Concept of Sustainable Tourism Development

local communities, to meet the needs of travel, accommodation, food, sightseeing, entertainment, learning and other needs of tourists . Those activities must bring practical economic, political and social benefits to the locality, the country doing tourism, to tourism businesses and local communities .

According to the definition of tourism as presented above, it can be seen that tourism has

The following features are highlighted:

- Tourism is a synthesis of many activities : Tourists on a trip, besides the typical needs (originating from the main purpose of the trip) such as: sightseeing, entertainment, rest, recuperation, medical treatment... also have many needs such as eating, sleeping, traveling, shopping for goods, souvenirs, exchanging money, calling, sending letters, participating in entertainment services...

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- Tourism is a smokeless industry, causing little environmental pollution , helping tourists to rest, relax and learn about many new and strange beautiful landscapes that visitors do not know. Tourism also contributes to the socio-economic development of the country and locality, creating jobs and increasing income for workers.

- Tourism products are often associated with tourism resources . Tourism resources include components, combinations of natural landscapes and the creative labor of humans that can be used for activities to satisfy tourism needs. Tourism resources can directly or indirectly create tourism products, including exploited and unexploited tourism resources. Therefore, tourism products are often immobile, tourists must go to places with tourism products to consume those products to satisfy their needs. This shows that the State's investment in developing tourism products is extremely important in attracting tourists.

Tourism products are a complex whole created from many factors, including 3 basic factors: Tourism resources ; Tourism technical facilities ; Tourism human resources . These factors have the following basic characteristics:

+ Tourism resources can be natural or man-made. Therefore, tourism resources can be divided into two groups: (i) Natural resources include natural landscapes, geological factors, geomorphology, climate, hydrology, ecosystems and other natural factors that can be used for tourism purposes; (ii) Human resources include historical relic values, ethnic cultural identity

The ethnic groups of the local community characterize the tourism development in a location, a locality or a country. They have a special appeal to a large number of tourists with many different needs and purposes of travel.

+ Tourism technical facilities : Tourism is an important comprehensive economic sector, with profound cultural content, interdisciplinary, inter-regional and highly socialized. Therefore, tourism technical facilities not only include elements of the tourism industry but also elements of other industries that are mobilized to create tourism products and services that satisfy human needs. From that characteristic, the concept of tourism technical facilities also needs to be mentioned in both aspects: in a general broad sense and in a narrow sense. In a broad sense , tourism technical facilities are understood as all technical means mobilized to participate in the exploitation of tourism resources such as: road systems, bridges, post and telecommunications, electricity and water, etc. to create and implement services and goods that satisfy the needs of tourists on their journeys. These factors are collectively referred to as social infrastructure factors . In a narrow sense , tourism technical facilities are understood as all technical facilities created by tourism organizations to exploit tourism potentials, create service products and goods to satisfy the needs of tourists, including: systems of hotels, restaurants, entertainment areas, means of transport, etc. This is a typical factor in the technical facilities system of the tourism industry. If these factors are missing, the tourism needs of tourists will not be satisfied. Therefore, this is a direct factor in ensuring conditions for tourism products to be created and provided to tourists. However, the division is only relative, because it is difficult to clearly separate the infrastructure factors when these factors are also present in tourist areas and they can be created by the tourism business establishments themselves.

Thus, the development of tourism infrastructure and especially the investment in developing key tourist areas with high competitiveness in the region and internationally will create modern, large-scale tourist areas, worthy of being the spearhead industry of the locality and the country. On the other hand, for the development of tourism infrastructure, mobilizing capital from outside is extremely necessary. The development of tourism infrastructure requires a relatively large amount of capital, so state credit with preferential policies for the sector

This area has a very important meaning in supporting capital for investment in building tourism infrastructure. Thus, tourism infrastructure is a factor that greatly affects the attraction of tourists and foreign investment capital into sustainable tourism development.

+ Tourism human resources : Tourism human resources are human resources capable of creating wealth, material and spiritual in the tourism sector for society, expressed through quantity, quality and labor structure [35]. Human resources participating in the tourism development process include direct labor and indirect labor. Direct labor are those working in the system of state management agencies on tourism, tourism career units and tourism business establishments. Indirect labor are those working in sectors and organizations related to tourism activities such as industry, agriculture, trade, transportation... Therefore, developing tourism human resources are activities aimed at increasing the quantity and improving the quality and working efficiency of the labor force that is and will be working directly in the tourism industry. The content of tourism human resources development includes three activities: learning activities, skills training activities and development activities. Developing tourism human resources will contribute to overcoming the immediate and long-term shortage of specialized, professional and qualified human resources and improving labor efficiency.

