Hai Duong Cultural Geography and Tourism Development Resources.

CHAPTER 2

CURRENT STATE OF RESOURCE EXPLOITATION AND

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN HAI DUONG

2.1 Hai Duong cultural geography and tourism development resources.

2.1.1 Some general information about Hai Duong province Geographical location

Hai Duong is a province located in the center of the Red River Delta with a natural area of ≈ 1,647.52km 2 , population in 2008 was 1,723,319 people, population density

1,044.26 people/km2 . The province consists of 11 districts and 1 city, Hai Duong city.

The province is located in geographical coordinates from 20 o 36 ' North →21 o 33' North, 106 o 3 ' East →

106 o 36 ' East.

North borders Bac Ninh province, Northeast borders Quang Ninh province, East borders Hai Phong city

Bordering Thai Binh province to the South and Hung Yen province to the Southwest

Hai Duong is located in the center of the Northern tourist region, in the dynamic triangle of tourism growth in Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh. This tourist route, whether by railway, river or car, all passes through Hai Duong province. From there, we can see the transit position of Hai Duong for the tourist center of Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh.

National Highway No. 5 and the railway line connecting Hanoi with Hai Phong port run throughout the province. In particular, Hai Duong city - the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technical center of the province is located on National Highway No. 5, 45 km east of Hai Phong, 57 km west of Hanoi, and 80 km from Ha Long city. This is a favorable condition for the transportation of goods as well as tourists.

National Highway 18 connecting Hanoi - Bac Ninh - Ha Long also passes through Hai Duong with a length of 20km, especially passing through the historical sites of Bac Ninh province and Con Son - Kiep Bac. Convenient for building tourist routes between the two provinces.

Hai Duong is also located in the main waterway system of the delta region, especially the Thai Binh River system, which meets the Duong River at Pha Lai River, creating favorable conditions for tourists who want to visit by river. Tourists can take a canoe from Hanoi along the Duong River to Pha Lai to visit Con Son - Kiep Bac, then follow the Thai Binh River, Kinh Mon River to Kinh Chu - Cao Temple or go down the Kinh Thay River to Nhi Chieu area to visit the cave system and pagodas. From Nhi Chieu, tourists can continue to Ha Long Bay - a world natural heritage by water.

Thus, Hai Duong has a favorable location for tourism activities.

History of formation

Hai Duong is a land with a long history of formation and development. According to the results of research on archaeological sites excavated in Hai Duong from the Stone Age, people have lived in Hai Duong. Through excavations in Kinh Thay River (Kim Mon), people have found relics from 3000-4000 years ago. In Tu Thong, Ngoc Uyen, Dong Nien (Hai Duong city), tombs were also found, including burial relics made of ceramic from the Hung King period.

In 1965, a bronze drum was found in Huu Chung village (Tu Ky) dating back about 2,500 years.

The above excavation results have partly reflected the rich and diverse material and spiritual life of ancient Vietnamese residents living in the ancient land of Hai Duong.

Hai Duong is a land adjacent to the ancient capital of Thang Long, stretching from the East Sea coast (in the past, there was sea, mountains, rivers...). Throughout the history from the founding of the country until now, Hai Duong has had different names:

During the Hung King period, it belonged to Duong Tuyen tribe.

During the first period of resistance against the North, it was An Dinh district. During the time of Khuc Thua Du (906), it was Hong Chau district.

During the Ly - Tran Dynasty, it was called Nam Sach road, Hong road.

During the Le Dynasty, it was called Thua Tuyen Nam Sach. In the 10th year of Quang Thuan (1469), during the reign of King Le Thanh Tong, it was changed to Thua Tuyen Hai Duong. At the end of the Le Dynasty, it was changed to Hai Duong envoy.

During the Nguyen Dynasty, under King Minh Mang, in 1831, Hai Duong province was established (called Dong province) including 3 prefectures with 17 districts.

When it was first established, Hai Duong was a large province covering from Binh Giang to Thuy Nguyen. During the reign of King Dong Khanh (1888), some communes of Thuy Nguyen and Tien Lang districts were gradually separated from Hai Duong province to form Hai Phong province.

During the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam), in 1952 Vinh Bao district was merged into Kien An, in 1960 Dong Trieu district was merged into Hong Quang. Therefore, from 1960 onwards, Hai Duong only had 11 districts and 1 town.

In March 1968, Hai Duong province merged with Hung Yen province to form Hai Hung province, including 20 districts and 2 towns, with the capital located in Hai Duong town.

