HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
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NGUYEN VAN QUANG
CHAMPA CULTURAL RELICS IN THUA THIEN HUE
MASTER'S THESIS IN HISTORY
Major: Archaeology
Code: 60 22 60
Science instructor
Dr. Le Dinh Phung
Hanoi – 2010
INDEX
Acknowledgements Commitment Table of Contents
List of abbreviations used in the thesis List of statistical tables, maps, diagrams List of drawings and photographs
INTRODUCTION 11
1. Scientific and practical basis of topic 11
2. History of research on the issue and sources of information 12
3. Research objectives 16
4. Research object and scope 17
5. Research methods 17
6. Results and contributions of the thesis 18
7. Advantages and disadvantages when implementing topic 18
8. Thesis layout 19
CHAPTER 1: NATURAL CONDITIONS, POPULATION AND HISTORY OF CHAMPA IN THUA THIEN HUE 20
1.1. Natural geographical features 20
1.2. Population characteristics 23
1.3. Overview of the historical process of Champa in Thua Thien Hue 26
1.4. Summary of chapter 1 31
CHAPTER 2: CHAMPA CULTURAL RELICS IN THUA THIEN HUE .. 32
2.1. Thua Thien Hue space during the Champa kingdom period 32
2.1.1. Thua Thien Hue before the Lam Ap period 32
2.1.2. Thua Thien Hue in the Lam Ap – Champa period 34
2.2. Champa cultural relics in Thua Thien Hue 37
2.2.1. Temple and tower architecture 37
2.2.2. Citadel architecture 58
2.2.3. Stele 68
2.2.4. Water well 74
2.3. Summary of Chapter 2 110
CHAPTER 3: BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHAMPA CULTURAL RELICS SYSTEM IN THUA THIEN HUE 111
3.1. Distribution of monuments and population, social and historical issues 111
3.2. Types of architecture and issues of structure, scale and function 117
3.3. Sculpture art: Type, ideological content, expression techniques 122
3.4. The issue of the dating of the relic system 124
3.4.1. Citadel 124
3.4.2. Temple Tower 127
3.4.3. Sculptures 129
3.5. Champa cultural relics in Thua Thien Hue and relationships 132
3.5.1. Relationship between Champa cultural relics in Thua Thien Hue. 133
3.5.2. The relationship between Champa cultural relics in Thua Thien Hue and other areas in the Central region 134
3.5.3. Relationship between relics in Thua Thien Hue and other cultures137
3.6. On the typical values of Champa cultural relics in Thua Thien Hue 143
3.6.1. Historical value 143
3.6.2. Cultural and artistic values 145
3.6.3. Economic value of tourism 147
3.7. Summary of Chapter 3 147
CONCLUSION 148
REFERENCES 150
ILLUSTRATIVE APPENDIX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE THESIS
BAVH Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué
Magazine "Friends of the ancient capital Hue"
BEFEO Bullentine de Ecole Fracaise d'Extrême-Orient
Journal of the French School of the Far East
BTCVCĐ Hue Hue Royal Antiquities Museum
BTDTKC Museum of Ethnology - Archaeology
BTLS&CM Museum of History and Revolution
Hue University of Sciences Hue University of Sciences
Council of Management of the City's Ancient Culture Association
KCH Journal of Archaeology
Social Sciences Social Sciences
NBT Hue Hue Museum
NCĐNA Southeast Asian Studies
Research and Development Journal
NPHMVKCH New archaeological discoveries
Publisher
Page
Dr.
