Farmers in the Red River Delta in the context of the fourth industrial revolution - 14

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The cost of paying for VietGAP certification organization is quite large.... It can be seen that implementing VietGAP models is not only a difficulty for Hanoi but also a common situation for many other localities in the region [175].

In the context of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the development of high-tech agricultural models is not commensurate with the potential and strengths of the region. Many clean agricultural and high-tech agricultural projects have been invested with tens or even hundreds of billions of VND but have not brought about economic efficiency, even gone bankrupt, causing serious waste and greatly affecting the lives of local farmers. A typical example is the project to build a garden farm and intensive aquaculture in Dong Quang commune (Quoc Oai district) with a total scale of more than 116 hectares of land approved by the People's Committee of Quoc Oai district since 2007, but up to now, this project is still just a wasteland area. This land is all "rice fields and honey fields" of farmers that were confiscated and left fallow for more than ten years while people have no land to cultivate. In addition, the project of safe vegetable production, preservation and consumption in Dan Phuong district was approved by the Hanoi People's Committee in 2009, but up to now, this is still a suspended project while Hanoi people are waiting for clean vegetables every day. This project was assigned to HADICO as the investor, with a scale of about 84.2 hectares in Dong Thap, Phuong Dinh, Song Phuong communes (Dan Phuong district), with a total investment of more than 103 billion VND, of which the budget capital is more than 52 billion VND, the rest is from the enterprise. The enterprise has invested in building the entire technical infrastructure system for the production area with an area of ​​more than 5.4 thousand m2 in Song Phuong commune. The goal of the project is to build technical infrastructure and advanced technological processes in preservation, consumption, and form a concentrated vegetable production area. From there, this will be the place to supply about 6,000 tons of safe vegetables and fruits/year to the capital and neighboring provinces. The road has been completed, but up to now the project has not been welcomed by the people because the output for safe vegetables is still a challenging problem and farmers cannot keep up because the investment in safe vegetables is high but the sales are as cheap as normal vegetables [187]. Another example is the High-tech Agricultural Project in Khanh Hong Commune (Yen Khanh - Ninh Binh) which was launched in early 2017 but has now completely failed. Currently, the project area of ​​10,000 m2 is only bare concrete pillars, steel wires and damaged water pipes. This model is built in a net house on an area of ​​10,000 m2 , with an automatic sprinkler system and a separate specialized cultivation method. However, after only nearly 1 year of operation, this model has revealed weaknesses and shortcomings. According to local people, it is due to poor management from the project owner.

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There are also some local soil and climate conditions that are not suitable for growing certain types of vegetables, leading to poor productivity [109].

Farmers in the Red River Delta in the context of the fourth industrial revolution - 14

Although entering the digital age, most farmers in the region still face many difficulties in updating market information and consuming agricultural products online. Most farming households in the region cannot afford computers and pay for high-speed internet services. Many farmers do not know how to use computers and do not know how to exploit information on the Internet. Meanwhile, not all commune cultural post offices are equipped with ADSL high-speed internet lines, most still use dial-up connections, and some places do not even have internet connections. In fact, in some places, people have to spend from 4,000 to 6,000 VND for an hour of internet access at public computers, even commune cultural post offices charge people. Most farmers are not familiar with consuming agricultural products through e-commerce platforms and using electronic payments. Therefore, not many farmers participate in this consumption channel. Some households but small quantity, uneven quality, limited packaging and preservation....

- The process of accumulation and concentration of agricultural land in the Red River Delta is slow and ineffective.

The scale and speed of land concentration for high-tech agricultural development in the region are still slow and low.

Currently, in many localities in the Red River Delta, the implementation time for plantation and plot exchange is still prolonged. Some localities have organized the implementation in many phases, and have not completed it after many years. Some places have not been able to implement it due to the lack of consensus of land users with the conversion plan; the number of land plots after land consolidation and plot exchange is still large; re-measurement, issuance and exchange of land use right certificates, house ownership rights and other assets attached to land after land consolidation and plot exchange still face difficulties.

In addition, the agricultural land leasing market is still ineffective due to difficulties in negotiating leases, and in many cases, there is no consensus among the majority of land users. On the other hand, due to fragmented land and low average land area per household, businesses and households in need of land are reluctant to negotiate with land users; individuals and households leasing land are mostly limited to family and relatives.