In 1997, Hai Hung was divided into 2 provinces: Hai Duong and Hung Yen. Hai Duong province currently has 1 city (Hai Duong city) and 11 districts: Chi Linh, Nam Sach, Thanh Ha, Kim Mon, Kim Thanh, Gia Loc, Tu Ky, Cam Giang, Binh Giang, Thanh Mien, Ninh Giang.

2.1.2 Potential tourism resources of Hai Duong.

2.1.2.1 Natural tourism resources

a. Terrain

The terrain of Hai Duong is divided into two distinct parts:

The delta has an area of 1,466.3 km2 , accounting for 89% of the province's natural land area deposited by the alluvium of the Thai Binh River, including the districts of Cam Giang,

Nam Sach, Thanh Ha, Kim Thanh, Hai Duong city, Gia Loc, Tu Ky, Ninh Giang, Thanh Mien and part of the area of two provinces Kim Mon and Chi Linh.

In general, the plain terrain is relatively flat, monotonous, the land is quite fertile, although it has no value for tourism development, but it also creates a lyrical ink painting. This is also a very early settlement, so it has created many architectural works: communal houses, temples, pagodas, shrines and is also a place to provide food, food, and specialties to serve the eating needs of tourists.

Low mountainous area: has an area of 181.22km2 , accounting for 11% of the natural area.

of the province belongs to two districts Chi Linh and Kim Mon. This is an area formed on the regenerated mountains with Mesozoic sedimentary geology. During the neotectonic movement, it was uplifted with medium to weak intensity. The main mountain direction runs in the Northwest - Southeast direction. The terrain is quite strongly dissected, the mountain peaks over 500m high are covered with forests.

The terrain has beautiful scenery, valuable for Hai Duong's tourism activities.

Mountainous terrain:

The Chi Linh mountain range is high in the North, gradually decreasing to the South. The North of the district is the Huyen Dinh mountain range running in the Northwest - Southeast direction, with an average height of 300 m, with some peaks over 500 m high, the highest being Day Dieu peak 618 m, Deo Che 533 m, Dai Mountain 508 m. The terrain is complexly divided, with many streams flowing down to Luc Dau and Ben Tam lake. This mountain range is also covered with many forests with many precious species of creatures.

Con Son - Kiep Bac mountainous area: Although the terrain is not high, there are many mountain peaks that can be viewed from a panoramic view, such as Con Son peak, nearly 200m high (commonly known as Ban Co Tien), from here you can see the whole view of Con Son and the neighboring mountains. Ngu Nhac mountain (238m), Nam Tao mountain, Bac Dau mountain are all valuable places for tourism activities.

Yen Phu mountain range (Kim Mon) has a Northwest - Southeast direction with a length of 14km, running almost parallel to National Highway 5. The mountain range has many small peaks with famous passes: Mong Pass, Khe Gao, Khe Tai, Khe Da, the highest peak is Yen Phu 246m. Although Yen Phu mountain range is not high, because it is located close to low and flat plains, it still has a majestic appearance.

Karst terrain:

The Karst terrain of Hai Duong is located in the territory of 5 communes: Hoanh Son, Tan Dan, Duy Tan, Phu Thu, Minh Tan in Nhi Chieu area (32 caves) and in Duong Nham mountain range in Pham Menh commune, Kim Mon district. This area has no veins, the long limestone mountain ranges are usually scattered hills in the form of residual mountains, mostly marble crystalline limestone, with vertical walls. The intense Karst process has created unique Karst terrains: jagged residual blocks of cat ear rocks and cave systems. There are beautiful caves that are scenic spots of the country: Kinh Chu Cave (Nam Thien De Luc Dong), Ham Long Pagoda Cave, Tam Long Cave...

The Karst cave system in Kim Mon is also associated with the heroic historical vestiges of the Tran Hung Dao army that defeated the Yuan-Mongol army three times. There are caves that still preserve many steles of many centuries such as Kinh Chu cave (40 steles), Ham Long pagoda cave (7 steles left).

The natural landscape combined with the cultural landscape in the Karst caves in Kinmen further increases the attractiveness of this type of terrain and it has become an attractive tourist destination of Hai Duong.

The mountainous terrain and caves in Hai Duong are suitable for organizing sightseeing, resort and camping tours.

b. Climate

The climate of Hai Duong has the common characteristics of the climate of Northern Vietnam, which is a tropical monsoon climate with a very typical cold winter.

Hai Duong climate has great potential for heat and humidity. Every year, Hai Duong territory receives a large amount of heat from the sun, the total radiant energy exceeds 100Kcal/cm2 / year, the radiation balance exceeds 70Kcal/cm2 / year. The number of sunshine hours is from 1600 - 1800h/year, the average temperature is 23.3 o C, there are 8 months with an average temperature above 20 o C, the total operating temperature of the whole year is 8500 o C.

