Provide high-level political and administrative theory to that cadre team through the National Academy of Politics and Public Administration and provincial political and administrative schools.
For current leaders in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, when they are both leaders in Party agencies - which are understood to be the places where the leadership function is mainly performed - and leaders in Government agencies and authorities at all levels - which are considered to be the places where the management function is mainly performed, distinguishing when they are leaders and when they are managers is an even more difficult problem and in reality it is impossible to absolutize one of those functions.
For those reasons, as mentioned above, when using the phrase "leaders", it implies that it refers to people holding important positions at all levels, agencies, and units, who are responsible, with both leadership and management functions.
2.2 BASIC VIEWPOINTS AND THEORIES ON STAFF TRAINING
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2.2.1 Views on staff training
Analyzing and clarifying the viewpoint on training and fostering cadres in general and on the team of leaders in particular is considered an inevitable starting point to correctly perceive the problem, that is, to grasp the essence of the process of training and fostering cadres of the Party in the current revolutionary period.
When it comes to training and fostering cadres, especially for leaders , people often divide them into two types with two different methods of implementation: training and fostering through schools and training and fostering organizations implementing specific teaching and learning programs within a unified knowledge provision process, aiming to continuously improve and perfect the skills.
knowledge, leadership skills , and at the same time contribute to strengthening the stance, qualities and ethics of cadres.
2.2.1.1 Viewpoints of the classics Marx - Lenin and Ho Chi Minh
The founders of Marxism-Leninism pointed out that cadres - especially leading cadres - have a decisive significance for the success or failure of the revolution. The work of training and fostering leading cadres of a class or a political party is always one of the most decisive factors for the political and social status of that class and political party. Especially for the proletariat, it is the guarantee for the successful implementation of the entire great historical mission of liberating the class and humanity. These things have been analyzed and assessed deeply by the founders of Marxism-Leninism .
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels once said: Each social era needs great people and each era will "create such people" [4, p.181]. That helps us understand that for any stage of social development or for any period of revolutionary history, it is necessary to create typical leaders to promote the social and revolutionary process in that period. Besides, it must also be understood that a leader in each period of social and revolutionary development, no matter where he is trained or at what level, must still perfect his knowledge and be trained in the actual movement of that period.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels themselves, during their careers, paid great attention to the work of building a team of leaders for the workers' movement and its political party. They considered this to be the creation of a force to "push the movement forward".
Faced with the urgent demands of the task of spreading communist ideology, the task of building and developing the core force for the workers' movement and forming the first proletarian political parties in Europe, the two men pioneered in gathering the most outstanding representatives of the movement.
The two men, through their tireless work in propagating communist ideology and conducting an uncompromising struggle against opportunist elements and parties in the workers' movement, first of all in the organizations in which they participated, directly helped genuine representatives of the working class and proletarian parties to imbue themselves with proletarian revolutionary ideology, equip themselves with scientific methodology, understand the strategic issues and tactics of the workers' movement at that time, and at the same time train them to have a strong will , exemplary qualities and essential organizational and leadership skills.
For the proletariat and its political party, the training and fostering of leaders is one of the fundamental strategic issues and is the factor that directly determines the success or failure of the entire revolutionary cause led by that class and political party.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels laid the foundation for the issue of cadres of the proletariat. They were the ones who founded scientific socialism, and at the same time, they combined scientific theory with the workers' movement to establish the first communist organization in the world.
The classics of scientific communism pointed out that: if the proletariat and its party want to gain leadership , maintain leadership, and maintain power, they must build a team of loyal and talented cadres who can fulfill the task of disseminating scientific theory to the workers' movement. The classics of Marxism-Leninism affirmed: "To implement ideology, it is necessary to have people who can use practical force" [53, p.181].
Like C. Marx and F. Engels, VI Lenin considered the construction of education and training as important .
