The above research results show that Growmore 1 foliar fertilizer (30:10:10) with a concentration of 0.1% sprayed periodically once a week helps 3 selected orchid varieties Cat6, Den5, On1 grow best in the nursery stage. The above research results reflect the conclusions of Nguyen Xuan Linh (2005) [26], Nguyen Cong Nghiep (2000) [31], Nguyen Hac Thuy (2011) [38], Viet Chuong (2002) [5] when the authors all said that in the nursery stage, using foliar fertilizer with the ratio N:P:K = 30:10:10 is the most suitable.
Tree height (cm)
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
30.0
27.2
25.6
26.0
24.3
25.0
20.3
18.5
20.0
17.2
18.9
19.7
18.4
16.6
17.3
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Cat6
Den5
On1
Figure 3.8. Effect of foliar fertilizer on plant height of selected orchid varieties in the nursery stage
3.2.4 Effects of growth regulators on survival rate and growth ability of selected orchid varieties in nursery stage In recent years, the use of growth regulators in agriculture
has brought about clear effects on agricultural production in general and ornamental plants in particular. Growth regulators are used for most crops at all stages of plant growth and development depending on the purpose of use.
use of producers. For the seedling stage, especially post-test tube plants, the use of growth regulators is important and necessary. We have conducted research on the effects of some growth regulators on the survival rate and growth of orchid seedlings in the nursery stage, the results are presented in Table 3.18, Figure 3.9.
(December 2006 - Van Giang, Hung Yen) | |||||||
Proportion Labour | Afternoon | Number | Number | Afternoon | Dimension Level | ||
Live species | tall tree | branch/tree | leaf | long leaf | broadleaf | infected | |
awake (%) | (cm) | (branch) | (leaf) | (cm) | (cm) | soft rot (%) | |
CT1 (address) | 81.2 | 20.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 13.5 | 3.8 | 8.7 |
CT2 | 86.3 | 21.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 13.9 | 3.9 | 0 |
CT3 | 83.6 | 21.0 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 12.6 | 3.8 | 2.3 |
CT4 | 84.3 | 20.7 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 13.7 | 3.8 | 3.0 |
CV% | 1.5 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 2.2 | 3.7 | ||
LSD 0.05 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | ||
CT1 (address) | 93.3 | 27.2 | 4.9 | 12.4 | 15.5 | 2.5 | 8.0 |
CT2 | 96.7 | 30.5 | 5.3 | 12.9 | 16.1 | 2.8 | 0.5 |
CT3 | 93.5 | 28.6 | 5.0 | 12.6 | 15.8 | 2.7 | 1.7 |
CT4 | 91.7 | 27.8 | 5.1 | 12.6 | 15.7 | 2.6 | 2.3 |
CV% | 2.0 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 4.7 | ||
LSD 0.05 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 | ||
CT1 (address) | 91.1 | 19.6 | 3.9 | 6.0 | 13.5 | 1.2 | 9.3 |
CT2 | 97.3 | 20.8 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 14.3 | 1.4 | 0.3 |
CT3 | 94.7 | 20.3 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 14.0 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
CT4 | 93.5 | 20.5 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 13.7 | 1.2 | 3.3 |
CV% | 2.1 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 6.2 | ||
LSD 0.05 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | ||
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Table 3.18. Effects of growth regulators on survival rate and growth ability of selected orchid varieties in nursery stage
Cat6
Den5
On1
Note: CT1: Spray with clean water (address) CT2: Spray with Atonik CT3: Spray with ProGibb 10 SP CT4: Spray with Dekamon
Survival rate (%)
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
96.7
97.3
94.7
93.3
93.5
93.5
91.7
91.1
90.0
86.3
83.6 84.3
81.2
70.0
Cat6
Den5
On1
Figure 3.9. Effect of growth regulators on survival rate of selected orchid varieties in nursery stage
Table 3.18 shows that the use of growth regulators for orchids in the nursery stage has increased the survival rate of orchid seedlings. In the research formulas for all 3 orchid varieties, formula 2 gave the highest survival rate, for the Cat6 orchid variety, this rate in formula 2 reached 86.3% while the remaining formulas had rates ranging from 81.2 - 84.3%. This result is similar for the Den5 and On1 varieties, for the Den5 variety, formula 2 gave a survival rate of 96.7%, the remaining formulas had rates ranging from 91.7 - 93.5%. For the On1 variety, the survival rate of formula 2 reached 97.3%, while the remaining formulas had lower survival rates, ranging from 91.1 - 94.7%.
The results of Table 3.18 also show that: Growth regulators do not significantly affect growth indicators such as plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, length, and leaf width of Cat6 and On1 orchid varieties. However, growth regulators clearly affect the plant height of Den5 orchid variety. Of the 4 research formulas, formula 2 is the formula that gives the largest height, reaching 30.5 cm, while the remaining formulas only have plant height indicators from 27.2 - 28.6 cm.
