Building infrastructure for industrial clusters in Hanoi

 Hanoi general construction planning to 2030 and vision to 2050;

 Master plan for socio-economic development of the City and Districts for the period 2011-2020, vision 2030;

 Land use planning;

 Planning for development of small and medium enterprises and planning for conservation and development of craft villages for the period 2011-2020;

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QCVN 03: 2009/BXD National Technical Regulation on Classification and Grading of Civil, Industrial and Urban Infrastructure Construction Works

 Urban planning and new rural development;

 Industrial park development planning;

 Technical standards, regulations and construction norms.

Industrial Park Development Planning

Detailed planning for construction of industrial park infrastructure

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Scientific progress

- technology

Current status of industrial park development and construction of industrial park infrastructure

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Potential

It is necessary to ensure consistency and synchronization with the above types of planning and the consistency of the industrial park development planning itself and the detailed planning for infrastructure construction. The bases for planning can be described through diagram 3.1.

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Demand

- Master plan for capital construction to 2020 and vision to 2050

- Master plan for socio-economic development of the City and Districts.

-Land planning.

- Planning for development of small and medium enterprises and planning for preservation and development of traditional craft villages

-Urban planning and new rural development.

- Industrial park development planning

- Standards, regulations, construction techniques.

Source: author

Diagram 3.1. Basis for planning

3.2.2. Focus on building infrastructure associated with environmental protection requirements of Industrial Clusters

The environment is a living condition for the existence and development of production and business. Environmental pollution is a state of the environment being polluted by chemicals and biological substances that affect human health, living organisms and cause damage and difficulties for production and business. The environment and environmental pollution are major concerns in the development of industrial clusters, it is one of the goals of establishing and developing industrial clusters. In fact, industrial clusters have not made progress in solving environmental pollution. Through some preliminary surveys in some craft villages and industrial clusters, it shows that "The quality of wastewater from craft villages in recent years shows that the level of pollution has not decreased but tends to increase. In agricultural and food processing craft villages, surface water in many places has COD, BOD5, NH4, and Coliform levels that exceed Vietnam 's standards by dozens to hundreds of times; surface water in textile and dyeing craft villages is also heavily polluted; COD is 2-3 times higher than Vietnam's standards, BOD 5 is 1.5 - 2.5 times higher, and Coliform content is also quite high. In bamboo and rattan craft villages, in many places the COD content in surface water has exceeded Vietnam's standards, because bamboo and rattan must be soaked in water and the processing process causes wastewater containing a lot of lignin and organic matter, leading to surface water here having COD, BOD 5 , NH 4, and Coliform content that exceeds QCVN many times, the water has a foul odor and is cloudy. According to recent air quality monitoring data in some craft villages of the Center for Urban and Industrial Environmental Engineering, most craft villages have dust content exceeding the permitted standards. SO 2 gas concentration in bamboo and rattan craft villages and agricultural and food processing villages is higher than the permitted standards" [7]. Therefore, it is necessary to have a correct perspective and full awareness of environmental issues. According to the author's viewpoint on the environment for industrial park development and construction of industrial park infrastructure, it is important to emphasize that:

- Orient environmental management towards the goal of sustainable development of industrial clusters. The main characteristic of sustainable development of industrial clusters is the harmonious combination of the following factors: i) Economic growth; ii) Environmental protection; iii) Social security; iv) Good institutional settlement in development.

- Environmental management needs to be implemented with synchronous measures and comprehensive tools. Regarding synchronous measures, if considered according to the nature of the measures, it is necessary to implement economic, technical, organizational, management, legal, propaganda and education measures... If considered according to the responsibilities of sectors and levels, there are: State management measures; measures of industrial parks; social measures and measures of research, production, technology supply and equipment for environmental treatment organizations.

- Solving environmental pollution problems in industrial parks requires appropriate steps and roadmap.

- Environmental management and environmental pollution resolution must take the main principle of combining pollution treatment, environmental improvement with nature conservation.