Thus, as an economic sector, tourism products are a very important factor in tourism business efficiency, thereby affecting sustainable tourism development. A good tourism product, with quality and suitable to the needs of customers will be able to sell at a high price, bringing great economic efficiency. Developing tourism products is the increase in quantity and improvement in quality of tourism products. To ensure professionalism, reputation, and create a brand for tourist destinations, it is necessary to focus on developing a highly competitive tourism product system in the region and diversifying types such as sea and island tourism, community ecotourism, cultural tourism, etc. Besides, it should be noted that tourism products are not purely public goods, so both the state and the private sector participate. This further reinforces the need to strongly improve awareness of tourism, and that tourism development is not only the responsibility of the state but also the responsibility of the entire population. However, to have specific local products and services, the Government and localities have a leading role in guiding and orienting the development of products and services to direct economic sectors from outside to develop products and services in accordance with the State's sustainable development orientation.

Accordingly, the development of tourism products, especially specialized, high-quality tourism products, is of great significance in creating distinct tourism brands and enhancing the ability to

tourism business potential. However, to increase tourism market share, it is necessary to prioritize propaganda, promotion and promotion to bring these tourism products to potential tourism markets and thus financial solutions from the State are considered effective tools to be applied appropriately to support the promotion of propaganda, promotion and tourism promotion, contributing to highlighting the image of the specific tourism products of the locality.

- Main actors involved in tourism activities : In tourism activities, many relationships arise and there are at least 4 actors that interact with each other: Tourists; local communities; tourism businesses and local authorities. The purposes and roles of the actors are shown as follows:

+ Tourist : Tourist is a person who goes out of his/her place of residence (place of residence, place of work, place of study...) to rest, entertain, learn, sightsee, recuperate, receive medical treatment... for a certain period of time, maybe one or more days with expenses, not for professional reasons and to earn a living at the destination.

+ Local community : Local community are people who live and work in the locality where tourism activities take place. They participate in tourism activities in many forms: providing human resources, capital, support or directly participating in tourism activities and they themselves can be a factor attracting tourism. This community is the one who directly receives the economic - social - environmental impacts of tourism, both negative and positive.

+ Local government : Local government participates in the function of macro-management of tourism, not in the function of management, not in the function of business on behalf of tourism enterprises. Local government plays an important role in building mechanisms and policies to create a transparent, public and stable legal corridor to create favorable conditions and a basis for the development of infrastructure, human resources, tourism products... for the remaining agents to operate and develop, thereby deciding on sustainable tourism development. Good policies will encourage sustainable tourism or vice versa will hinder development or unsustainable development. Therefore, local government must always be sensitive to perfecting mechanisms and policies suitable to local conditions to promote sustainable tourism development according to set goals.

+ Tourism business establishments : Tourism business establishments (CSKDDL) participate in the role of providing tourism products and services to satisfy and meet the needs of tourists. This is an opportunity for tourism businesses to sell the tourism products and services they create,

to satisfy the needs of tourists, create jobs for local communities, and thereby achieve the goal of maximizing their profits.

1.1.2. Sustainable tourism development

1.1.2.1. Concept of sustainable tourism development

It can be said that sustainable tourism development cannot be separated from sustainable economic development in general. Before going into the concept of sustainable tourism development, it is necessary to understand what sustainable tourism development is. There are many different views on sustainable tourism development, the differences stem from the viewpoints, orientations, goals and scope of research. Some typical views can be mentioned as follows:

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), " Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs " [104]. This viewpoint indicates that the essence of sustainable development is the increase in the quantity and quality of an organization with the aim of maximizing current benefits but ensuring that those benefits are maintained in the future. The concept of sustainable development was reaffirmed at the Rio Conference - 1992 and supplemented and completed at the Johannesburg Conference - 2002: "Sustainable development is a development process that closely, reasonably and harmoniously combines three aspects of development. That is: economic development, ensuring social justice and environmental protection ". In addition to these three main aspects, many studies also mention other aspects of sustainable development such as: politics, culture, spirit, ethnicity... and require calculating and balancing them in planning strategies and policies for socio-economic development for each country and each specific locality. In Vietnam, to implement the goal of sustainable development for the country according to the Resolution of the 9th National Party Congress and to implement international commitments, the Vietnamese Government issued the " Strategic Orientation for Sustainable Development in Vietnam " (Vietnam's Agenda 21), which clearly states: " The general goal of sustainable development is to achieve material sufficiency, spiritual and cultural wealth, equality of citizens and social consensus, harmony between humans and nature; development must closely, reasonably and harmoniously combine the three aspects of economic development, social development and environmental protection " [16].

From the concept of sustainable development, it can be understood that sustainable development refers to sustainable development in an industry, a field, in interaction with other industries, fields, regions and

within the general development of the locality and the country. The concept of sustainable tourism development has gradually been formed along with the process of awareness of socio-economic development and environmental protection of each country in the world. Up to now, in the world there are many concepts of sustainable tourism development.