Thus, in the nursery stage, to increase the growth ability of the selected orchid varieties Cat6, Den5 and On1, spraying Atonik at a dose of 0.1%, spraying once a week has helped the seedlings grow well, increased the survival rate, reduced the rate of soft rot, increased plant height and increased the branching ability of the seedlings.
3.3 Research on some technical measures for selected orchid varieties at the production garden stage
Researching technical measures to improve the productivity and quality of flowers in general and orchids in particular is an important and necessary task in breeding and producing orchids. In addition to applying a synchronous technical process to help plants grow and develop well, each type of orchid reacts clearly to certain weather, climate and living environment factors. From domestic and foreign research projects, the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the three orchid genera Cattleya , Denrobium , Oncidium have been clearly shown. Thereby, the topic has continued to study the effects of some technical measures to increase the growth, development and flowering ability of selected orchid varieties.
3.3.1 The effect of shading measures on the growth, development and flower quality of Den5 orchid varieties
Light is important for the growth and development of plants in general and orchids in particular. Light helps plants photosynthesize to create biomass. The light requirements of each type of orchid are different. Suitable light helps plants grow and develop well, creating conditions for productivity and flower quality later. Dendrobium orchids grow and develop well at light intensity of 18,000 - 22,000 lux, while Cattleya and Oncidium orchids are suitable at light intensity of 15,000 - 30,000 lux [28] and can grow and develop in natural conditions with greater light intensity. In the summer in the Northern Delta region, light intensity can reach over 30,000 lux, at this light intensity Cattleya and Oncidium orchids can grow and develop. However, high light intensity with high temperature will burn the leaves and greatly affect the growth, development as well as the ability to flower and the quality of Dendrobium orchids . Therefore, the research topic focuses on finding out the light conditions.
suitable for the growth and development of Dendrobium orchids , we have conducted research on the effects of 4 shading modes on the growth, development and flowering ability of Den5 orchid variety in summer conditions in the Northern Delta region.
3.3.1.1 The effect of shading measures on the growth ability of Den5 orchids
Table 3.19. Effect of shading measures on the growth of Den5 orchid variety (July 2010 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Public Index
awake
Tree height (cm) | Body diameter (cm) | Number of branches/tree (branch) | Number of leaves/plant (leaf) | Leaf length (cm) | Leaf width (cm) | |
CT1 (address) | 42.8 | 1.9 | 6.3 | 29.3 | 16.7 | 4.0 |
CT2 | 43.8 | 1.9 | 6.2 | 29.3 | 16.8 | 4.0 |
CT3 | 45.8 | 1.9 | 6.1 | 28.7 | 17.5 | 4.1 |
CT4 | 46.7 | 1.9 | 6.8 | 29.7 | 17.0 | 4.1 |
CV% | 4.4 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 3.5 |
LSD 0.05 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
Note: CT1: Uncovered (address)
CT2: Cover with 1 layer of fixed reflective mesh (22,000 - 28,000 lux) CT3: Cover with 2 layers of fixed reflective mesh (15,000 - 18,000 lux)
CT4: Cover with 2 layers of reflective mesh: 1 fixed layer, 1 semi-automatic control layer (18,000 - 22,000 lux)
Table 3.19 shows that the height of the Den5 orchid is clearly affected by different shading regimes. Of the four research formulas, formula 4 gives the largest plant height, reaching 46.7 cm. Next are formula 3 and formula 2, which give plant heights of 45.8 cm and 43.8 cm, respectively. Formula 1 (no shading) has the lowest plant height, reaching only 42.8 cm.
Stem diameter is one of the important growth indicators for Den5 orchid. However, stem diameter in different shading regimes did not have significant differences at the LSD level of 0.05 .
The number of branches and leaves on a tree is also an indicator of growth and development.
of the plant, greatly affecting the yield and quality of flowers. In formula 4, the number of branches and the number of leaves
The largest is formula 3, reaching 6.8 branches and 29.7 leaves/tree. The lowest is formula 3, reaching 6.1 branches and 28.7 leaves/tree. Formulas 1 and 2 have a lower number of branches and leaves than formulas 3 and 4, however, there is no clear difference in these indicators between the 2 formulas.
3.3.1.2 The effect of shading measures on the flowering ability of Den5 orchid variety
The research results are presented in table 3.20 and figure 3.10.
Table 3.20. Effect of shading measures on the flowering ability of Den5 orchid variety (July 2010 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Flowering Rate Indicator
Number of flower branches | Number of buds/plant | Number of flowers | ||
CT | (%) | TB/tree (branch) | (bud) | effect/plant (flower) |
CT 1 (address) | 86.4 | 1.3 | 11.9 | 9.2 |
CT 2 | 86.3 | 1.4 | 12.4 | 11.3 |
CT 3 | 81.3 | 1.4 | 12.7 | 11.6 |
CT 4 | 90.7 | 1.5 | 13.5 | 12.8 |
CV% | 5.9 | 3.4 | 2.4 | |
LSD 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Note: CT1: Uncovered (address)
CT2: Cover with 1 layer of fixed reflective mesh (22,000 - 28,000 lux) CT3: Cover with 2 layers of fixed reflective mesh (15,000 - 18,000 lux)
CT4: Cover with 2 layers of reflective mesh: 1 fixed layer, 1 semi-automatic control layer (18,000 - 22,000 lux)
Flowering rate (%) 100.0
86.4% 86.3%
81.3%
90.7%
Natural durability (days)
52.3
50.3
47.7
44.6
CT 1 CT 2 CT 3 CT 4
Den5
50.0
75.0
50.0
CT 1 CT 2 CT 3 CT 4
Den5
30.0
Figure 3.10. Effect of shading regime on flowering rate and
Natural durability of Den5 orchids
Among the 4 research formulas, the highest flowering rate was in formula 4 (90.7%) and the lowest was in formula 3. Formulas 1 and 2 did not have a significant difference in flowering rate.