With the capital contribution model using land use rights, many farmers in the Red River Delta region face difficulties and risks when enterprises are not transparent in their management, farmers are not allowed to participate in the production and business process; enterprises increase their charter capital, causing farmers' capital contribution ratio to decrease. In addition, if enterprises do business

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Ineffective, leading to bankruptcy, farmers are at risk of losing all their assets. Therefore, in reality, farmers in the Red River Delta are not interested in this model. Meanwhile, if capital is contributed by the value of land use rights, the value of that land is assessed very low by enterprises. Many enterprises, when receiving land contributions from farmers, have reported losses for many years and farmers have to share this loss. As a result, after only a few years, many farmers have lost all land use rights to enterprises. Therefore, most farmers are afraid to contribute capital by land use rights because they are afraid of losing their land forever if they have to go through procedures to transfer the right to use to the company. When becoming shareholders, farmers cannot participate in company management because they do not have the skills, and the small amount of capital does not meet the capital ratio of major shareholders. Meanwhile, over 80% of investors in agricultural production choose the form of limited liability companies instead of establishing joint stock companies. Because, if farmers contribute capital with land use rights value, it will not solve the capital shortage of enterprises, but there are too many farmer shareholders participating in enterprises, creating complexity in production and business.

The form of transferring land use rights in rural areas of the Red River Delta. This form will have a huge impact on the economy, society and ensuring the long-term interests of farmers because implementing this form without solving the problem of employment and stable income for farmers will lead to social instability because farmers no longer have land for production and no jobs. The situation of losing land for production, losing livelihoods, and having no jobs leads to an increase in social evils in rural areas.

- Limitations in linking high-tech agricultural production:

In the high-tech agricultural production linkage model of the Red River Delta, the phenomenon of farmers violating the production and consumption linkage contract is quite common. Many farming households, although having signed a contract to receive advance investment from enterprises, are willing to sell to traders or other enterprises to enjoy higher prices when the price of agricultural products on the market increases.

Currently, a large number of farmers in the Red River Delta are still familiar with traditional production methods, not yet in the habit of chain production, the connection between farmers and enterprises lacks sustainability, many contracts are broken, so trust between enterprises and farmers has not been created. Meanwhile, in the agricultural sector, the demand for safe, quality products according to published standards such as VietGAP, GlobalGAP, AseanGAP, Organic standards... is increasing, requiring farming households to

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People need to cooperate and unite to establish cooperative organizations to increase investment capacity to serve production to meet market needs.

Second, there are limitations in promoting the role of farmers in the Red River Delta in implementing grassroots democracy, building a strong political system and maintaining political security and social order and safety in rural areas in the context of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution.

i) Limitations in implementing the Grassroots Democracy Ordinance

In organizing public information for people about the contents of new rural construction, some Party committees, authorities, the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations have not done a good job of propagating and publicizing the contents of the Ordinance on Grassroots Democracy in New Rural Construction; the publicization of the contents of the criteria groups in new rural construction has not been effective. Propaganda and dissemination work has not been carried out regularly, continuously, and lacks depth; propaganda methods are not diverse, not close to real conditions, and not suitable for the psychological characteristics and level of awareness of people in rural areas, leading to many people not understanding the democratic rights stipulated in the Ordinance on Democracy and the contents of the new rural construction program.

In organizing for people to "discuss" in building new rural areas, in some localities in the region, some party committees, authorities, the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations have not organized well for people to participate in discussions, deliberations and contributions of opinions in building new rural areas. Some contents of organizing discussions, deliberations and contributions of opinions have not attracted the attention of the people, the quality of the people's contributions is low such as in planning for infrastructure construction, land use planning, planning for construction of public works; the guidance for people and suggestions for issues that need to be discussed have not been seriously, scientifically and thoughtfully prepared. The drafts, contents, plans, options, processes and measures of the government in building new rural areas have not attracted many opinions and criticisms from the people, especially the discussion, deliberations and contributions of opinions to implement criteria for education, environment and building the political system. A number of cadres and civil servants show signs of lack of democracy, formal democracy, arbitrariness, authoritarianism, bureaucracy, group interests, disrespect and lack of listening to people's opinions; moral degradation, abuse of power, embezzlement, corruption, colluding with each other to conceal information, not carrying out publicity, discussion and consultation. "Sensitive" issues related to infrastructure planning, land use planning, works, projects... and mobilization funds

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Mobilizing capital for investment in construction of transportation, irrigation, cultural facilities... settlement, revenue and expenditure in new rural construction have not been made public for people to participate in discussion, contribute opinions, participate in inspection and supervision.

