Theoretical and Practical Basis of Tourism and Agricultural Tourism Development

Chapter 1. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF TOURISM AND AGRICULTURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

1.1. General theoretical basis of tourism and rural and agricultural tourism

1.1.1. Concepts

Since ancient times in human history, tourism has been considered a hobby, a need, an active resting activity of humans.

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* Tourism

Nowadays, the term tourism is widely used in the world. However, there are many different opinions about the origin of this term. In Vietnamese, the term tourism is interpreted according to Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation: Du means to go out, lich means to experience.

In 1811, the first definition of tourism appeared in England: "Tourism is the harmonious combination of theory and practice of journeys for leisure purposes". This concept is relatively simple and considers entertainment as the main motive of tourism activities.

In 1930, Swiss Glusman defined: “Tourism is the conquest of space by people who come to a place where they have no permanent residence.

According to Chinese tourists: "Tourism activities are the sum of a series of relationships and a series of relationships and phenomena based on the existence and development of a certain economy and society, taking the subject of tourism, the object of tourism and the intermediary of tourism as conditions".

At the UN conference on tourism held in Rome - Italy (August 21 - September 5, 1963), experts defined tourism: "Tourism is the sum of relationships, phenomena and economic activities arising from the journeys and stays of individuals or groups outside their usual place of residence or outside their country for peaceful purposes. The place they come to stay is not their place of work" (Nguyen Minh Tue, 1996).

According to II Pirôgionic, 1985: “Tourism is a form of leisure time activity of people related to temporary travel and stay outside their usual place of residence.

"Regularly for rest, healing, physical and mental development, cultural or sports awareness enhancement accompanied by the consumption of natural, economic and cultural values" (Nguyen Minh Tue, 2017).

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), “Tourism is the sum total of phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions between tourists, tourism businesses, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and retaining tourists”. Tourism is considered a process in which the spiritual interests of tourists and the economic interests of tourism businesses meet. The higher the demand of tourists, the more complete the system of organization and implementation of tourism business must be.

According to the scholars who compiled the Vietnamese Encyclopedia (1966), the two basic contents of tourism were separated into two separate parts. The first meaning (from the perspective of the purpose of the trip): "Tourism is a form of active sightseeing and relaxation of people outside their place of residence for the purpose of: resting, entertaining, seeing scenic spots, historical relics, cultural and artistic works...". The second meaning (from the economic perspective): "Tourism is a comprehensive business that is highly effective in many aspects: improving understanding of nature, historical traditions and national culture, thereby contributing to increasing love for the country; for foreigners, it is friendship with their own people; in terms of economics, tourism is a very effective business sector: it can be considered a form of exporting goods and services on the spot" (Tran Thu Trang, 1996).

The Law on Tourism explains the concept of tourism as follows: “Tourism is activities related to human trips outside their regular place of residence to meet the needs of sightseeing, learning, entertainment, and relaxation within a certain period of time”.

Thus, it is clear to see the differences in tourism concepts and over time, they have gradually been perfected to suit the aspects of tourism and activities related to that trip.

According to the author's point of view, this concept can be understood as follows: "Tourism is the act of traveling and staying temporarily at a place other than the usual place of residence to satisfy high-class living needs during leisure time".

* Types of tourism and types of tourism

Based on market demand and on the basis of exploitable tourism resources and tourism development conditions, people often combine these factors together to determine tourism types. The purpose of determining tourism types is to build a national and local tourism development strategy and orient business strategies for tourism enterprises. Each type of tourism has a different market and has different requirements for processes, organization methods, service personnel, equipment and service quality. However, in reality, tourism activities intertwine between tourism types in the process of serving tourists.

The classification of tourism types is based on the following basic criteria:

- Based on the geographical scope: Along with the economic development and diplomatic relations between countries, the demand for tourism of tourists is not only within the country but also develops beyond the country's borders. Based on the geographical scope, it can be divided into three types of tourism: domestic tourism, international tourism, passive international tourism or so-called service import.

