Biological Indicators for Humans (By Indian Scholars)

- Discovery tourism: The purpose is to meet the need to learn new things.

- Adventure tourism: The purpose is to satisfy the sense of adventure and risk.

- Thematic tourism: Tourism based on a certain theme such as visiting historical sites, craft villages...

- Combination tourism: Combining different types together

i) Classification by tourism market

- Market receiving visitors (Active tourism): Market welcoming visitors to travel

- Market for sending tourists (Passive tourism): Market for sending tourists on trips

j) Classification by contract method

If viewed from a market perspective, tours can also be divided into package tours and individual tours.

- Package tours: Tourists often sign contracts with travel agencies when they want to join a tour for a certain amount of money. Package services are usually:

+ Accommodation services

+ Shipping services

+ Food service

+ Guide service

+ Insurance services

+ Entrance tickets

Thus, the travel agency will take care of all the procedures for the guests and their main task is to enjoy and experience the services.

- Partial tourism: Tourists choose one or several services from travel companies, which can be accommodation, food, transportation... the rest is up to the tourists to organize and contact different services or have them themselves.

k) Classification according to the actual behavior of others

- First time guests

- Returning guests (from the second time onwards)

l) Classification according to the mental characteristics of customers

- Individual or group travel

- Do guests go by their own decision or depend on others?

1.1.1.4. Tourism products

Tourism products are a combination of goods and services based on the exploitation of tourism resources to meet the needs of tourists.

According to the Vietnam Tourism Ordinance (1999): “Tourism products are created by combining services and material means based on exploiting tourism resources to meet the needs of tourists”. [3]

According to Vietnam Tourism Law (2005): "Tourism products are a set of necessary services to satisfy the needs of tourists during a trip". [13]

Thus, tourism products can be represented by the following formula:

Tourism products = Tourism resources + Tourism services

From the tourist's perspective, the tourism product includes everything that serves the trip from the time the tourist leaves his/her accommodation until he/she returns home after the trip.

Tourism products are basically not specific, do not exist in physical form. If for normal goods, the buyer can see the product with his own eyes (can try) before deciding to buy, then for tourism, tourism products are often far from the customer's place of residence. Therefore, evaluating and checking the quality of tourism products is very difficult. Tourism products have specific objects, do not have enough properties of goods and can be "sold" many times. These are human values and natural tourism resources. After selling these goods, the owner still possesses their full use value.

In the tourism market, the production and consumption of tourism products are carried out simultaneously. The process of production, circulation and consumption of tourism products always takes place simultaneously, at the same time and place. Therefore, tourism products cannot be stored or kept like other goods. Tourism products are always associated with a specific location, cannot be "displayed" or "consumed" elsewhere, but tourists must go to the place where the tourism products are to satisfy their needs through the consumption of tourism products. Thus, the effectiveness of tourism business lies in the process of organizing tourism activities.

Tourism products have a clear seasonality. This is reflected in the fact that tourism supply and demand only appear during a certain period of the year. The main reason is that in services, supply is quite stable over a long period of time, while customer demand changes frequently, leading to a gap between supply and demand. Unlike other sectors, in tourism it is difficult to increase the supply of tourism products in a short period of time without causing it to change.

In short, tourism products are a unique feature of each region. Each location has its own tourism product, so in the process of tourism development, it is necessary to create products with their own identity to attract tourists.

1.1.2. Tourism resources

1.1.2.1. Concept

Tourism resources are a special form of resources in general, but have some specific characteristics associated with the development of the tourism industry. Tourism resources are considered a premise, a special condition for tourism development.

According to Le Thong and Nguyen Minh Tue: "Tourism resources are the natural, cultural and historical wholes and their components used for direct or indirect needs or for creating tourism services to contribute to the restoration and development of physical strength, intelligence as well as labor capacity and health of people" [12]

According to Vietnam's tourism law (2005): "Tourism resources are natural landscapes, natural elements, historical - cultural relics, creative human labor works and other human values that can be used to meet tourism needs, and are the basic factors for forming tourist areas, tourist routes, tourist spots and tourist cities". [19]

Thus, it can be understood that: Tourism resources include all natural and artificial factors that can be exploited, protected, embellished and used to satisfy tourism needs.

1.1.2.2. The role of tourism resources

Tourism products are made up of many factors, but first of all, tourism resources. The richness, diversity and uniqueness of tourism resources create the diversity and attractiveness of tourism products. Thus, investing in material means and services to turn tourism resources into tourism products is an art in the tourism business.

Tourism resources are an important basis for developing tourism types. In other words, the emergence of tourism types must be based on tourism resources. Adventure tourism activities are organized on the basis of tourism resources such as high mountains, caves, primeval forests, deserted areas, bays and islands with beautiful scenery...; while resort tourism is often organized in mountainous areas with cool climates, beautiful beaches, lots of sunshine, mineral springs...

Tourism resources are one of the basic factors to create a tourist area. The quantity, quality and combination of resources in a territory are important in the formation and development of tourism in a region or a country. A territory with diverse, high-quality tourism resources and a rich combination will have great attraction for tourists.

Tourism resources directly affect the structure and specialization of tourist areas. The scale of tourism activities of a territory is determined on the basis of volume.

resources and it determines the seasonality and rhythm of tourist flows. The attractiveness of a region depends largely on tourism resources.