- Local authorities need to have a more resolute attitude in dealing with pollution. Environmental issues need to be taken into consideration not only when establishing projects, investing in projects, planning industrial park development, and planning detailed industrial park construction, but also when operating and using infrastructure.

- Investors of all projects to build infrastructure for industrial parks must prepare environmental impact assessment reports in accordance with Decree No. 80/2006/ND-CP dated August 9, 2006 of the Government detailing and guiding the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Environmental Protection; Decree No. 21/2008/ND-CP dated February 28, 2008 of the Government amending and supplementing a number of articles of Decree No. 80/2006/ND-CP dated August 9, 2006.

From those perspectives, the author proposes the following solutions:

+ The city needs to be determined in not approving or granting construction permits for investment projects, in development planning, expansion planning and construction of industrial parks without environmental impact assessment. Industrial parks must strictly implement regulations on preparing and approving environmental impact assessment reports and passing the assessment. Environmental impact reports are an important content when preparing, appraising and approving projects. Environmental impact reports need to focus on 2 issues:

1) Determine the scope of impact and level of impact on the environment of some industries and products of the Industrial Cluster such as: i) Mining, processing and production of construction materials (production of bricks, tiles, stones, ceramics, etc.);

ii) Agricultural, forestry and food processing industry (wood processing, food processing, rattan and bamboo weaving, etc.); iii) Chemical, dyeing and bleaching industry (varnishing, bleaching, dyeing, paper production, etc.); iv) Mechanical and metal processing industry (casting, plating, manufacturing, mechanics, etc.).

2) Forecasting environmental change trends. When implementing a project, it is necessary to accurately forecast the change trends of environmental components such as:

Water environment: Water resources are most negatively impacted by chemical processing, metal processing and surface treatment, paper production, dyeing, bleaching, waste collection and treatment plants. Next is agricultural, forestry and food processing, and then mechanical engineering, mineral processing, construction materials production, etc.

Air environment: the most negatively impacted is air emissions from the mining and mineral processing industry, followed by the metal surface treatment industry.

Land environment: Industrial plants occupy large areas

Large land areas have negative impacts on soil quality.

Biodiversity: degraded mainly due to the impact of the mining and mineral processing industry and the forestry exploitation and processing industry.

Factors affecting the environment when constructing and putting industrial parks into operation include: solid waste of all kinds; dust and smoke causing air pollution; water pollution; especially when industrial park investment projects come into operation. Among these, chemical production, paper production, production of products using bleach and dyeing agents, painting and plating processes, and chemical surface cleaning are all areas that have a great impact on the surrounding environment.

+ Pay attention to planning and building industrial parks associated with environmental protection.

Article 38 of the Law on Environmental Protection (2005) stipulates: “ The planning, construction, renovation and development of craft villages must be associated with environmental protection. The State encourages the development of craft village industrial zones and clusters with a common environmental protection infrastructure system ”. Decision 105/2009/QD-TTg dated August 19, 2009 also identifies environmental issues of industrial clusters as one of the main contents of the Industrial Cluster Development Planning Project.

For newly built industrial parks, the overall planning of environmental protection right from the project establishment plays an important role. In addition to the layout of the factory premises, the planning must also mention the environmental protection plan. In each industrial park, a certain area of land must be reserved for the construction of a wastewater treatment system and planting trees. When arranging production and business establishments, it is necessary to pay attention to dividing them into groups of industries with medium and light pollution levels to arrange them into clusters close to each other. Production and business establishments causing heavy and medium pollution must be arranged behind the wind direction compared to establishments with light pollution levels.

+ Construction and completion of centralized environmental treatment area.

This is a very effective solution for wastewater treatment in industrial parks and is also a mandatory requirement during construction. A centralized wastewater treatment system built to treat the same type of wastewater from many production facilities will save more from construction costs, construction, operation and maintenance of the system. In areas where many industries generate the same type of wastewater, locating these industries in one area will make wastewater treatment easier.

