Cultural changes in the livelihoods of residents at Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex under the impact of tourism

Yen, Ninh Xuan and Ninh Hai of Hoa Lu district (where 90% of the population in the heritage area is located), but the study only focused on Truong Yen commune, interviewing 24 people, including 15 local people. In addition, many data collected on land acquisition such as 90% of agricultural land being acquired and converted into tourism service land are inaccurate. In fact, the total area of cultivated land acquired in Truong Yen commune is about 208 hectares, accounting for about 15% of the total cultivated land area. Thus, most of the study's assessments are inaccurate and subjective, and the data sources are unreliable.

Thus, although there have been many research projects on livelihoods, real estate, sustainable livelihoods, and livelihood-based cultural heritage, including some recent projects that research and evaluate the management, conservation of heritage and tourism development, and the impact of tourism on people in the Trang An World Heritage Site... However, up to now, there has not been a scientific, comprehensive, complete, and systematic research project on the issue of changes in the livelihood culture of residents in the Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex due to the impact of tourism development.

1.5. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS THAT THE THESIS CAN INHERIT AND THE GAPS THAT THE THESIS NEEDS TO DEEPLY RESEARCH

Through synthesizing and researching documents on livelihoods, livelihood culture and livelihood culture change... at home and abroad, especially documents related to livelihoods, livelihood culture and tourism development in the Trang An World Heritage Site, the researcher found the following issues:

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Firstly, with different approaches, domestic and foreign researchers have built a theoretical basis for livelihoods, sustainable livelihood framework, BĐK, livelihood culture, manifestations of livelihood culture, and changes in livelihood culture. However, there are still many different understandings and disagreements about the terminology and connotations of these terms (some people translate the term livelihood as livelihood, some translate it as livelihood...). Although some foreign researchers consider livelihood simply as activities for the purpose of making a living, economic purposes, many studies have applied and developed the sustainable livelihood analysis framework of DFID (1998) as a scientific basis for considering cultural issues in livelihood.

resources such as assets, capital or human resources and social resources some people call cultural resources.

Second, the application of the theory of cultural change to the study of changes in traditional culture, local culture, craft village culture, family culture, rural culture, ethnic culture, etc. is quite common, however, in the field of cultural change in livelihoods, there is still very little, especially the cultural change of residents in world heritage sites, where there is strong development of tourism but must also comply with regulations on management, conservation of heritage and ensuring livelihoods for people; the causes affecting such changes.

Third, livelihood activities or earning a living appear with the appearance and development of humans, along with that process, material and spiritual values in production labor, earning a living are also crystallized, accumulated, inherited and developed into common assets of the community. Thus, VHSK belongs to the group of production culture, it is close and widely applied in social life, it can be applied as a cultural theory in the study of residential communities, ethnic groups in both theory and practice to help them escape poverty, preserve traditional culture, adapt to socio-economic development and maintain and develop life.

Fourthly, studies on the cultural change of the people in the world and Vietnam have made certain contributions in both theory and practice, however, research on the cultural change of the people in the Trang An World Heritage Site has not been carried out scientifically and systematically. Recently, there was a research project by Do Hai Yen, which examined the change in livelihood culture on three main manifestations: organic changes in material and spiritual values in the way of behaving with livelihood resources; changes in behavior in the process of making a living; changes in rituals associated with the livelihood of the subject. Issues about the characteristics, components or values of the cultural change of the people, the impacts of socio-economic development in general and tourism activities in particular on the cultural change of the people have not been given attention in research. Thus, there are still gaps that need to be further researched to clarify the content, structure or components of the cultural change of livelihood such as: 1) The system of

2) Guiding values in livelihoods; 3) Normative values and rules of livelihoods; and 4) Livelihood behaviors or livelihood methods.

