Group of Indicators Showing the Impact of Tourism Development on Livelihood Resources

Step 2: Standardize data

The data are measured according to different systems and have different units, therefore, they need to be standardized to be independent of the units as well as to consider the positive-negative relationship between the factors. The thesis applies the dimension elimination method used in the UNDP Human Development Index Report (2007) to standardize the data:

(2.1)

In there:

(2.2)

- Formula 2.1 is used for positive factors, formula 2.2 is used for negative factors;

- is the normalized value of Xij;

- Xij are the original values (real values) of the i-th constituent element of society j;

- MinX ij and MaxX ij are the smallest and largest values of the data series ij, respectively.

In this method, the normalization process is performed for the lowest level of data, which is the constituent elements, the data will be normalized to lie in the range of 0 to 1.

Step 3: Calculate the main factors

The value of the main factor will be the average of the constituent factors (after being standardized) and is calculated based on formula 2.3 below:

∑

In there:

MC is the value of each main element ;

(2.3)

N is the number of constituent elements belonging to that main element;

X ij is the standardized value of the i-th component of the jth commune.

Step 4: Calculate the livelihood impact index:

∑

(2.4)

In there:

R C is the H/N/F/P/S of each commune;

Mi is the value of the first principal factor determined in formula 2.3

W Mi is the number of constituent elements that make up the ith main element/weight of the main element.

Once the funding sources are identified, LEI is calculated using the following formula:

∑

In there:

LEI: livelihood impact index of the studied commune and ward

R ci is the value of livelihood capital calculated in formula 2.4;

is the number of elements that make up the i-th main element of each commune/weight of the main element

The LEI value ranges from 0 (minimum impact) to 1 (maximum impact).

By referring to previous studies, the thesis classifies the level of influence as follows:

Table 3.5. LEI Livelihood Impact Classification

Value range

LEI Livelihood Impact Classification
0 – < 0.25	Short
0.25 – < 0.5	Medium
0.5 – < 0.75	High
0.75 – 1	Very high

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Source: Urothody et al. (2010); González & Bertran (2013); Sattar et al. (2017)

3.3.3.4. Cluster analysis method

This method is the name of a group of multivariate techniques whose main objective is to classify units based on some of their characteristics. This method is used in this thesis to identify and classify objects that belong to the same similar cluster. The extent to which farming households participate in tourism and the income they earn from tourism varies greatly. Four groups of households can be drawn depending on the proportion of income from tourism in the total household income.

To interpret the clusters, Y values describing the deviation between the cluster mean and the overall mean are calculated as follows:

Y = (X K – X)/X

Anton Van Rompaey & cs. (2019) With X K = mean of variable x in cluster k,

X = mean of variable x.

A Y value > 0 indicates that a particular variable has a score higher than the mean score. For each household group, using the Mann–Whitney–

Wilcoxon, livelihood capital status, livelihood outcomes of household clusters

family compared differences.

3.3.3.5. Discriminant analysis method

In this study, discriminant analysis model is used to analyze the differences between different household groups. The model can be written as follows:

D = b 0 + b i X i With:

D: Differential

b: coefficient or discriminant weight X: independent variable

In which, X is the variable representing the characteristics of the research groups. In this study, variable X represents the resources of the groups, such as: human (education, number of trained workers), natural (household land area, water source used, household has enough water for daily use), material (type of house, type of toilet used), financial (income, loans, loan amount, savings), social (group participation, relationship with neighbors).

3.3.4. System of basic analysis indicators

3.3.4.1. Group of indicators showing the impact of tourism development on livelihood resources

Livelihood capital indicators were compared before and after local tourism activities.

a. Natural resource indicators

- Changes in land area and structure;

- Change in average agricultural land area (by household, population, labor);

- Change water source used.

b. Human resource indicators

- Total number of employees, change in labor structure by occupation;

- Rate of trained workers;

- Percentage of workers participating in tourism activities;

- Percentage of households working for hire or owning tourism businesses;

- Labor quality: Qualifications of household head, vocational training of household head, main worker, qualification of main worker, vocational training of main worker .

c. Financial resource indicators group

- Household income sources, income structure;

- Ratio of income from tourism activities to total income;

- Amount and rate of loan;

- Access to loans;

- Household capital structure according to livelihood activities.

d. Material resources

- Total number of medical stations, schools, markets;

- Total kilometers of concreted roads, ratio of concreted kilometers of roads according to capital sources;

- Change the quality of housing, assets for production, assets for living.

e. Social resources

- Percentage of households participating in socio-economic organizations;

- Percentage of households participating in local interest groups and clubs.

3.3.4.2. Group of indicators on livelihood strategies

- Percentage of households whose livelihood activities are tourism;

- Change in the number of household livelihood activities;

- Changing the structure of farming households according to livelihood activities;

- Percentage of households changing farming methods;

- Number of workers migrating or returning to their locality to work;

- Few livelihood activities rely on natural resources.

3.3.4.3. Group of indicators on livelihood outcomes

- Percentage of farming households increasing income from tourism activities;

- Risk ratio is minimized in livelihood activities;

- People's assessment of: stability of livelihood activities;

- People's assessment of changes in the quality of water, air and land resources.