In organizing people to participate in monitoring new rural construction activities, some localities in the region have not done a good job of organizing people to participate in checking and monitoring groups of criteria in new rural construction such as: Construction planning; socio-economic infrastructure; culture, society, environment and political system, leading to poor quality of new rural construction planning, socio-economic infrastructure construction... not meeting the actual requirements and aspirations of the people. In some localities, capital mobilization for construction of roads, irrigation, cultural facilities, projects, public works... is not public, closely monitored, embezzlement and corruption appear, leading to poor quality projects and public works, causing resentment among the people. For example, monitoring budget estimates and settlements requires in-depth professional knowledge of accounting and finance. Supervision of construction works requires knowledge of construction techniques, reading and understanding blueprints, and understanding of construction technical procedures. Lack of experience and understanding of the field of inspection and supervision are the causes of limitations in inspection and supervision activities. This reduces the effectiveness of supervision and inspection of these committees, creating conditions for selfish activities and corruption of grassroots officials to exist.

ii) Limitations in building rural e-government

In the context of the 4th Industrial Revolution, localities in the Red River Delta have actively implemented the construction of e-government. However, most rural people do not have the habit of online transactions on the Electronic Information Portal at all levels or the Online Public Service Portal, but often transact directly at state agencies. Some applications are still difficult for people, organizations and businesses to use, and there are concerns about information security. Although online administrative procedures bring many practical benefits (reducing travel, performing anytime, anywhere, saving time), currently, the rate of rural people in the Red River Delta accessing electronic information portals or public service portals is still limited.

Currently, e-governance is one of the eight dimensions of the Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI), which has been included in the assessment since 2018. This dimension measures interactive aspects of e-government including: Use

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Local government electronic information portal; access and use of the Internet locally; government responses via electronic information portals. In the digital age, electronic information portals and electronic information pages at all levels play a very important role. However, currently, looking up a number of commune-level electronic information pages shows that: most of the pages operate separately and have not been integrated into the district-level electronic information page. Information on the pages lacks updating. Some pages only have a little information about the apparatus, organization, geographical location, natural conditions, while most of the rest do not have news, articles, or photos about activities in the commune. This shows that the operation and use of electronic information pages have not really received attention, and the information posted has not met the needs of readers. However, many ministries, branches and localities have not really paid attention to and ensured funding and human resources to promote the role of information portals in providing official information and guiding public opinion. This situation has led to many information portals existing as "jewelry", causing waste. For example, the information portal of the Bac Ninh Provincial Inspectorate at ttt.bacninh.gov.vn has very poor information, has not been updated for many months; many news items cannot be viewed; when clicking on "Homepage" or "Old version" at the bottom of the website, it leads to the information portal of Tu Son town, Bac Ninh province [174]. In addition, many news sites operate without a license, do not publicly disclose the name of the governing body, the name of the person in charge, and the contact phone number. Some state agency websites do not provide public administrative services nor update legal documents and executive directives, which according to Circular No. 26 of the Ministry of Information and Communications, are mandatory information. Another common situation in the online environment is the problem of information copying. In June and July 2021, the Department of Information and Communications of Vinh Phuc inspected 15 electronic information sites in the province, including 11 sites of state agencies and 4 sites of enterprises. The inspection results showed that, out of a total of 7 units that had licenses to set up general electronic information sites, 2 units used expired licenses and 5 sites operated as general electronic information sites but did not have a license; 11 pages cited news and articles from other sources but did not have written consent from the information owner and did not clearly state the author's name in the cited source [117].