In fact, the centralized environmental treatment area is a public good, shared by many production and business establishments in the cluster. It is a non-competitive good, and the investment capital for the centralized environmental treatment area in many cases exceeds the capacity of a production and business establishment. Therefore, the State will mainly invest, and production and business establishments will contribute a part of the capital to invest in the construction of this centralized environmental treatment area.

Currently, among the newly built industrial parks, only 5 industrial parks have built centralized wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, in the coming time, the City needs to request the industrial parks that have come into operation to quickly complete this item. For industrial parks that are or have not built infrastructure, it is necessary to supplement the construction of centralized wastewater treatment areas. The City is determined not to approve new industrial parks or expand industrial parks without building centralized wastewater treatment areas.

Through a survey at a company producing microbial fertilizers in Duong Lieu Industrial Park, the author also found that there is a fairly good waste treatment model of this industrial park. This is also a new model for industrial parks to study and consider its feasibility when applying to their industrial parks. (Box 4)

Box 4: Experience in wastewater treatment at Duong Lieu Industrial Park

Due to the nature of the industry of processing rice paper and vermicelli from cassava and tapioca flour, the level of pollution is quite serious. The local government has invested in building a common waste treatment facility for the industrial park and assigned the Green Sun Company (a fertilizer production company) to manage and operate it. The Green Sun Company has invested an additional 2 billion VND to install a system of equipment using waste from the production activities of the craft village to produce bio-fertilizer. The Green Sun Company collects waste from production facilities in the Cluster as raw materials for bio-fertilizer production. This technology was transferred from Japan, it collects and precipitates organic matter from all wastewater in the village, through processing to create packaged products of biological BOKASHI fertilizer - MTX and NPK fertilizer - MTX

Source: Survey at Duong Lieu Industrial Park

+ Encourage production and business establishments to apply clean technology and environmentally friendly technology.

The city should have policies to encourage and support priority for production and business establishments applying clean technology, environmentally friendly technology such as gas technology instead of coal and firewood technology in ceramic production, and honeycomb charcoal production from the use of cassava residue. High technology is a progressive and inevitable trend to solve environmental pollution in craft villages and industrial clusters. In addition, it is also necessary to promote research and production of technologies and equipment for environmental treatment in industrial clusters at reasonable prices to equip and apply in industrial clusters to actively contribute to environmental protection in industrial clusters. Research and develop mechanisms to encourage enterprises to invest in advanced technology and equipment, apply environmental treatment technology in production; at the same time, improve the capacity of environmental management apparatus in industrial clusters.

+ Create conditions for businesses to access preferential loans from development banks and environmental protection funds for investment projects, pollution prevention, reduction, treatment, improvement of environmental quality, and remediation of environmental incidents.

School in industrial cluster.

+ Gradually build an environmental monitoring system in industrial parks.

CCN needs to build and invest in upgrading the operational capacity of the environmental monitoring system (Monitoring) in the Cluster. Through this environmental monitoring system, it is possible to promptly and accurately assess and closely control the environmental quality status as well as the level of air, water, odor, noise pollution in the area and its impact on the surrounding area. From there, there are timely and effective technical measures to handle, ensuring the overall environmental quality.

+ Establish environmental service center.

The management board of industrial parks can organize and provide environmental services to achieve environmental goals, generate new income and increase attractiveness to investors. The services that industrial parks provide to production facilities can include many areas such as:

- Wastewater collection and treatment services, solid waste treatment.

- Environmental monitoring services.

- Environmental training and education services.

- Environmental information service.

The Management Board of Industrial Zones can organize and support environmental services. These expenses can be offset by collecting fees for wastewater treatment, collecting and treating solid waste, checking and evaluating the quality of input materials and output products according to environmental objectives, environmental training, and technical consulting services. These services can be assigned to environmental service centers, but the Management Board needs to coordinate and supervise these activities.

3.2.3. Improving the quality of infrastructure construction works of industrial parks

CCN infrastructure products include tangible products (roads)