examination to become an official. All people, whether noble or peasant, can participate in studying and taking exams to be respected and must love the people, bringing practical benefits in daily life to the people. Officials must thoroughly grasp the spirit of all beneficial things that should be done for the people, all harmful things that should be done away with, so that all families are rich, everyone is well-fed, no one is hungry or cold, they are separated, and there is no presence. the phenomenon of stealing, killing each other... That is clearly shown in the regulations on ensuring some freedoms of the people, preventing the enslavement of the people, and taking care of the elderly and disabled. disabled, lonely, homeless, sick... or lenient punishment for those who commit crimes, children, women, the elderly, and the disabled.
- Institutionalize the word Rites to strengthen the education and governance of the people in order to improve moral standards in the family, in society, good customs and traditions and bring people to true values, goodness and beauty of life. Confucianism's principles of cultivation, discipline, governance, peace and family relationships such as brothers, spouses, parents, relatives, teachers and students, officials and people... are clearly regulated, and anyone who violates them will be punished. severely punished.
3.1.5. If there is a country, there must be equipment
With 2 chapters: Ve Cam and Quan Chinh, including 90 laws, and a number of laws in other chapters, it shows the ideology of promoting national defense of the early Le dynasty in protecting the state, protecting the kingship, and protecting the country. protect the people. From Ngo Quyen's victory on the Bach Dang River to Le Loi's Dong Quan oath, our people have spent nearly 500 years living, fighting, building the country and defending the homeland. More than 1,000 years of Northern domination and 20 years of internal domination by the Ming invaders have left in the minds of the Vietnamese people unforgettable and horrifying marks: Confining the black people to the furnace of tyranny/Holding the red children under the pit of disaster. The value of national independence and autonomy has therefore been fully recognized and appreciated by the ruling class and all Vietnamese people. Erect
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water, defending the country and preventing foreign invasions therefore always go hand in hand in Dai Viet's social life. Raising the spirit of vigilance, Le Thanh Tong said: "If there is a state, there must be weapons... to teach people how to walk... not to forget weapons" [15, p.242] and he always took care of them. The army has developed strongly and is in a proactive position ready to fight to protect independence and territorial integrity with the goal of preserving long-term peace so that the country can have peace and prosperity and the people can enjoy peace. settle down and settle down. Therefore, in the QTHL, it shows the anxiety that lingered in the hearts of the leaders and managers of the country in the early Le dynasty about preventive measures to protect the country and maintain long-term peace. Those worries are not beyond the purpose: The act of benevolence consists in pacifying the people/The military commands punishment before worrying about eliminating tyranny. That was the goal of the early Le Dynasty's military organization and also the aspiration of the entire nation throughout the history of building and defending the country.
To carry out military preparations well, the QTHL especially emphasizes the role of military generals and state officials in protecting borders, customs passes, and sea areas and severely punishing acts that violate sovereignty. rights, territorial integrity and national security or collusion with foreign countries.
The kings of the early Le Dynasty always took care of national security and defense issues, especially under the reign of King Le Thanh Tong, who implemented comprehensive reforms in the country's military system, making the army elite and with enough material strength. and the spirit to fend off foreign invaders when necessary. He placed the country in a state of high alert against invasion.
On the basis of specific viewpoints and measures on military equipment, the early Le Dynasty under Thanh Tong became a country with strong military potential enough to maintain order and security in the country, and to pacify the country. bandits on the southwest border, destroying the arrogance and hegemony of the Ming Dynasty in the North. Dai Viet became a prosperous country
reputable in the area.
QTHL presents vivid lessons about the spirit of vigilance against invasion, about the policies, guidelines, and specific measures of the state on building military forces and defense strategies to ensure a lasting peace and happiness for the people.
3.1.6. Talent is the natural energy of a nation
The establishment of the First Le Dynasty marked a huge turning point in the cause of the struggle to defend the country and liberate the nation. It proves the outstanding maturity of the Vietnamese people in many aspects from slavery. With their hands and minds, the Vietnamese people rose up to create a glorious and heroic history. That history is formed and exists not only in the purely material aspect, but the survival of the nation and people also depends greatly on the spiritual creativity of all people. However, in that process, the role of people with great talent and virtue plays an important and decisive role in the safety and survival of the nation. These people were born and raised in the process of production, fighting, learning and creativity of the hard-working masses. Above all, they became the leaders of the people to promote the process of creating history faster and achieve success sooner.
