* Structure
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Car body electrical practice - 8
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If the voltage is out of specification, replace the wire or connector.
If the voltage is within specification, install the front fog light relay and follow step 5.
Step 5 Check the front fog light switch
- Remove the D4 connector of the fog light switch
- Use a multimeter to measure the resistance of the front fog light switch.
Measurement location
Condition
Standard
D4-3 (BFG) -D4-4 (LFG)
Light switchFront Fog OFF
>10kΩ
D4-3 (BFG) -D4-4 (LFG)
Front fog light switchON
<1 Ω
- Standard resistor
D4 connector is located on the combination switch assembly.
If the resistance is out of specification, replace the combination switch (the fog light switch is located in the combination switch).
If the resistance is within specification, follow step 6.
Step 6 Check wiring and connectors (front fog light relay-light selector switch)
- Disconnect connector D4 of the combination switch assembly
- Use a voltmeter to measure the voltage value of jack D4 on the wire side.
Measurement location
Control modecontrol
Standard
D4-3 (BFG) - (-) AQ
TAIL
11 to 14 V
D4 connector for the wiring of the combination switch assembly
If the voltage does not meet the standard, replace the wire or connector.
If the voltage is within standard, there may have been an error in the previous measurements.
Step 7 Check the front fog lights
- Remove the front fog light electrical connector.
- Supply battery voltage to the fog lamp terminals
Jack 8, B9 of front fog lamp on the electrical side
blind first.
Power supply location
Terms and Conditions
Battery positive terminal - Terminal 2Battery negative terminal - Terminal 1
Fog lightsbefore morning
- If the light does not come on, replace the bulb.
If the light is on, re-plug the jack and continue to step 8.
Step 8 Check wiring and connectors (relay and front fog lights)
- Disconnect the B8 and B9 connectors of the front fog lights.
- Use a voltmeter to measure voltage at the following locations:
Measurement location
Switch location
Terms and Conditions
B8-2 - (-) AQ
Electric lock ON TAIL size switchFog switch ON
11 to 14 V
B9-2 - (-) AQ
Electric lock ONTAIL size switch Fog switch ON
11 to 14 V
B8 and B9 connectors on the front fog lamp wiring side
Voltage is not up to standard, repair or replace the jack. If up to standard, there may have been an error in the measurement process.
2.2.4. Procedure for removing, installing and adjusting fog lights 1. Procedure for removing
- Remove the front inner ear pads
Use a screwdriver to remove the 3 screws and remove the front part of the front inner ear liner
-Remove the fog light assembly
+ Disconnect the connector.
+ Use a screwdriver to remove 3 screws to remove the fog light cover
2. Installation sequence
-Rotate the fog lamp bulb in the direction indicated by the arrow as shown in the figure and remove the fog lamp from the fog lamp assembly.
-Rotate the fog light bulb in the direction indicated by the arrow as shown in the figure and install the light into the fog light assembly.
- Use a screwdriver to install the fog light cover
-Install the electrical connector
Attention: Be careful not to damage the plastic thread on the lamp assembly.
- Install the front inner ear pads
Use a screwdriver to install the front inner bumper with 3 screws.
3. Prepare the vehicle to adjust the fog light convergence. Prepare the vehicle:
- Make sure there is no damage or deformation to the vehicle body around the fog lights.
- Add fuel to the fuel tank
- Add oil to standard level.
- Add engine coolant to standard level.
- Inflate the tire to standard pressure.
- Place spare tire, tools and jack in original design position
- Do not leave any load in the luggage compartment.
- Let a person weighing about 75 kg sit in the driver's seat.
4. Prepare to check the fog light convergence
a/ Prepare the vehicle status as follows:
- Place the car in a dark enough place to see the lines. The lines are the dividing line, below which the light from the fog lights can be seen but above which it cannot.
- Place the car perpendicular to the wall.
- Keep a distance of 7.62 m between the center of the fog lamp and the wall.
- Park the car on level ground.
- Press the car down a few times to stabilize the suspension.
Note: A distance of approximately 7.62 m is required between the vehicle (fog lamp center) and the wall to adjust the convergence correctly. If the distance of 7.62 m cannot be achieved, set the correct distance of 3 m to check and adjust the fog lamp convergence. (Since the target area varies with the distance, please follow the instructions as shown in the figure.)
b/ Prepare a piece of thick white paper about 2 m high and 4 m wide to use as a screen.
c/ Draw a vertical line through the center of the screen (line V).
d/ Set the screen as shown in the picture. Note:
- Keep the screen perpendicular to the ground.