Hue Monuments Conservation Center Hue Monuments Conservation Center Science and Technology Information Science and Technology
LIST OF STATISTICAL TABLES, MAPS, DIAGRAM
Appendix 1: Statistical table
Table 1: Champa cultural relics in Thua Thien Hue
Table 2: Champa cultural relics in Thua Thien Hue mentioned in the thesis Table 3: Vietnam - Cham diplomatic events during the Ly dynasty
Table 4: Vietnam - Cham diplomatic events during the Tran Dynasty
Table 5: Events of Cham people coming to Dai Viet during the Ly - Tran dynasties Table 6: Physical properties of bricks for building towers
Table 7: Results of reading and interpreting X-ray spectrum of bricks Appendix 2: Maps, Diagrams
Map 1: Map of Champa relics in Vietnam
Map 2: Map of distribution of typical Champa relics in Thua Thien Hue on Google Earth
Map 3: Distribution map of typical Champa relics in Thua Thien Hue
Map 4: Distribution map of Champa relics in Thua Thien Hue according to H.Parmentier
Map 5: Distribution map of Champa relics in Hue city Map 6: Distribution map of Champa relics in Huong Tra district Map 7: Distribution map of Champa relics in Phong Dien district Map 8: Distribution map of Champa relics in Quang Dien district Map 9: Distribution map of Champa relics in Phu Vang district
Map 10: Map of distribution of Champa cultural relics in Phu Loc district Map 11: Map of distribution of Champa cultural relics in Huong Thuy district Diagram 1: Aerial photo of Hoa Chau citadel
Diagram 2: Map of Hoa Chau citadel and exploration pits
Diagram 3: Convex wall diagram according to H.Parmentier's survey Diagram 4: Convex wall diagram
LIST OF DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Appendix 3: Drawings
Drawing 1: Location and floor plan of Phu Dien tower
Drawing 2: Overall diagram of Phu Dien/My Khanh tower Drawing 3: Floor plan of Phu Dien tower
Drawing 4: Altar in Kalan of Phu Dien tower Drawing 5: Cross section of Phu Dien tower
Drawing 6: East facade of Phu Dien tower
Drawing 7: Decorative figure of a person standing in the fake door of Phu Dien tower Drawing 8: Floor plan of the house preparing for the ceremony at Phu Dien tower
Drawing 9: Drawing of ceramic types discovered at Hoa Chau citadel in 2009 Drawing 10: Drawing of ceramic types discovered at Hoa Chau citadel in 2009 Drawing 11: Drawing of ceramic types and pottery discovered at Hoa Chau citadel in 2009 Drawing 12: Drawing of some ceramic and brick types at Hoa Chau citadel in 2009
Drawing 13: Drawing of some types of tiles discovered at Hoa Chau citadel in 2009 Drawing 14: Types of tiles at Hoa Chau citadel (exploration in 2009)
Drawing 15: Statue of the male god Giam Bieu, front view Drawing 16: Statue of the male god Giam Bieu, back view Drawing 17: Statue of the male god Giam Bieu, side view
Drawing 18: Relief of Ravana Kailasa/Lady Thanh Phuoc's Stone Drawing 19: Elephant - Lion (Gajasimha) Xuan Hoa
Drawing 20: Water Monster Makara Xuan Hoa Drawing 21: Linga Xuan Hoa
Appendix 4: Photocopy
Photo 1: Some stone adzes discovered in La Chu, Huong Chu, Huong Tra Photo 2: Some stone adzes discovered in A Luoi district
Photo 3: Two-headed animal earrings at Con Rang relic
Photo 4: Three-pointed stone and glass earrings from Con Rang relic Photo 5: Bronze dagger handle and human statue from Con Rang relic Photo 6: Phong My bronze drum
Photo 7: Overview of Phu Dien tower seen from the East Photo 8: Kalan of Phu Dien tower
Photo 9: Foundation of the ceremony house (Mandapa) of Phu Dien tower
Photo 10: Outdoor altar of Phu Dien tower
Photo 11: Main door and altar after restoration inside Kalan Phu Dien Photo 12: Decoration of the fake arch of Phu Dien tower
Photo 13: Decoration of Phu Dien tower's fake door
Photo 14: Artifacts with unknown functions from Phu Dien tower Photo 15: Some artifacts collected at Phu Dien tower