Fifth, the research location: residential areas in communes (Ninh Hai, Ninh Xuan and Truong Yen), Hoa Lu district, located in the core area of the Trang An World Heritage Site. As a person working in heritage management and tourism management of the province, directly participating in the preparation of the dossier to submit to UNESCO for recognition of Trang An World Heritage Site as a world heritage site, and participating in the process of planning, orientation, management, conservation and promotion of the value of the heritage site as well as handling issues of the relationship between people and heritage, the researcher witnessed the daily changes of the local community, both in terms of employment, customs and lifestyle. Especially since this place became a world heritage site, it has attracted millions of visitors every year, in 2019 alone it welcomed more than 3.1 million visitors, accounting for more than 40% of the number of visitors to Ninh Binh. That development process has had a significant impact on the livelihoods, jobs, incomes and culture of the people. However, up to now, the issue of changes in the livelihood culture of the people in the Trang An World Heritage Site due to the impact of tourism development has not received much attention, it can be said that there has been no research work.

Chapter 1 Summary

Livelihood is an inevitable activity arising from the legitimate needs of humans to survive in nature, reflecting the way humans interact with nature and the living environment to create material wealth to meet their needs in life. Livelihood is also a very important element that creates the culture of each community and each individual in the community. Research on livelihood can help to have a comprehensive view of the formation and development process of a local community, more broadly, from livelihood we can better understand each ethnic group, ethnic group and culture of each ethnic group. However, over time and history, the livelihood of each community and resident in each region and locality is changed by the development process of nature and society, each stage of change has formed VHSK - a distinct cultural feature with deep regional indigenous characteristics, not overlapping with any other ethnic group or region. It even becomes a cultural feature

Cultural characteristics are an internal factor to promote sustainable socio-economic development in general and tourism in particular.

The issue of VHSK research has been of interest and researched by many scientific fields in the world for a long time. Later, livelihood or making a living was accepted and developed by cultural researchers from many domestic specialties in the research of applied cultural science, because livelihood is the life of the people, only when the people's livelihood is guaranteed, earning enough money to ensure the life of themselves and their families, then larger issues such as economic development, security, order, social stability and cultural needs can be guaranteed.

In the context of international integration, when geographical space is no longer an obstacle to travel and tourism, the transformation of livelihood culture of residents in heritage sites is an issue of increasing research interest. From different perspectives and approaches, research works have used the sustainable livelihood analysis framework to study livelihood culture and livelihood culture change through behavioral manifestations with livelihood resources, in livelihood activities and in rituals associated with livelihood. However, to date, there has been no work that has systematically and comprehensively researched and understood the characteristics, values of livelihood culture and the impacts of tourism development on livelihood culture change.

Chapter 2

THEORETICAL BASIS OF LIVELIHOOD CULTURAL CHANGE AND OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA

2.1. SOME TOOL CONCEPTS

2.1.1. Concept of culture

Culture is a rather broad and diverse concept depending on the research approach. Each definition refers to different forms or areas of culture. Up to now, according to statistics from many researchers, there are more than 500 different definitions of culture. In 1871, EB Tylor gave the definition "Culture or civilization, in the broad ethnic sense, generally includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs and a number of other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society" [110, p.46]. According to this definition, culture and civilization are one; it includes all areas related to human life, from knowledge, beliefs to arts, morals, laws... F. Boas defined:

Culture is the totality of mental and physical reactions and activities that shape the behavior of individuals constituting a group of people, both collective and individual, in relation to their natural environment, to other groups of people, to group members, and to each other [101, p.159].

According to this definition, the relationship between the individual, the collective, and the environment is important in the formation of human culture.

In recent years, some researchers in Vietnam and even abroad, when referring to culture, often apply the definition of culture given by UNESCO in 1982 in Mexico:

Culture today can be considered as the whole complex of distinctive spiritual and material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or a social group. Culture includes arts and literature, ways of life, fundamental human rights, value systems, customs and beliefs… [96, p.23].

In the book Searching for Vietnamese cultural identity, researcher Tran Ngoc Them said: Culture is an organic system of material and spiritual values created and accumulated by humans through practical activities, in the interaction between humans and their natural and social environment [76, p.25].

According to President Ho Chi Minh:

For the sake of survival as well as the purpose of life, mankind created and invented language, writing, ethics, law, science, religion, literature, art, tools for daily life of eating, dressing, living and methods of use. All of these creations and inventions are culture. Culture is the synthesis of all living methods and their manifestations that mankind has produced to adapt to the needs of life and the demands of survival [96, p.20].

This viewpoint of President Ho Chi Minh affirmed that culture is the creation and invention of human beings, the origin of culture is the reason for human survival. Culture is both the purpose and the driving force of life, aiming to adapt to the needs of life and the demands of survival. Culture is the synthesis of all ways of living (from eating, dressing, living, methods of use, behavior, communication...).