Creating a team of leaders, especially senior leaders , called "leaders" is a fundamental issue and it is inevitable for all.
all classes capable of becoming the ruling class and aspiring to become the ruling class. As early as 1900, when outlining the tasks for the revolutionary movement in Russia, Lenin wrote: "In history, no class has achieved power without creating within its ranks political leaders, advanced representatives capable of organizing and leading the movement... We must train people who are ready to devote to the revolution not only their idle evenings, but their whole lives" [57, pp. 473, 474].
In many articles and speeches, Lenin clearly stated his views on training cadres in general and especially leading cadres of the Party and State of the proletariat. According to Lenin, the source of leading cadres to be trained comes from within the masses: "Our organizational task is to find leaders and organizers among the masses" [57, p.333].
In Lenin's view, the training of leading cadres must be carried out systematically, sequentially and consistently, and is the work of the entire party. Lenin wrote: "The entire party must systematically, sequentially and consistently train for itself worthy cadres at the central level; it must do so so that the party can see clearly, as in the palm of its hand, the entire activity of each member appointed to a high-ranking position; so that the party even knows their personality traits, their strengths and weaknesses, their victories and 'failures'..." [55, p.107].
Lenin also emphasized that it is necessary to train leaders through work assignments and through challenges not once, but even hundreds of times in practical work, and to pay attention to training young cadres to be promoted to leadership positions . According to Lenin: "Organizing work in an exemplary manner is a training of cadres and a relatively easy example to follow" [62, p.284].
The "people who use practical force" and "political leaders" mentioned by the Marxist-Leninist classics are the party's leadership cadres. To have such a cadre, it is necessary to build and train it. Otherwise, the party cannot carry out its guiding ideology, cannot organize and lead the revolutionary movement of the masses, and cannot fulfill its revolutionary tasks and goals. That shows the extremely important role of cadres and the building of the Party's cadre team.
In fact, right from the founding days of the Russian Bolshevik Communist Party, Lenin attached great importance to cadre work. He pointed out that to overthrow the Tsarist regime and seize power, there must be a "team of professional cadres". He opened cadre training classes and he himself taught in those classes. The Russian October Revolution could not have succeeded without such a trained cadre team.
When there was a government and leadership in the work of building socialism, Lenin assessed, rearranged the cadres, trained and fostered cadres according to the requirements and demands of the new tasks. In 1922, through practice, Lenin continued to affirm:
"Researching people to find capable cadres. Right now, that is the key, otherwise all orders and decisions will be just a pile of waste paper" [53, p.449].
That stems from the issues that arose after the Party gained power, many areas of social life required the Party to lead and manage. Therefore, Lenin believed that the Party must urgently select, train, and foster a strong cadre team in both quantity and quality to meet the requirements of the new period.
Along with the views on cadre training of the Marxist-Leninist classics, the issue of cadre training and development was paid great attention by Ho Chi Minh in the process of leading the Vietnamese revolution. In June 1923, when dividing
Working with his fellow activists in France, Ho Chi Minh determined the way for Vietnamese revolutionaries to gain national independence: "Going into the masses, awakening them, organizing them, uniting them, training them, and leading them to fight for freedom and independence." That shows that the top issue of the revolution is to have cadres and to take care of training cadres. Paying attention to the issue of training and fostering cadres, when visiting the Central Nguyen Ai Quoc School (today's Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration), he reminded cadres and students to "study to work, to be human, to be cadres" [66, p.684].
Training and fostering cadres to carry out revolutionary tasks is extremely important. Because according to Him, "all successes or failures are due to good or bad cadres"; "cadres are the root of all work", so "training cadres is the root work of the Party" [66, p.269].
Training and fostering cadres must always come from a purpose, based on the needs of the revolution. Ho Chi Minh very clearly affirmed the purpose of training and fostering cadres: "Opening training classes is a very good and necessary thing. But we must understand that: Study well to do. Studying but not being able to do, no matter how much we study, is useless.
Therefore, training must be practical, so that those who come to study, after studying, can practice immediately when they return to their locality" [66, p.303].