Photo 16: Bricks engraved with Chinese characters and lamp bases discovered at Phu Dien tower Photo 17: Yoni of Phu Dien tower
Photo 18: Liugu Tower
Photo 19: Carvings on Liu Gu Tower
Photo 20: Duong Phi temple on the area of Lieu Coc tower Photo 21: Decoration of the base of Van Trach Hoa tower
Photo 22: Bodhi leaf decoration at the base of Van Trach Hoa tower Photo 23: Current status of Van Trach Hoa temple and tower
Photo 24: Uu Diem Pagoda (Dam) where the ruins of Uu Diem tower are located
Photo 25: Temple of the Goddess of Red Eyebrows (where Champa artifacts of the Xuan Hoa tower ruins are worshiped)
Photo 26: Duong Xuan Ha Communal House (location of Champa Xuan Hoa tower) Photo 27: Panorama of Phuoc Tich tower ruins
Photo 28: Some Champa artifacts worshiped at Ben Cay Bang, Phuoc Tich village Photo 29: Current status of Luong Hau tower ruins
Photo 30: "Bo Y Na" Temple on the ruins of Luong Hau Tower Photo 31: "Ba Chuan De" Temple on the ruins of Luong Hau Tower
Photo 32: My Xuyen Temple lies on the foundation of My Xuyen tower ruins. Photo 33: Ba Tam Temple in My Xuyen
Photo 34: Ruins of Duc Nhuan tower under the layer of grass Photo 35: Champa bricks at the ruins of Duc Nhuan tower Photo 36: Champa bricks at the ruins of Co Thap
Photo 37: Linh Thai Mountain seen from Tu Hien Bridge Photo 38: Current status of Linh Thai tower ruins Photo 39: Con Thap ruins
Photo 40: Champa bricks at Con Thap ruins
Photo 41: Hoa Chau citadel on the decoration of Thanh Trung communal house Photo 42: Current status of Hoa Chau citadel
Photo 43: Moat at the southern rampart Photo 44: Coast seen from the northern rampart
Photo 45: Stratigraphy of exploration pit THC09.ĐKĐ.X3 Photo 46: Stratigraphy of exploration pit THC09.TTX1 Photo 47: Stratigraphy of exploration pit THC10.KTH Photo 48: Stratigraphy of exploration pit THC10.KTR Photo 49: Stratigraphy of exploration pit THC10.TTX9 Photo 50: Cross-section of Noi citadel
Photo 51: Residential area plan of Tran Dynasty (THC10.TN2.L2)
Photo 52: Ancient tomb on the southern rampart of Hoa Chau citadel Photo 53: Le dynasty ceramics discovered at Hoa Chau citadel Photo 54: Tran dynasty leaf-shaped roof tiles discovered at Hoa Chau citadel
Photo 55: Tran Dynasty lotus-shaped tiles discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel Photo 56: Tran Dynasty ceramics discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel
Photo 57: Iron slag discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel
Photo 58: 14th century Chinese ceramics discovered in Huazhou ancient city
Photo 59: Chinese ceramics dating back to 11-12 years discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel Photo 60: Champa ceramics discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel
Photo 61: Champa pottery fragments discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel Photo 62: Rough pottery fragments discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel
Photo 63: Rough pottery fragments discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel Photo 64: Rough pottery fragments discovered at Hoa Chau ancient citadel Photo 65: Current status of a section of Loi citadel
Photo 66: Convex rampart structure
Photo 67: Niem Pho Stele, Quang Tho, Quang Dien
Photo 68: Linh Thai stele at Linh Thai tower ruins, Vinh Hien, Phu Loc Photo 69: Linh Thai stele, Linh Thai tower ruins, Vinh Hien, Phu Loc Photo 70: Linh Thai stele, Linh Thai tower ruins, Vinh Hien, Phu Loc
Photo 71: Writing on Linh Thai stele, Linh Thai tower ruins, Vinh Hien, Phu Loc Photo 72: Lai Trung stele, Quang Vinh, Quang Dien
Photo 73: Front of Lai Trung stele, Quang Vinh, Quang Dien Photo 74: Back of Lai Trung stele, Quang Vinh, Quang Dien Photo 75: Side of Lai Trung stele, Quang Vinh, Quang Dien
Photo 76: Sandstone pedestal placed in front of Lai Trung stele, Quang Vinh, Quang Dien