1.1.1.3. Classification of tourism resources

* Natural tourism resources

- Terrain : Terrain is one of the important factors contributing to the creation of landscape and the diversity of landscape. People often divide terrain into 3 general types: mountainous, plain, coastal and island.

Mountainous terrain is a type of terrain that has many advantages for tourism development. Mountainous terrain often has forests, waterfalls, rivers (hot springs, mineral water), beautiful scenery. At the same time, mountainous areas are also places to preserve many national parks, and are home to many ethnic minorities with diverse and unique lives and cultures. Therefore, mountainous areas have many directions for tourism development and have the potential to develop many types of tourism: discovery tourism, sightseeing tourism, resort tourism, sports tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, etc.

Coastal and island terrains have quite favorable tourism exploitation potential. The type of terrain that attracts tourists is coastal sandbanks and river lakes. In particular, coastal and island sandbanks are often called beaches that are favorable for various types of tourism such as swimming, beach vacations, cruising to the island, diving, and other types of sports tourism.

The terrain is relatively monotonous, so it is not very inspiring for visitors.

- Climate: Climate has many effects on human life. The state of the human body is closely linked to bioclimatic indicators. Notable indicators are temperature, humidity, rainfall, physical and chemical composition of the air, atmospheric pressure, sunlight and other special weather phenomena.

Table 1.1: Biological indicators for humans (by Indian scholars)

Rating Level

Average annual temperature ( 0 C)	Average temperature of the hottest month ( 0 C)	Daily temperature range ( 0 C)	Annual rainfall (mm)
Adapt	18-24	24-27	<6	1250-1900
Quite adaptable	24-27	27-29	6-8	1900-2550
Hot	27-29	29-32	8-14	>2550
very hot	29-32	32-35	14-19	<1250
Inopportune	>32	>35	>19	<650

Maybe you are interested!

Source: [16]

In general, places with moderate climate often attract many tourists. Climatic conditions affect tourism activities and create seasonality in tourism activities. Summer is the bustling tourist season with types of sea tourism, mountain tourism, tourism to the hills... Winter is the tourist season for those who are passionate about winter sports. Places with suitable climate are favorable for tourism development.

- Water: Including surface water and groundwater, is considered an important resource, creating conditions for tourism development in general and the development of tourism types associated with water resources in particular.

Surface water resources are valuable for many types of tourism such as sightseeing, resorts... such as beaches, natural lakes, artificial lakes, streams, waterfalls,...

Groundwater is generally of little value for tourism, however mineral water resources must be mentioned. This is a valuable resource for health and wellness tourism.

- Living things: Including all species of plants and animals living on land and underwater that are naturally available and are domesticated, cared for and bred by humans. Valuable plants and animals create landscapes that make nature more vivid and beautiful. Among them, national parks, nature reserves... are places where many species of primary flora and fauna still exist and are also places that attract tourists.

- Special natural phenomena: there are many unique and special natural phenomena that attract tourists. For example, solar eclipse, snowfall, white night in the North Pole...

* Human tourism resources

- Historical and cultural relics : Are specific, objective physical spaces that contain typical historical values. Historical and cultural relics are often divided into:

+ Archaeological site

+ Historical site

+ Architectural and artistic relics

+ Scenic spots

- Festivals : Are a part of folk culture that has been created and preserved, and has been passed down for a long time in society from ancient times to the present. They are forms of cultural and social activities of the working masses in a certain community or locality, bearing the characteristics of a synthesis of the forms of ideology, beliefs, arts, customs and practices of that community or locality. They are a form of social activity that is multiplied and goes beyond the framework of daily life. Festivals come in many forms, but usually include two closely related parts: the ceremony part is a solemn, ceremonial part to commemorate or wish... the festival part is a recreational activity of the community. Of course, this division can be

relative. There may be festivals that have both parts, festivals that have the main part of the ceremony, or festivals that only have the festival part.

The festival has a great attraction for tourists. Tourists not only visit and learn about the festival but can also participate in festival activities.

- Traditional craft villages: Traditional handicrafts are a type of economic activity.

– Society is very rich, handicraft products with many artistic values often become souvenirs for tourists.

- Ethnicity and cultural identity of the ethnic group : Each ethnic group has its own characteristics in terms of costumes, religious beliefs, customs, economic activities, cultural arts... those characteristics have their own appeal to tourists.

- Museum system and events : The museum system and local historical events are the human values of the region. The museums contain the spiritual values of the nation, where the noble qualities of the local people exist in the process of land reclamation and fighting against foreign invaders.

The events are a testament to the traditions that have existed for hundreds of years, associated with the work of building and defending the country, and also carry humanistic values for future generations.

1.1.3. Some cultural issues

1.1.3.1. Concept of culture

Culture is understood and used in many different meanings such as to indicate knowledge (cultural level); lifestyle (cultural lifestyle) the level of development of a period. Culture is also understood in a broader sense including all customs, beliefs, artifacts, lifestyles... affecting the daily life of that residential area. Many organizations, countries and cultural research experts have proposed concepts of culture and related issues, and currently there is no absolutely unified concept of culture. Some concepts, concepts and definitions of culture can be given as follows:

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