- Based on the purpose of the trip: People travel for many different purposes, but among them is the main purpose of the trip. Based on this criterion, we can classify the following types of tourism: Cultural - historical sightseeing tourism, resort tourism, business tourism, family visit tourism, medical tourism, sports tourism, religious tourism, entertainment tourism, adventure tourism, ecotourism.

- Based on the use of tourist transport: When traveling, tourists must use different types of transport, not only from their regular place of residence to the tourist destination but also within the tourist destination. On that basis, people often give two types of criteria to determine the type of tourism, which are: Based on the use of tourist transport to the tourist destination, based on the use of tourist transport at the tourist destination.

There are many other criteria to classify types of tourism, but the above types of tourism are popular and widely exploited in our country today.

* Rural tourism

Rural tourism (RDT) is a form of tourism that exploits rural areas as a resource and meets the needs of urban residents in seeking quiet spaces and outdoor recreation rather than just being involved with nature (Bernard Lane, 1994).

Rural tourism includes visits to national parks and public parks, heritage tourism in rural areas, trips to scenic spots and enjoy rural landscapes, and agricultural tourism. Generally, the most attractive rural areas for tourists are those that are far from the noise of urban areas, where people can easily immerse themselves in nature after tiring working hours.

Thus, it can be said that rural tourism is a type of tourism in which agriculture, daily life, traditional occupations, landscapes, etc., which were not considered tourism resources, are now used as tourism resources for tourists to contact and experience rural life. This means that wherever there is countryside, there is potential for tourism development. Every tourist coming to this tourist area will certainly bring back new things for themselves, will be able to pick vegetables, catch fish, learn and understand the ethnic culture of a certain region.

For rural people, it is just daily life and activities, but just adding some value-added services suitable for tourism can make it an interesting attraction for tourists and city residents. In addition, thanks to tourism, the demand for agriculture increases, cultural values ​​​​are inherited, so it can be said that rural tourism helps increase income. In other words, rural tourism is an opportunity to expand business in that rural area through tourism.

Thus, the concept of DLNT can be understood as follows:

- To attract tourists, rural resources must be diverse: agriculture, life, traditional craft villages, natural landscapes,...

- Is a new economic development direction for farmers, creating jobs in their spare time.

- For long-term development, there must be a close combination between rural and tourism.

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- Local people are the direct subjects participating in exploitation, management and preservation.

* Agricultural tourism

Currently, in the world there are many concepts of agricultural tourism (DLNN),

but always has four main contents: combining tourism and agriculture; attracting tourists to visit agricultural-related activities; the purpose is to increase income for farmers; creating opportunities for tourists to entertain, exercise physically and mentally, be close to nature and experience farming life.

According to Ducan Hilchel's research on agricultural tourism in New York (1993), Opportunities and challenges of Farm-Based Entertainment and Hotels, "Agricultural tourism is a type of tourism implemented by farm owners or operators for the purpose of improving knowledge and entertaining the public, promoting farm products and thereby increasing farm income."

According to author Ramiro E.LoBo (October-December 1999), Research on the benefits of San Diego agricultural tourism - California agriculture: "Agricultural tourism is a concept that refers to the activity of visiting a farm or any facility operating in the agricultural sector for the purpose of relaxation, entertainment, raising awareness, and being able to actively participate in the activities of that farm or facility".

According to MSc. Bui Thi Lan Huong (2010), Agricultural tourism and rural tourism in the Journal of Scientific Research: "Agricultural tourism is a single type of tourism based on the exploitation of agricultural production resources, the subjects participating in tourism are farmers, the tourism space is farms and fields, which can cause conflicts of community interests" (Bui Thi Lan Huong, 2010).

This is a form of tourism in agricultural areas such as orchards, agroforestry farms, herbal farms and animal farms, etc. that have been prepared for tourists.

* Agricultural tourism resources

Because the foundation of rural tourism is agriculture, the resources of this type of tourism are everything that serves agricultural production activities such as: natural resources (land, water, weather, climate...), human resources (people, culture, customs, production methods, farming techniques, experience, products...).