The above are definitions and viewpoints on culture that are suitable for the subject and research direction of the thesis topic, in which the viewpoints of President Ho Chi Minh and researcher Tran Ngoc Them on culture are used by the doctoral student as a theoretical basis for research and study of culture in general and livelihood culture in particular.

2.1.2. Concept of livelihood

Livelihood is an issue that many scientific fields in the world are interested in and researched in the late 80s of the 20th century. Later, livelihood was received and developed by cultural researchers from many domestic specialties in applied cultural science research, because the content of livelihood is highly practical.

Livelihood is derived from the English term "livelihood", according to the Longman English dictionary, livelihood is a way of earning money to live or is understood as a way of making a living [124, p.1024].

According to Chambers & Conway, the concept of livelihood is explained as follows: Livelihood includes the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required to ensure a means of living: a livelihood is only sustainable when it can cope with and recover from shocks, maintain or improve its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local or global level, in the short and long term [104, p.6].

When talking about livelihood, Emily A. Schultz - Robert H. Lavenda (2001) emphasized the actions or ways people must do to obtain material goods such as food, clothing, and shelter to maintain life [70]. Meanwhile, Grant Evans said that livelihood studies the material side of life in its social and cultural context, and at the same time studies how the stages of production, distribution, and consumption participate in the entire structure of society. Livelihood is not only economic but also cultural and reflects culture [105].

In Vietnam, when talking about livelihood, it often implies economic activities to ensure life or people's livelihood activities, such as earning a living by driving motorbike taxis, selling lottery tickets, etc. According to the Vietnamese Dictionary [99], when explaining livelihood, it is considered as work to earn a living, to make a living, so livelihood can be understood as the ways of making a living of an individual or community, to meet the material and spiritual needs to maintain the development of that individual or community.

In the research work "Livelihood transformation of the Dao community in the Tuyen Quang hydropower reservoir area after resettlement", researcher Tran Van Binh stated that "livelihood is a combination of activities to use resources to maintain life. Livelihood resources include: personal abilities and skills (human resources), land, savings and equipment (natural, financial and physical resources) and formal or informal support groups that facilitate activities (social resources). A sustainable livelihood is when it has the ability to continuously strengthen the standard of living, without destroying the natural resource base, and has the ability to overcome and recover from pressures and shocks (disasters, natural disasters, economic recessions [13, p.53].

From the understandings and concepts of livelihood of domestic and foreign researchers, with different approaches and research directions, from the cultural perspective and research direction of the thesis, the researcher proposes the concept of livelihood as follows: Livelihood is the way of using resources and organizing economic activities of local residents arranged into specific occupations suitable to the natural conditions of the region to maintain life that is repeated from day to day and has flexible changes when there are fluctuations in the living environment.

2.1.3. Livelihood culture and livelihood culture change

2.1.3.1. Concept, characteristics and structure of livelihood culture

a) Concept of livelihood culture

Culture is everything created by humans, including both material and spiritual values, so it includes material culture and spiritual culture of humans. According to the viewpoint of former Soviet researchers, culture includes 4 elements: production culture; culture of ensuring life (housing, clothing, etc.); social norm culture (laws, rituals, customs, etc.) and cognitive culture, in which production culture is considered the most important element [13, p.22].

From the perspective of anthropology and ethnology, researcher Nguyen Tu Chi, in a broad sense, believes that "culture is the whole life, both material, social and spiritual, of each community" [96, p.22]. In the three components of national culture (material culture, social culture and spiritual culture), livelihood activities, ways of making a living, residential habits, and villages are classified into the group of material culture. Culture is everything created by humans in the process of manual and mental labor according to the rules and separate organization of each community.

Livelihood culture is a new term that has appeared in Vietnam in recent years. Many researchers believe that livelihood culture or culture of ensuring life includes many elements such as food, clothing, housing, earning a living, knowledge, and religious life to serve the purpose of ensuring human life, in which earning a living is the most important element, because a stable livelihood will ensure other issues such as food, clothing, housing, education, etc. [2].

Cultural changes in the livelihoods of residents at Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex under the impact of tourism - 5

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