- The role of supervision and social criticism of the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations in rural areas is still limited. Among the subjects participating in supervision

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and social criticism, the Farmers' Association at all levels plays a very important role. The Vietnam Farmers' Association is a socio-political organization of the Vietnamese peasant class, representing the legitimate rights and interests of the peasant class. However, the work of social supervision and criticism of the Farmers' Association at all levels in rural areas of the Red River Delta still faces many difficulties and shortcomings; the quality and effectiveness of social supervision and criticism are not high, and a large number of farmers have not been mobilized to participate in the process of social supervision and criticism. Coordination with other subjects of social supervision and criticism and seeking opinions from experts and scientists have not been strongly promoted, so social supervision and criticism are sometimes one-sided and ineffective. The work of social supervision and criticism of the Association through newspapers, magazines and public opinion of the Association has not been done regularly and given due attention. The supervision and social criticism of the Association at all levels are still passive, not contributing to preventing violations from the beginning, not proactively determining the content of supervision and criticism, most of the time when the incident occurs, the Association at all levels just get involved, so the effectiveness is not high; many of the Association's recommendations are still incidental, small-scale incidents; the comments and criticism of policies and guidelines are still general, formal, comments are mainly wordy, not strategic; the monitoring of implementation after supervision and criticism has not received attention. The awareness of the Association's officials and even of many Association leaders about the function and role of social supervision and criticism of the Association is not adequate, many places are confused in choosing the content of supervision and social criticism; criteria for choosing appropriate content have not been set; some places are formal and passive; Not paying attention to collecting farmers' opinions and recommendations, so the ability to detect problems, the ability to debate and express opinions on the activities of Party and government agencies is still weak or unclear.

iii) Limitations in maintaining political security and social order in rural areas.

- Currently, fraud in cyberspace is very common, especially in the context of the complicated developments of the Covid-19 pandemic. Traditional fraud methods are often carried out by subjects such as: impersonating state officials, high-ranking leaders to trick people into applying for jobs, "buying positions", "buying cases", asking for projects, borrowing capital from foreign organizations and individuals; calling for investment, funding for companies, projects, programs, funds, tricking people into doing procedures to travel, study abroad or work abroad... to defraud and appropriate property. In addition, they also use

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Extremely sophisticated tricks on cyberspace such as: using social networks to make friends, announce sending gifts, then impersonating airport, customs, tax staff... to ask victims to pay transportation fees, taxes, fees, fines... into bank accounts designated by the subjects and then appropriating them; impersonating officials of state agencies, police, prosecutors, courts to call and notify subscribers that they are involved in cases or incidents being resolved, threatening, asking victims to transfer money or exploiting bank account information of victims, from there logging into victims' accounts, transferring money to bank accounts of subjects to appropriate; taking over administration rights (hacking) or impersonating people's social network accounts and then texting, deceiving relatives of account owners to transfer money and then appropriating them. In addition, criminals who commit fraud and appropriation of property take advantage of cyberspace to create websites, trading floors, money-making applications, using "bait" of high profits to call for and attract investment, trading virtual currency, foreign exchange (Forex), binary options trading floors (Binary Option) ... according to the multi-level model, then intervene in the technical system to cause investors to lose or crash to appropriate property. Or in another way, the subjects take advantage of buying and selling goods on online sales websites, on social networks, especially buying and selling items such as masks, medical equipment during the Covid-19 epidemic ... to defraud and appropriate money from buying and selling partners or impersonating medical staff to invite people to buy anti-epidemic drugs or provide testing services, vaccination, supply of materials to prevent and fight Covid-19, asking people to pay money and then appropriate; or the trick of posting fake information about difficult circumstances to mobilize charity donations and appropriate the raised money. Recently, on April 18, 2021, Ha Nam Provincial Police cracked down on a charity fraud case, arresting Tran Van Lam (born in 1998, residing in Dong Hoa, Kim Bang, Ha Nam). The subject searched on the internet and copied articles related to cases of children with serious illnesses, families in difficult and tragic circumstances, and then edited the recipient's account information to the subject's bank account. After that, the subject used different Facebook social network accounts to share the content of the article to call for support, help, and appropriate the money transferred by benefactors. From 2019 to April 2021, the subject appropriated money from more than 1,000 victims with an amount of over 6 billion VND.

- In the new context, the negative impact of the Covid-19 epidemic, illegal credit has transformed into many different forms, with an increasing trend in rural areas of the Red River Delta. To cope with the authorities, illegal credit operators have set up

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