The number of flower branches is an important indicator that determines the number of buds and flowers on a tree. This indicator is often proportional to the number of branches/tree. The results in Table 3.20 show that the average number of flower branches in formula 4 is the highest, reaching 1.5 branches/tree. The remaining formulas range from 1.3 to 1.4 branches/tree.
A high average number of flower branches is a prerequisite for a high number of buds and effective flowers. The results showed that the number of buds in formula 4 was 13.5 buds/plant and the number of effective flowers was 12.8 flowers/plant. The other formulas had lower numbers of buds and flowers, of which the lowest was the control formula (no shading) with only 11.9 buds and 9.2 flowers/plant.
3.3.1.3 The effect of shading measures on the quality of Den5 orchid flowers
Dendrobium orchids generally have long flower stems, in addition to being used for potted purposes, they are also used as a popular cut flower. Applying technical measures to increase flower quality and prolong the durability of cut flowers is very meaningful in research and in flower production and business.
Table 3.21. Effect of shading measures on flower quality of Den5 orchid variety (July 2010 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Sugar Index
Long branch
branch glass
flower (cm)
Flower CT (cm)
Diameter
flower(cm)
Color
sharp
Durability
natural (day)
Cut flower durability
(day)
CT1 (address) | 32.5 | 3.6 | 8.2 | Deep red | 44.6 | 15.3 |
CT2 | 32.8 | 3.6 | 8.3 | Deep red | 50.3 | 15.7 |
CT3 | 33.5 | 3.6 | 8.2 | Deep red | 47.7 | 14.7 |
CT4 | 36.7 | 3.7 | 8.5 | Deep red | 52.3 | 16.3 |
CV% | 1.4 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 1.9 | |
LSD 0.05 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.7 | 0.6 |
Note: CT1: Uncovered (address)
CT2: Cover with 1 layer of fixed reflective mesh (22,000 - 28,000 lux) CT3: Cover with 2 layers of fixed reflective mesh (15,000 - 18,000 lux)
CT4: Cover with 2 layers of reflective mesh: 1 fixed layer, 1 semi-automatic control layer (18,000 - 22,000 lux)
Table 3.21 shows that different shading regimes have a clear effect on the length of the flower branch of the orchid Den5. Formula 4 gives flowers with the longest branch length of 36.7 cm. Next is formula 3, the flower branch length reaches 33.5 cm. The remaining 2 formulas have lower branch lengths and fluctuate insignificantly, reaching 32.5 - 32.8 cm. Although it has a clear effect on the length of the flower branch, shading in different regimes does not greatly affect the flower branch diameter and flower diameter indicators between the formulas. The flower branch diameter in formulas 1, 2 and 3 all reach 3.6 cm, in formula 4 it is 3.7 cm. Flower diameter fluctuates between 8.2 - 8.5 cm between the formulas. Of which formula 4 is still the formula with the largest this indicator.
The color and shape of Den5 flowers in the four research formulas are all the typical color and shape of the variety, which proves that shading does not affect the morphology of Den5 flowers.
Flowers are the final product and are of most concern in the process of researching and producing orchids. Flower durability is one of the important criteria for evaluating flower quality. Den5 orchids have a relatively long natural durability compared to other orchid species. The use of different shading regimes greatly affects the natural durability of Den5 orchids. The most durable flowers are still in formula 4, with a durability of 52.3 days. The remaining formulas range from 44.6 - 50.3 days, in which the control formula (no shading) has the lowest natural flower durability. The durability of cut flowers of Den5 orchids in the research formulas does not differ much, ranging from 14.7 - 16.3 days. However, covering with 2 layers of reflective mesh: 1 fixed layer, 1 semi-automatic control layer still gives flowers more durability when cutting branches.
Thus, with the Den5 orchid variety, the shading mode of 2 layers of reflective mesh: 1 fixed layer, 1 semi-automatic control layer (light intensity 18000 - 22000 lux) is most suitable in the summer conditions of the Northern Delta region, helping the plant grow and develop well, giving a high flowering ability of 90.7%, increasing the length of the flower branch, increasing the flower diameter and increasing the durability of the flower. This result is completely consistent with the assertion of Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2009) [28] when stating that the appropriate light intensity for Dendrobium orchids is from 15,000 - 30,000 lux.