SUMMARY OF PART 3

Part 3 focuses on describing the basic information and characteristics of the research area to see the points related to the research issues, analytical framework and research methods. The research was conducted in Dien Bien province, a mountainous province, with a population mainly of ethnic minorities and limited educational level.

The analytical framework of the thesis is built on the theory of sustainable livelihoods and tourism development. Dien Bien Phu city, Dien Bien district and Muong Nhe district were chosen as the research areas. To synthesize socio-economic information, the author used documents such as reports of departments, branches, scientific articles, books, magazines, and previous studies.

Based on the study of the characteristics of the research area, the primary survey sample was designed to ensure representativeness and randomness for the areas, collecting over 622 farming households surveyed by direct interview method.

The collected data were synthesized and processed on Excel and SPSS software. The author used descriptive statistics, comparison methods, cluster analysis methods, impact analysis methods based on the LEI livelihood impact index, discriminant analysis, Chi_square test method and indicators reflecting the impact of tourism development on farmers' livelihoods.

PART 4. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT SITUATION IN DIEN BIEN PROVINCE AND PARTICIPATION OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN TOURISM SERVICE BUSINESS

4.1.1. Tourism development basis of Dien Bien province

4.1.1.1. Potential for tourism development in Dien Bien province

With a natural area of 9,554.06 km 2 , especially with diverse terrain favored by nature with many beautiful landscapes, Dien Bien has created a rich and attractive natural tourism potential as a basis for the development of many types of tourism such as eco-tourism, entertainment, medical resorts, adventure sports tourism. Besides, there are human tourism resources, material and spiritual values created and preserved by the hands and minds of the solidarity of the ethnic groups of Dien Bien province in the flow of life. These resources include historical - cultural relics, historical - revolutionary relics, traditional crafts, intangible cultural values such as folk arts, festivals... expressing the diverse cultural identity of Dien Bien and are a source of attraction for domestic and foreign tourists to Dien Bien to visit, research and learn.

Table 4.1. Nature-based tourism potential of Dien Bien province

STT

Tourism potential	Location	Type of tourism
1	Pa Khoang Lake	Muong Phang Commune – City Dien Bien Phu	Ecotourism
2	Pa Thom Cave	Pa Thom Commune - District Dien Bien	Ecotourism
3	U Va Hot Spring	Noong Luong Commune – Dien Bien District	Ecotourism + Resort
4	Muong Nhe Nature Reserve	Belonging to the communes: Muong Nhe, Muong Toong, Chung Chai, Sin Thau - Muong Nhe District	Ecotourism + Nature Discovery
5	Song Da Reservoir	Muong Lay Town	Ecotourism + Resort
6	Huoi Pha Lake	Dien Bien Phu City	Ecotourism + resort.
7	Tham Pua Cave	Chieng Dong Commune - District Week of Teaching	Ecotourism + Discovery Travel break

Source: Dien Bien Provincial People's Committee (2017)

Tourists coming to Dien Bien will be able to visit the system of revolutionary historical relics, admire the natural landscape of mountains and forests with white flowers, terraced fields, primeval forests, visit and learn about the culture of ethnic villages and enjoy special dishes, collect souvenirs of the Northwest mountains and forests... This can be considered a valuable tourism resource that attracts tourists to Dien Bien in the local tourism development career.

Besides its advantages in resources, Dien Bien is also known for its landmarks associated with the historic Dien Bien Phu victory.

Table 4.2. Historical tourism potential of Dien Bien province

STT

Tourism potential

Location

Type of tourism

calendar

Dien Bien Phu Victory Relic Complex (A1 Hill, Him Lam Hill, Muong Thanh Bridge; General De Castries' Bunker; Dien Bien Phu Victory Museum; Victory Monument; A1 Cemetery; Independence Cemetery;

Artillery Trail).

Located in: Dien Bien Phu city, Dien Bien district, Muong Ang district, Tuan Giao district

Historical - Cultural Tourism

Revolutionary historical relics Hatred Stele

Noong Nhai enemy

Thanh Xuong Commune –

Dien Bien District

Historical tourism

Muong Phang historical cultural forest + Dien Bien Phu campaign command area of General Vo Nguyen Giap.

Muong Phang Commune – Dien Bien Phu City

Ecotourism

+ Historical tourism

+ Discovery travel

Ban Phu Citadel + Hoang Cong Chat Temple.

Noong Het Commune - Dien Bien District

Historical and cultural tourism

Muong Luan ancient tower.

Muong Luan Commune –

Dien Bien Dong District

Cultural tourism

Dien Bien Phu Victory Celebration

Cover

Dien Bien Province

Historical tourism -

culture

Ban Phu Citadel Festival

Ban Phu Citadel

Cultural tourism

spiritual

Festivals of ethnic minorities:

Tung Con Festival; Ban Flower Festival.

Dien Bien Province

Cultural tourism

experience

Source: Dien Bien Provincial People's Committee (2017)

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