As discussed in the previous sections, our country Vietnam has a favorable geographical location, a climate divided into 4 distinct seasons, and rich products, so we often have to face many enemies, including extremely powerful enemies. ferocious like the Northern enemy. These natural features also bring to our country no small troubles in terms of natural disasters such as floods, droughts... This causes our nation to soon form a spirit of patriotism, love for the race, and solidarity. unite to fight natural disasters and enemy attacks. In these conditions of material and spiritual production, history
nation shows that in any era there appear outstanding talents who can unite, gather and lead the masses to overcome all dangers. They are the embodiment of the crystallization of the nation's material and spiritual culture - they are the talented people and the nation's vitality. They are attached by blood and flesh to the people, and the people nurture them to become talented people. From there, creating the lasting vitality of the nation. Previously, Nguyen Trai once wrote: Like our Dai Viet country from before/Which has claimed its civilization for a long time/Trai Trieu, Dinh, Le, Ly, Tran for many generations built independence/Along with Han, Tang, Song, Nguyen Heroes belong to one direction/Even though their strength and weakness are different, there are heroes in every generation.
The Vietnamese people cannot exist and develop if all people do not become citizens of a civilized country because culture is the synthesis of the national cultural foundation created by the people and the crystallization of that value in the country's large team of talented people.
The country's talented people are the crystallization of the values of talent and virtue. They learn a lot, have great economic talent, and use that talent wholeheartedly to serve the country, serve the people, and bring a peaceful, prosperous, and happy life for all people, demonstrating the spirit of loyalty to training for compatibility, practicing what is learned, creating a great and brilliant career, making everyone The next generation respects reputation and admires dignity.
To have truly talented people, the Law of Justice shows that it is necessary to build a prosperous and prosperous society in which the state implements institutions that pay special attention to people, demonstrate education, and recruitment. , use, and treat... for everyone with talent and virtue. Not only stopping at the provisions of the law, the respect for talented people in the early Le period also showed that the king - Le Thanh Tong regularly followed the teaching and learning at Quoc Tu Giam, taking care of food and accommodation. of each student returning to study. The king is still direct
Mark the exams and meet each candidate participating in the Dinh exam to decide on each person's passing. Appreciating talented people is also shown in the king's respect for scholars. At that time, the king returned to Kinh Thien Palace, hundreds of mandarins dressed in royal uniforms congratulated him, hung a golden sign outside Dong Hoa door, and had a stone stele engraved with the name of the person who passed the exam and placed it at the Quoc Tu Giam door. All of these activities of the king are aimed at encouraging all people to emulate their studies, try to practice their virtues and talents to build the country, and serve the king's political needs.
With specific regulations on education, training and use of talents, QTHL has shown the appreciation of the role of talented people to meet high-level human resources for the reform and development of the country during this time. Le So, build a prosperous and prosperous society, where everyone is prosperous and happy.
With the above values, QTHL created conditions for talented people of the early Le Dynasty to devote all their intelligence and talents to the reconstruction and development of the country after the war, building a the most prosperous society in the history of the nation's development.
3.1.7. Hundred mandarins are the source of chaos
The perception that mandarins were the source of peace and prosperity or disaster and chaos helped legislators of the early Le Dynasty to see that whether good or bad country management depended on mandarins at all levels. This is the decisive factor for the success or failure of dynastic politics. QTHL has shown:
- The importance of improving the level of education in all aspects of state officials, especially legal knowledge. In the fight against crime, especially criminals with positions and powers in the state apparatus, bureaucrats are the subjects that lawmakers are most concerned about. This shows that the understanding of the Confucian rule of impunity has greatly improved to ensure the completion of state duties and increase benefits for the people.
- The selection of people to become state officials must be through exams, not based on noble origin. Princes of the country and descendants of great mandarins who are not educated or do not pass the exam will not be appointed as mandarins.