Hai Duong's climate is quite humid: average relative humidity ranges from 80-90%, average annual rainfall from 1400-1700mm, with 6 months of rainfall.

>100mm and only 2 months with approximately 20mm of rain.

The combination of terrain and Northeast-Southwest monsoon circulation has divided Hai Duong climate into two climatic zones: semi-mountainous zone and plain zone. However, the difference between these two climatic zones is not really clear. This is shown through the rainfall and temperature regimes.

In the two territories, the temperature regime is shown as follows: Table 1: Temperature distribution by region of Hai Duong

Climate zone

Average annual temperature ( o C)	Average January temperature ( o C)	Average temperature in July ( oC )
Sell mountain land	23.3	15-16	28-29
Plain	23.3	16-17	28-29

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The temperature regime in the two climate zones of Hai Duong is differentiated into two distinct seasons: winter and summer. In winter, the average temperature in the semi-mountainous region is about 1 o C lower than that in the plains. The annual amplitude of the plains is 12 o C, and that of the semi-mountainous region is 13 o C.

The amount of rainfall during the year is divided into two distinct seasons:

The rainy season starts from late April to mid-October, with rainfall accounting for 80-85% of the annual rainfall. The light rainy season starts from mid-October to late April, with rainfall accounting for only 15-20% of the annual rainfall.

Table 2: Average monthly and annual rainfall at some stations (mm).T

Month

Station

year

Will

Sacred

16.6

18.5

28.8

96.9

163.9

244.9

284.7

289.1

235.5

105.5

30.4

14.0

1528.5

Sea

Positive

20.1

25.1

37.7

96.9

99.3

228.3

237.8

294.9

225.3

131.7

45.4

19.6

1561.9

According to Indian scholars, Hai Duong's climate resources are considered quite suitable for tourism activities.

In general, Hai Duong's climate is favorable for tourism activities in most months of the year. However, there are some months (July, August, September) where storms often occur, which hinders tourism.

c. Water source

Water resources are divided into two types: surface water and groundwater. Surface water includes: rivers, streams, ponds, lakes.

Hai Duong's river network is quite dense with 700km of river routes and is evenly distributed throughout the province. The main streams of the Thai Binh river system (downstream) flow in the Northwest - Southeast direction. The main Thai Binh stream flows in Hai Duong for 63km and is divided into 3 branches: Kinh Thay river, Gua river, Mia river. The main Kinh Thay branch is divided into 3 other branches: Kinh Thay, Kinh Mon, Rang river. The Thai Binh river connects with the Red river via Duong river and Luoc river.

These rivers have the characteristics of wide channels and small slopes, which are of great value for transportation. For tourism activities, the Thai Binh River system combined with the Red River has great significance because this is the main waterway system of the Northern Delta region.

Streams: mainly in the Chi Linh mountain area with small murmuring streams: Da Bac stream, Con Son stream...

Hai Duong also has many beautiful and large lakes such as Ben Tam Lake (35ha), Tien Son Lake (50ha), Mat Son Lake (30ha), Binh Giang Lake (45ha), Bach Dang Lake (17ha), An Duong Lake (10ha)...

Groundwater: Hai Duong's underground water resources are very abundant, enough to meet the needs of tourism exploitation at the following locations: typically the mineral water source in Thach Khoi (Gia Loc). In the semi-mountainous area, the underground water is a little deeper but the water is clean and cool, very suitable for the needs of tourists.

d. Biology

Plants

In Hai Duong, the most important biological resource is Chi Linh forest with an area of 1,300 hectares, mainly concentrated in Hoang Hoa Tham commune. Currently, through investigation, 117 families, 304 genera and 400 species have been identified.

There are 103 types of timber trees and 128 types of medicinal plants, accounting for 38% of the total existing plants.

There are 9 types of rare plants: fig, green lim, flower lat, rau sang, 5-leaf den, chan chim, gu lau, dai hai, coral.

In Con Son there is Ma Vi pine forest, some trees are several centuries old. Besides pine, there are sim, bamboo, reed, peony...

Currently, Hai Duong has built Con Son Botanical Garden with an area of 26 hectares with 136 native tree species. In addition to natural forests being restored, protected and developed, newly planted forests are also of interest with Project 327, which has greened many bare hills.

Plants grown in the province include lychee gardens in Chi Linh and Thanh Ha, with thousands of lychee trees planted in gardens, hills, along both sides of rivers, canals, and ditches. Attracting visitors to enjoy the specialty lychee.

Animal

Wild animals are not few in species but there are also rare species.

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