- Align the V line on the screen with the center of the vehicle.
e/Draw the reference lines (H, V LH and V RH lines) on the screen as shown in the figure.HINT:
Mark the center of the fog lamp on the screen. If the center mark cannot be seen on the fog lamp, use the center of the fog lamp or the manufacturer's name mark on the fog lamp as the center mark.
H line (fog light height):
Draw a line across the screen so that it passes through the center mark. Line H should be at the same height as the center mark of the fog light bulb.
Line V LH, V RH (center mark position of left fog lamp LH and right fog lamp RH):
Draw two lines so that they intersect line H at the center marks.
5. Check the fog light convergence
a/ Cover the fog lamp or remove the connector of the other side fog lamp to prevent light from the unchecked fog lamp from affecting the fog lamp convergence test.
b/ Start the engine.
c/ Turn on the fog lights and make sure that the dividing line is outside the standard area as shown in the drawing.
6. Adjust the fog light convergence
Use a screwdriver to adjust the fog light to the standard area by turning the toe adjustment screw.
Note: If the screw is adjusted too far, loosen it and then tighten it again, so that the last rotation of the light adjustment screw is clockwise.
3. Self-study questions
1. Describe the operating principle of the lighting system with automatic headlight function
2. Describe the operating principle of the lighting system with the function of rotating headlights when turning
3. Draw diagram and connect lighting system on Hyundai Porter car
4. Draw diagram and connect lighting system on Honda Accord 1992
5. Draw the lighting circuit on a 1993 Toyota Lexus
LESSON 3 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL SYSTEM
I. IMPLEMENTATION GOAL
After completing this lesson, students will be able to:
- Distinguish between types of signals on cars
- Correctly describe common symptoms and suspected areas causing damage.
- Connecting signal circuits ensures technical requirements
- Disassemble, install, check, maintain and repair the signal system to ensure technical requirements.
- Ensure safety in work and industrial hygiene
II. LESSON CONTENT
1. General description
The signal system equipped on cars aims to create signals to notify other vehicles participating in traffic about the vehicle's operating status such as: stopping, parking, braking, reversing, turning...
Signals are used either by light such as headlamps, brake lights, turn signals….. or by sound such as horns, reverse music….
Just like the lighting system. A signal system circuit usually consists of: battery, fuse, wire, relay, electrical load and control switch. Only some switches of the signal system are on the combination switch. The switches of other signals are usually located in different locations such as in the gearbox or brake pedal……
2. Maintenance and repair
2.1. Turn signals and hazard lights
The installation location of the turn signal is shown in Figure 3.1. The turn signal control switch is located in the combination switch under the steering wheel. Turning this switch to the right or left will make the turn signal turn right or left.
The hazard light switch is used when the vehicle has a problem while participating in traffic. When the hazard light switch is turned on, all the turn signals on the vehicle will light up at a certain frequency. The hazard light switch is usually placed separately from the turn signal switch (some old cars integrate the hazard and turn signal switches on the same combination switch cluster).
Figure 3.1 Turn signal switch Figure 3.2 Hazard switch
The part that generates the flashing frequency for the lights is called a turn signal relay. The turn signal relay usually has 3 terminals: B (positive power supply); E (negative power supply); L (providing the turn signal switch to distribute to the
lamp)
2.1.1. Circuit diagram
To generate the frequency for the turn signal, a turn signal relay is used in the turn signal circuit. The current from the turn signal relay will be sent to the turn signal switch assembly to distribute the current to the turn signal lights for the driver's purpose.
Figure 3.3. Schematic diagram of a turn signal circuit without a hazard switch
1. Battery; 2. Electric lock; 3. Turn signal relay; 4. Turn signal switch; 5. Turn signal lamp; 6. Turn signal lamp; 7. Hazard switch
Figure 3.4 Schematic diagram of turn signal circuit with hazard switch
1. Battery; 2. Combination switch cluster; 3. Turn signal;
4. Turn signal light; 5. Turn signal relay
Today's cars no longer use three-pin turn signal relays (B, L, E) but use eight-pin turn signal relays (figure 3.5) (pin number 8 is used for hazard lights).
For this type, the current supplying the turn signal lights is supplied directly from the turn signal relay to the lights.
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Results of Testing Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient of Independent Variable
Figure 2.1.9. Structure of a scroll compressor
* Working principle
Figure 2.1.10. Working principle of scroll compressor
e. Variable displacement compressor
The capacity of this compressor changes due to the change in suction and discharge volume according to the heat load, so the capacity is also optimally adjusted according to the heat load.