- Mandarins are valued for their real talent rather than their vanity. The State organizes the review of mandarins through the assessment of whether they are worthy or unworthy of office with specific criteria: Which official, in the course of his rule, constantly makes the people more and more crowded and the life of become more and more prosperous, customs become more and more pure... then you are worthy of the position. On the contrary, any official who does not manage well so that people are attacked by wild animals, harassed by thieves... is not worthy of office.
- The State periodically organizes tests (exams, courses) on the professional qualifications and character of officials. This poses a requirement for current officials to constantly practice their skills to constantly improve their abilities in their work.
- The Legal Administration always encourages officials to have the qualities of diligence, integrity, and fairness, and takes measures to prevent the evils of official corruption, bribery, and bullying of the people through reward and punishment measures. , inspection, monitoring and supervision of agencies within the state apparatus.
The Le Dynasty's mandarins were a special group of human resources of the state. They performed public duties, so they needed to have a proper awareness of their position, role and responsibilities. On that basis, the state needs to take measures to minimize abuse of state power by mandarins. If mandarins do not clearly understand their responsibilities before the state and the people, they can disable any mechanism. Therefore, the continuous improvement of the qualifications of officials and the constant efforts in finding solutions to prevent the deterioration of state officials have made the Administrative Law become a ministry.
The most effective law regulating mandarins in the history of the Vietnamese monarchy.
3.1.8. For the people, all benefits should be done and all harm should be abandoned
Drilling the people's health is an eternal strategy in our country. Through the Ministry of Legal Affairs, we see the legislator's deep concern for the people of the state. With regulations on the responsibilities of mandarins such as constantly making the people rich, making the people rich, and making the people polite, the lives of the people of the early Le dynasty were guaranteed the most basic rights in life. feudal monarchy social life. This is expressed in the following specific issues:
- The leader, supreme manager of the country and the team of assisting mandarins must constantly cultivate themselves, set a shining example of Confucian ethics and benevolence, and they must constantly hone their talents to have capable of leading people to achieve their aspirations for a peaceful and prosperous society.
- Educate the people and strictly enforce feudal rites, but constantly pay attention to fostering people's strength by reducing taxes, encouraging agricultural production, and creating conditions for people to trade.
- All work that state officials carry out must be based on the well-being of the people. Ensuring that the law truly becomes a public right of the state, from the king, mandarins to the people, must be strictly enforced.
- Strictly punish state officials whose actions do not comply with Confucian rites, violate state management rules, violate laws, cause trouble or infringe on people's rights.
- Continuously improve state management processes to ensure convenience for people and avoid trouble:
The court appointed mandarins to divide their positions for the sake of the people. People complained about trouble, books and papers were rushed, and the mandarins could not examine and handle them.
Once it's done, it's time to hand it over to the others to review the documents... the officials are in a hurry to make books and papers, it's hard to avoid guilt... from now on, every district office will appoint a regular reviewer. Regularly, knowledgeable about books and papers and know how to write and calculate, to keep documents and papers. That way, the paperwork won't be delayed anymore, and people won't have to suffer because they stay for a long time to wait for a lawsuit" [15, p.267].
3.1.9. The criminal policy is strict but tolerant
Although it is a law of a centralized monarchy, the Criminal Code shows a strict yet lenient criminal policy. Be strict in maintaining national discipline and be lenient in judging violations of the law.
- The strictness of the Criminal Code's handling of crimes is shown in:
+ Regulate crimes belonging to the ten evils and have measures to use appropriate penalties to handle them. Crimes of treason, treason, rebellion... are serious crimes in the legal system, they violate political security, national customs and traditions... If violated, sanctions will be applied. Severe sanctions such as beheading, beheading, strangulation, burial and not being considered for reduction according to the eight recommendations . This shows that the Law of Justice pays great attention to humanistic values, institutionalizing the Confucian view of virtue into law to teach people to be polite and appreciate the values of truth, goodness, and beauty of life. people, obey the rules of the country, know how to behave with each other in the family as well as in society.
+ Regulations on the responsibilities of state officials and those with a leadership role... According to Confucianism, the punishment is not the highest official, but the civil servants are not subordinate , but QTHL does not comply with this principle. To maintain discipline and law, the QTHL assigns responsibility to local mandarins, especially those in chief positions.