Joining farmers in harvesting, planting and tending crops in the fields is an opportunity for tourists to relax, entertain, exercise physically and mentally, get close to nature and experience farming life from farmers in agricultural activities.

Farmers through agricultural tourism also have the opportunity to promote their agricultural products and of course part of their agricultural income also increases from tourism.

* Tourism products

Tourism products include tourism services, goods and facilities provided to tourists, which are created by the combination of natural factors, technical facilities and tourism labor in a certain region or locality.

Tourism products = Tourism resources + Tourism services and goods.

* Agricultural tourism products

Rural tourism is an activity based on agriculture. The products of rural tourism are farms, fields, traditional craft villages, natural products, traditional cuisine... or in short, a set of necessary services to satisfy the needs of tourists.

* Tourists

There are many different concepts about tourists. According to Austrian economist Josef Stander, “Tourists are passengers who travel and stay at will outside their usual place of residence to satisfy high-class living needs without pursuing economic goals” (Nguyen Minh Tue, 2017).

According to Khadginicolov (Bulgaria): “Tourists are people who travel voluntarily, with peaceful purposes. During their journey, they go through different stages and change their place of residence one or more times” (Nguyen Minh Tue, 2017).

In our country, according to the Vietnam Tourism Law (2017), in Article 4, Chapter 1, "Tourists are people who travel or combine tourism, except for those who go to study, work or practice a profession to receive income at the place of destination" (Nguyen Minh Tue, 2017).

* Agricultural tourists

Rural tourism visitors are those who want to learn and experience agricultural production activities, and enjoy the beauty of the human landscape created by agricultural production activities. However, the majority of rural tourism visitors are mainly research subjects; they come to learn about farming and production methods, adaptability conditions of crops, care methods, crop varieties, etc.

Foreign tourists are divided into 2 types:

- International tourists: are foreigners traveling within the territory of rural areas of other countries.

- Domestic tourists: are citizens of a country who travel (in any form) to rural areas within the territory of that country.

1.1.2. Characteristics of agricultural tourism

- The space for organizing agricultural tourism activities for tourists is farms, fields, gardens, planted forests, even ponds, wildlife and plant breeding facilities,... also known as agricultural ecological landscapes. The stopping place can be a household, a farm, a cooperative or an agricultural enterprise...

- The subjects participating in organizing agricultural tourism can be householders, gardeners, forest owners, farm owners, facility owners, agricultural cooperatives, cooperative groups, agricultural business owners... In other words, they are farmers and have their main source of income from farming.

- The form of DLNN is a very effective form of on-site agricultural production and marketing of product origin, especially the need to protect public health against the increasing risk of environmental pollution in urban areas.

- At agricultural tourism attractions, visitors can learn about and experience production activities and admire the humanistic beauty created by agricultural production activities.

- Rural tourism will help tourists interact with local visitors, contributing to preserving traditional values ​​through the consumption of agricultural, forestry, fishery products and traditional handicrafts, and profits from tourism activities to preserve and promote indigenous culture.

- The facilities used for DLNN are quite simple but bring an enjoyable feeling to tourists.

- The foundation of rural tourism is agricultural production: agricultural products and methods related to agriculture are considered the foundation and conditions for diverse and rich rural tourism activities to satisfy the needs of tourists, contributing to promoting the rural economy.

- The rural tourism model always changes over time and space: each locality has different tourism resources, especially for rural tourism based on agricultural production, the use of agricultural models will depend and be governed by space and time to suit local realities.

- Does not compete with other types of tourism: Rural tourism is a type of tourism that can be combined with other types of tourism (ecological, cultural, etc.), because these types of tourism have similarities and can interact to meet the needs of tourists.

- Developing rural tourism cannot be done alone, but must be combined with many other types of tourism.

1.1.3. Distinguishing DLNN from DLNT

* Alike:

Types of rural tourism and ecotourism have one thing in common, which is activities that bring people back to nature, directly using natural resources in their original state to serve people's sightseeing and tourism needs.

* Different: