Geographical location directly or indirectly affects tourism elements as well as determines the ability and level of connection in tourism development. Specifically, geographical location contributes to determining the natural and cultural characteristics of tourism objects. Geographical location affects tourists' attitudes, psychology and choices towards the image of the destination.
to – factor
important to
decide whether tourists will visit or not
no (John L. Crompton, 1979). The geographical location of the DL point also contributes to the influence
affect the
formation and development of the market
DL School (Mirela Mazilu &
Sabina Mitroi, 2014). On the other hand, geographical location determines the ability and level of tourism linkage of localities in combining value chains to create typical products of the region (Nguyen Duy Phuong, 2016).
+ Tourism resources
TNDL plays a particularly important role in PTDL. TNDL has an impact
directly affects the formation of SPDL, DL types and TCLTDL (Nguyen
Minh Tue, Vu Dinh Hoa et al., 2017).
Tourism resources are the basic factor to create tourism products. Tourism products are created by many factors, but first of all, tourism resources must be mentioned. It is the diversity and richness of tourism resources that create the attractiveness of tourism products. The quantity, quality, and distribution of tourism resources directly affect the scale, quantity, quality of products, and the effectiveness of tourism activities. Tourism resources are an important basis for developing tourism types. In the process of tourism development, in order to continuously meet the requirements and satisfy the purposes of tourists, new types of tourism constantly appear and develop on the basis of tourism resources. It is the appearance of tourism types that makes natural and cultural factors become tourism resources.
TNDL is a set of
important component of TCLTDL. TNDL
image
directly affects the regionalization factor as well as the structure and specialization of the tourism region (Nguyen Minh Tue, 2010), and the ability to connect with neighboring localities. TNDL creates attraction for the destination, contributing to the development orientation of the tourism space.
Tourism resources are divided into natural tourism resources and cultural tourism resources. Natural tourism resources include natural landscapes, geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, ecological and other natural factors that can be used for tourism purposes (Law on Tourism, 2017). Cultural tourism resources include historical-cultural relics, revolutionary relics, archeology, architecture; traditional cultural values, festivals, folk arts and other cultural values; creative works of human labor that can be used for tourism purposes (Law on Tourism, 2017).
+ Socio-economic and political factors
Population and labor resources
The impact of population on tourism activities is reflected in the need for rest of a part as well as the ability to consume tourism products. Factors related to population have a direct impact on the needs as well as the requirements of the type of tourists such as age (Diane Sedgley, Annette Pritchard, NigelMorgan, 2011), local residents' attitudes (Izidora Marković, Zoran Klarić, 2015), educational level
(Robert W McIntosh, 1995, quoted from Nguyen Van Dinh, Tran Thi Minh Hoa,
2006). In addition, the size and structure of the population also affect the scale of the tourism workforce. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of the population, ethnic composition, structure, distribution and population density is very important for the development of the tourism industry (Nguyen Minh Tue, 2010, page 77) as well as proposing tourism development policies based on changes in population factors (Bente Grimm, Martin Lohmann et al., 2009).
Socio-economic development
As a component of the socio-economic system, tourism development is affected by the elements in the system. The specific manifestation is the emergence of tourism demand through the growth of average income (Revenue), changes in prices (Price), quality of life (Life Quality), ... In addition, supporting economic sectors such as transportation, agriculture, industry, trade ... also contribute to promoting the development of the tourism industry.
Travel motivation also comes from improving cultural level and exploring the world. Travel development is influenced by the education system, training, health care network, social welfare regime, etc.
Free time and the need for rest and travel
The development of tourism activities is associated with the expansion of leisure time. In addition to income, leisure time is a necessary premise to encourage tourism-related activities to regenerate physical and mental health and develop cultural understanding. Currently, the globalization process has created great impacts on governments, workers, and economies in improving competitiveness, productivity, etc., thereby leading to a decline in improved working conditions (shortening the working day and week, increasing paid rest time) (UNWTO, 2014). This directly affects the increase in
increased need for rest (GabrielaLiliana CIOBAN, Gabriela Corina
SLUSARIUC, 2014). There are three types of needs: individual needs; group needs; and social needs.
Standard of living
The standard of living is closely related to the need for rest and tourism. The increase in factors related to the standard of living such as average income, education network, health care, cultural level leads to the increase in leisure, sightseeing and exploration activities (elements that make up tourism activities). The trend of the explosion in the demand for tourism in the world today is associated with the rapid increase in per capita income, especially in developed countries (UNWTO, 2017).
The standard of living is formed from real income, improved living conditions, adequate food rations, and a guaranteed network of health care, culture, and education. In particular, the important factor in assessing the standard of living of each individual is the average real income. When the socio-economic development, the average income per capita increases, the standard of living of people improves, tourism activities are formed and have the opportunity to become a reality.
Security and social safety conditions
Peace,
Political stability and social security are factors
important in
PTDL, especially in the context of integration. Conditions of peace, political stability, security
the whole society can
promote the
development on
product, type of DL (MA)
Clement & A Georgious, 1998), but also hinders the growth of the industry.
in the territories
have political environment
any
okay (Samer Hatem Raddad,
2016). On the contrary, PTDL is considered a tool to contribute to strengthening peace and enhancing relationships between countries in the world (UNWTO, 2015).
+ Tourism development strategy and policy
Tourism development strategies and policies are key factors leading to success in tourism development, linkages and ensuring tourism sustainability (UNEP, 2009). Tourism strategies and policies can promote or inhibit tourism development based on their relevance.
suitable to practical requirements. Based on the scale and scope of the territory, it can be divided
PTDL strategy and policy include: general development strategy and policy
national; local tourism development strategies and policies; strategies and
PTDL policy of each tourist destination.
+ Infrastructure
Infrastructure plays an important role in tourism development, in which the factors that directly affect it include: transportation system, information technology, electricity and water supply system.
Transportation is a factor that has a close impact on tourism, related to the components of tourism such as price, distance (Jameel Khadaroo, Boopen Seetanah, 2009), contributing to creating tourism linkages (Bruce Prideaux, 2000). Through convenient transportation networks, tourism becomes a popular social phenomenon.
Information technology is an important part of infrastructure serving tourism. It is a necessary condition to ensure information for tourists throughout the journey. In tourism activities, information technology is responsible for transporting news quickly and promptly, contributing to the implementation of domestic and international exchanges.
In the infrastructure, we must also mention the electricity and water supply systems - indispensable factors to serve the essential needs of tourists.
+ Context of international integration and cooperation
International integration and cooperation is an inevitable, objective trend and has an impact.
strongly to all aspects of economic and social life, including tourism.
International integration takes place in many aspects, fields, at many levels, promoting cooperation and exchange between countries and regions. International integration brings great opportunities for attracting tourism investment, learning tourism development experiences for countries, but on the other hand, it also poses great challenges for the tourism industry, requiring changes to adapt, survive and develop.
1.1.1.4. Indicators for evaluating tourism development
+ By industry
To evaluate the current status of tourism development in An Giang province by industry, the thesis uses research indicators including: indicators related to tourism exploitation and development, indicators related to tourism performance.
Tourist
Tourists are calculated by the number of visitors (visits) including international tourists and domestic tourists. These are important indicators to evaluate tourism activities, influencing and influencing other indicators.
Total tourism revenue
Determined by the indexes
Target: total revenue over the years and basis
structure
Revenue. Based on revenue figures over the years, it is possible to determine the growth rate of the tourism industry. Revenue from accommodation establishments, tourist travel activities, food and beverage services and ancillary tourism services, of which the main revenue is from accommodation establishments.
Labor in tourism industry
This is an indicator to evaluate the number of workers participating in tourism activities, calculated by 2 criteria: quantity and quality of labor. The total number of workers is calculated by the number of direct workers and indirect workers.
Direct labor is counted by the total number of workers working in tourism management agencies; direct labor training and providing human resources.
for DL; people working directly in the tourism industry such as travel companies, tourism businesses. Indirect labor in the tourism industry is the total of people working in different fields related to tourism.
Technical tourism facilities
The evaluation of tourism infrastructure must be based on the following main factors: ensuring the best conditions for tourism rest; convenient for tourists to travel; achieving optimal economic efficiency.
The tourism infrastructure system includes: Accommodation facilities; food and beverage service facilities, commercial services; entertainment facilities; sports facilities, medical facilities; facilities providing other supporting services. The most important of these is the accommodation system.
The evaluation of the indicators is mainly based on statistics on the number of accommodation establishments and rooms; the number of hotels rated (from 1 to 5 stars).
+ By tourist destination (applicable to An Giang province)
a. Determine criteria for evaluating tourist destinations
To determine the criteria, the thesis conducted a survey of the opinions of 8 experts who are managers and operators of state management agencies on tourism and travel companies in An Giang (Appendix 1.2). In the 8 criteria presented (Appendix 1.1), the experts' opinions had a high consensus (from 87.5% to 100% in Appendix 1.3.1). Thus, all 8 of these criteria were used to evaluate the tourism score.
The content of the criteria for evaluating DL scores is built in the thesis based on
on synthesis, planning
excess results
Research related to DL points
(Nguyen The
Chinh, 1995; Ho
Cong Dung, 1996; Truong Phuoc Minh, 2003;
Dao Ngoc Canh, 2003; Nguyen Lan Anh, 2014; Nguyen Phuong Nga, 2015; Nguyen Ha Quynh Giao, 2015, Nguyen Van Anh, 2018; Nguyen Thi Hong Hai), and at the same time based on the practical exploitation of tourist spots in An Giang. Specifically:
Criterion 1. Attractiveness
Attractiveness is considered the most important criterion in evaluating and classifying tourist attractions. Due to the differences in nature between tourist attractions groups,
Because natural and cultural tourism are attractive, the attractiveness also needs to be considered under different evaluation criteria. In the thesis, on the basis of inheriting the above research results and based on the reality of An Giang province, the attractiveness of tourism is divided into levels with the following specific criteria:
Table 1.1. Attractiveness criteria
TT
Level degree | For natural TNDL | For cultural TNDL | |
1 | Very attractive | Beautiful and unique landscape and terrain with diverse natural components or at least 1 natural component recognized at the national level (National Park, National Biosphere Reserve) family,,..). | Cultural and artistic works, historical relics, contemporary works, craft villages, festivals with unique characteristics or 1 relic recognized at the national level; can exploit > 5 types of tourism. |
2 | Attractive | The landscape and terrain are quite beautiful and unique with diverse natural components. | Cultural works, historical and artistic relics, contemporary works, craft villages, and festivals that are quite special and unique, or have 1 work recognized at the provincial level; can be exploited for 3-4 years. DL type |
3 | Medium | The landscape is quite monotonous with 2 3 natural elements. | Cultural works, historical and artistic relics, contemporary works, craft villages, and festivals are quite small in scale and have not been recognized at any level; Can exploit 2-3 types of tourism. |
4 | Less attractive | Monotonous landscape and terrain with 1-2 natural elements. | Cultural works, historical and artistic relics, contemporary works, craft villages, and small-scale festivals that have not been recognized at any level; Can exploit 1-2 types of tourism. |
5 | Unattractive | The landscape is very monotonous with 1 natural element. | Tourist attractions are cultural works, historical and artistic relics, contemporary works, craft villages, and very small-scale festivals; can be exploited exclusively. at least 1 type of tourism |
Maybe you are interested!
-
Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Assessment of the Quality of Sustainable Tourism Development Factors in Nghe An Province from Provincial Tourism Management Officers -
General Assessment of Factors Affecting Tourism Development in Vientiane City -
On Implementing Key Tourism Development Indicators -
Comprehensive Assessment Results for Sightseeing Tourism Development
(Source: Thesis author) Criterion 2. Infrastructure and technical facilities
Infrastructure and technical support are important criteria in evaluating tourism destinations. Infrastructure and technical support create conditions for converting tourism resources into products and help maintain continuous operations (Dang Duy Loi, 1999). Based on research on tourism destinations and practices in An Giang, infrastructure and technical support are divided into the following 5 levels:
Table 1.2. Criteria on infrastructure and technical facilities
TT
Level | Infrastructure | CSVCKT | |||||
Internal transport | The extent of damage to the traffic route near | Connecting traffic route connect | Hotel and home standards rest | Number of guests served | TTLL Standard | ||
1 | Very good | 90 – 100% asphalt | Are not | QL | 3 stars or more | > 500 person/day y | International |
2 | Good | 70 – 90% asphalt | Are not | QL | 2 stars | 301 – 500 person/day y | Nation |
3 | Medium | 50 – 70 % asphalt | Some paragraphs but no effect big | Provincial road | 1 star | 101 – 300 people/day | Local |
4 | Weak | < 50% asphalt | Significant damage | Local g | Only motels | 50 – 100 person/day y | Local g |
5 | Least | No paved roads or there are but they are under construction build | Severe damage, difficult to access point | Local | Motel | <50 people/day | Local |
(Source: Thesis author)
Criterion 3. Management ability
Management factors play an important role in developing tourist destinations through their ability to
management, linkage, support
support. Criteria for
ability
management skills are assessed
through the Management Board with separate departments in charge, and the level of management at tourist sites. Based on previous studies and practices in An Giang, the specific management capacity criteria are as follows:
Table 1.3. Management ability criteria
TT
Level | Management Board | Management plan and level of implementation | |
1 | Very good | Has a functional management board DL independent; has all components | There are full methods management projects on various fields |
specialized as: operation, direction | DL area and applied | ||
tour guide, accommodation, food, souvenir | systematic and regular | ||
concept; security and order, resource protection, | through | ||
environmental sanitation | |||
2 | Good | There is a management board, a tourism management department. | There are most of the methods |