actions, so the possibility of incidents and work accidents is higher. When they are older, they perform their work more carefully, more maturely, think carefully and implement labor protection more often, so the possibility of incidents and work accidents is lower. According to the US National Safety Council, drivers under the age of 25 are twice as likely to have an accident as drivers over the age of 25. From the above conclusion, labor organizations need to combine the arrangement of high- and low-skilled workers to create supervision and mutual assistance when necessary.

- Fourth: different career trends: Career trends are shown through the index of interest in career and work. In reality, workers work in different conditions and circumstances, subject to