Figure 2.1.11. Working principle of variable flow compressor
The capacity of this compressor changes due to the change in suction and discharge volume according to the heat load, so the capacity is also optimally adjusted according to the heat load.
The compressor changes the flow rate according to the heat load and can change the tilt angle of the piston. Changing the piston stroke helps the compressor capacity to always be adjusted and reach the highest level.
2.2. Magnetic clutch
All automotive refrigeration system compressors are equipped with electromagnetic clutches.
When the engine is running, the compressor pulley rotates but the engine shaft remains stationary until the A/C switch is turned on, the electromagnetic clutch will engage the pulley with the compressor shaft for the engine crankshaft to drive.
Figure 2.1.12. Electromagnetic clutch structure
When the A/C switch is turned on, current flows through the coil of the electromagnetic clutch and generates a large magnetic field. The electromagnetic force pulls the clutch into the pulley and tightly connects them together and the compressor shaft rotates with the compressor pulley.
2.3. Condenser
The condenser is made up of a long metal tube bent into a U shape, passing through a series of thin fins.
Figure 2.1.13. Structure of the condenser
The function of the condenser is to turn the refrigerant in the vapor state with high pressure and temperature from the pump compressor into liquid state, where it releases a large amount of heat. The heat of the refrigerant is pumped into the condenser through the intake pipe located above the pipe system and gradually goes down, the heat of the refrigerant is transferred through the radiator fins and is cooled by the wind.
2.4. Filter and desiccant
The filter and dehumidifier has a metal shell, inside there is a filter and a bag containing a desiccant. The desiccant is a material that has very good moisture absorption properties in the medium such as aluminum oxide, silica alumina and silica gel.
Figure 2.1.14. Structure of filter-desiccator
The filter tank is equipped with a safety valve, which opens when the pressure in the filter tank suddenly increases for some reason. After the refrigerant is dehumidified, it will go to the throttle valve.
Some types of refrigeration systems have a dehydrator installed between the filter, dehumidifier and expansion valve. The dehydrator again removes any remaining moisture in the refrigerant, which protects the expansion valve from freezing. In addition, the top of the filter has a transparent glass part that allows for observation and inspection of the condition of the refrigerant.
Some types have a pressure sensor installed on the filter tank. The high pressure signal of the refrigerant is converted into a voltage signal and reported to the ECU to control the fan and compressor speed.
2.5. Expansion valve
The expansion valve is installed between the evaporator and the filter tank and has the following functions:
- Coordinate with temperature sensor to control refrigerant flow and evaporator temperature.
- Reduce the refrigerant pressure after passing through the throttle valve.
Normally, there are two types of throttle valves: box type and needle type (or regular type).
Figure 2.1.15. Throttle valve structure
2.6. Evaporator or cooling coil
The refrigerant after passing through the expansion valve causes the pressure to decrease rapidly, heat is absorbed in the process of changing from liquid to gas. The refrigerant is led to the evaporator by U-shaped pipes with heat sink fins. Here, the low temperature of the evaporator is led out by the evaporator fan.
Figure 2.1.16. Structure of the cooling system
In some low temperature countries, the evaporator has two thermistors, one for the anti-freeze device, the other acting as the evaporator sensor. The evaporator sensor detects the temperature of the air passing through the evaporator and is only used for automatic air conditioning systems controlled by a microprocessor.
2.7. Gas eye
The gas eye allows observation of the refrigerant flow in the refrigeration system. It is used to check the refrigerant filling level.
There are two types of gas eyes: one type is located at the outlet of the gas filter and one type is located between the filter and the throttle valve.
Figure 2.1.17. Gas eye structure
2.8. Muffler
The muffler is used to reduce the noise generated by the compressor. Usually, the muffler is installed at the compressor discharge valve. Some types of muffler have a rubber cover on the outside of the muffler to prevent noise from entering the vehicle. In addition, to reduce the amount of lubricating oil accumulated in the muffler, its inlet is located on the top and the outlet is located at the bottom.
2.9. Fans in the cooling system
The evaporator fan blows air through it. There are two types of fans in an evaporator system:
- Wing type: usually installed before the condenser to cool the condenser.
Figure 2.1.18. Structure of condenser cooling fan
car.
- Squirrel cage type: usually installed in the cooling system to blow cold air inside.
Figure 2.1.29. Structure of cooling fan for evaporator (squirrel cage type)
2.10. Low pressure and high pressure piping systems.
In the car cooling system there are two main types of pipes and they are also divided into two separate branches:
+ The low pressure branch is limited by the refrigerant section after the throttle valve and the inlet (charge valve) of the compressor. This pipe has a large diameter and becomes cold when the system is operating.