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2013): “ Sustainable tourism development is the development of tourism activities to meet the current needs of tourists and local people while still paying attention to the conservation and enhancement of resources for future tourism development. Sustainable tourism will have a plan to manage resources to satisfy the economic, social and aesthetic needs of people while maintaining cultural integrity, biodiversity, the development of ecosystems and systems that support human life ” [147]. This is a comprehensive definition of the contents related to sustainable tourism development. According to UNEP (2003): Sustainable tourism development is understood as tourism development that meets the current needs of tourists and local communities while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future . Sustainable tourism meets the following requirements [143]: (i) Tourism resources (natural, historical, cultural, other resources) are protected in a manner that is appropriate to allow them to be used in the future, while still providing benefits to society now; (ii) Tourism planning and management are carried out in a manner that avoids causing serious ecological, socio-cultural problems in the area concerned; (iii) The overall quality of the environment in tourism areas is preserved, and where necessary improved; (iv) Tourist satisfaction should be maintained to ensure that destinations continue to attract and retain their commercial potential; and tourism should provide broad benefits to members of society. According to Article 3 of the Vietnam Tourism Law (2017), sustainable tourism development is defined as: “Sustainable tourism development is tourism development that simultaneously meets socio-economic and environmental requirements, ensuring the harmony of interests of subjects participating in tourism activities, without harming the ability to meet tourism needs in the future ” [73, p. 2]. In Vietnam, the concept of sustainable tourism development is no longer new. However, through lessons learned and practices on sustainable tourism development in countries around the world, tourism development in our country is moving towards being responsible for resources and the environment. According to leading experts in the field of tourism and

In other related fields in Vietnam, the viewpoint on sustainable tourism development is not really unified, however, up to now, the majority of opinions agree that: " Sustainable tourism development is the activity of managing the exploitation of natural and human resource values to satisfy the diverse needs of tourists; paying attention to long-term economic benefits and ensuring contributions to the conservation and restoration of resources, maintaining cultural integrity, environmental protection for the development of tourism activities in the future, and contributing to improving the living standards of local communities " [55].

Thus, it can be seen that in studies as well as agendas of the world and in Vietnam, the perspective of sustainable tourism development is increasingly supplemented and has gradually reached the most common perceptions about the content of this concept, in which it is assumed that sustainable tourism development is a development that achieves a harmonious, close, and reasonable combination between all three aspects (pillars) of economy, society, and environment .

According to the viewpoint of NCS : "Sustainable tourism development is tourism development that simultaneously meets the requirements of sustainable economic growth; implements social justice well and pays attention to the protection of tourism resources, ensures the harmonious development of the interests of the subjects participating in tourism activities in accordance with the State's orientation, and does not harm the ability to meet tourism needs in the future".

1.1.2.2. Content on sustainable tourism development

With the above concept, the content of sustainable tourism is expressed in the following aspects:

- Developing sustainable tourism according to strategies, plans, and key points : Sustainable tourism development is the development that simultaneously meets socio-economic and environmental requirements, ensuring the harmony of interests of the subjects participating in tourism activities, without harming the ability to meet tourism needs in the future. Thus, the goal of sustainable tourism development brings harmony between socio-economic and environmental but does not affect the future. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine the following principles: exploiting and using resources reasonably, minimizing over-consumption of natural resources, maintaining natural, social and human diversity, tourism development must be placed in the overall planning of socio-economic development, tourism development must support the local economy, attract the participation of local communities and sustainable tourism development, especially focusing on training human resources and marketing the tourism industry responsibly.

Besides, the most important factor determining the competitiveness of a destination is tourism products, so to attract tourists, it is necessary to have a diverse, attractive, high-quality, professional and locally-specific tourism product system.

- Sustainable economic growth : It is the long-term stable development of tourism, the number of tourists increases steadily for many consecutive years , creating significant revenue for tourism businesses, contributing positively to socio-economic growth, bringing benefits to local communities.

- Implementing social equity well : Sustainable tourism will create conditions to support and promote tourism businesses and local communities to carry out effective tourism activities. Thanks to that, creating stable and increasing local jobs, contributing to hunger eradication, poverty reduction, and improving the lives of local people. Revenue from tourism activities will be redistributed to the whole society, especially local communities where revenue from tourism activities is available.

- Pay attention to the protection of tourism resources: Sustainable tourism always pays attention to the protection of tourism resources. For natural resources: Protecting natural resources means not using tourism resources beyond their self-recovery capacity, so as to meet current tourism needs but not weaken the ability to regenerate in the future to meet the needs of future generations. On the other hand, do not litter indiscriminately into the environment, polluting the tourism environment. For human resources: protecting the human environment means always preserving the values of human resources such as: historical relics, cultural identity of local communities; folk songs...

- Sustainable tourism development ensures the harmony of interests of the subjects participating in tourism activities and in accordance with the State's orientation. Sustainable tourism development The State will issue policies to direct and orient the remaining subjects to operate in accordance with the orientation set by the State, ensuring the harmony of interests of the subjects participating.

1.1.3. The role of sustainable tourism development

Firstly, sustainable tourism contributes significantly to local and national economic development, increasing local budget revenue through revenues from corporate income tax (CIT), value added tax (VAT), and taxes.

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