In the first National Conference on training and learning, which opened on May 6, 1950, President Ho Chi Minh pointed out four goals of cadre training:
"a/ Study to correct thoughts: ... Only when thoughts are correct can actions avoid mistakes and revolutionary tasks be fulfilled.
b/ Study to cultivate revolutionary ethics: Only with revolutionary ethics can one sacrifice and be devoted to the revolution, and lead the masses to bring the revolution to complete victory.
c/ Learn to trust: ... Only with trust can one be steadfast and enthusiastic when practicing, and resolute in sacrificing when facing difficulties.
d/ Learning to practice: Learning and practice must go hand in hand. Learning without practice is useless. Practice without learning is not fluent" [67, p.50].
In training and fostering cadres, Ho Chi Minh paid attention to the team of trainers and those "in charge" of training. He required leaders to also participate in this work, because leaders are often systematically trained and have a lot of practical experience, so the ability to combine theory and practice is often very good. Therefore, training work will be more practical, more effective and closer to the requirements of revolutionary tasks. He wrote: "We must carefully select the staff in charge of training. Leaders need to participate in teaching" [66, p.273]; "Trainers of organizations must be exemplary in all aspects: ideology, ethics, working style" [67, p.46]. He also stated: "Trainers must study continuously because if the trainers are not active, they will be able to learn more and more, because if the trainers are not active, they will be able to learn more and more, because if they are not active, they will be able to learn more and more, because if they are not active, they will be able to learn more and more, and ...
Studying hard, cultivating knowledge, and improving qualifications will "lead to poor ability, wrong speech, harmful to students, which means harmful to the organization. In the end, it is just a waste of rice and studying haphazardly" [67, p.52].
Ho Chi Minh's viewpoint is that training and fostering cadres must first focus on the training content or "What training?". According to Ho Chi Minh, the content of training and fostering leaders is first of all about political theory. He pointed out that the theoretical level of the Party is still low, cadres and party members must study theory to avoid possible failures and fulfill revolutionary tasks well. In the opening speech of the first theory class of Nguyen Ai Quoc School on September 7, 1957, he said: "Our Party organizes a theory school for cadres to improve the theoretical level of our Party, which is solving the requirements of revolutionary tasks and the actual situation of our Party, so that our Party can do its work better and fulfill its tasks better.
"The great revolution " [68, p.492]. In addition to the core content of political theory, if cadres do not have cultural, foreign language, and professional qualifications, they must also be trained in those contents, so that cadres must have culture, foreign language, and leaders of each sector must be good at their professional qualifications. Ho Chi Minh believed that professional training must be based on the objects, needs, and professional tasks of each type of cadre, ensuring that each cadre must specialize in a profession. In addition, the content of cadre training must also be practical, meeting the needs of revolutionary practice. He pointed out: "Training cadres is essential to providing cadres for the sectors: Mass organizations, Front, government, and army. The sectors are like consumers of goods. The cadre training board is like the producer of goods. Producing goods must meet the needs of consumers. "If people need a lot of cars and we make a lot of batteries, the goods will not sell well" [67, p.48]. Therefore, training must come from reality, not opening classes haphazardly, "open each class and make sure it is the right class. Choose teachers and students carefully" [67, p.52].
Regarding the method of training cadres or "how to train", Ho Chi Minh believed that it must be associated with practical training, with self-training or "learning must be combined with practice", promoting the "self-study" factor of cadres, taking "self-study as the core", lifelong learning. That is , cadres must practice learning anytime, anywhere with appropriate forms, in which learning in practice, among the people is an important form. He affirmed: "Learning at school, learning from books, learning from each other and learning from the people, not learning from the people is a big shortcoming" [67, p.50]. Moreover, the training method must also be suitable for the cadres as he said: "The essential thing is to make the learners understand the problem thoroughly" [69, p.47]. To effectively implement cadre training, the selection of teachers and learners must be very careful; the organization of classes must be suitable to practical requirements; the teaching and learning methods must be scientific. For teachers, teachers of any profession must be proficient in that profession and always improve that profession.