Home / History

The Project on “Labor Money”, on Fair Exchange and the Labor Plan

His unique social activities took place. He set himself the task of finding measures to improve the working and living conditions of workers and benefit the business. He organized labor reasonably, shortened the working day from 14 hours to 10 and a half hours, raised wages, banned child labor under 9 years old, built good housing for workers, kindergartens and model primary schools for their children, set up stores selling food and clothes at prices 25% lower than local prices. As a result, 2000 workers in his factory, at first many of whom were bad, improved significantly, many places came to visit and he became famous.

In 1817 he proposed to organize cooperatives (labor communes) but the Government rejected this project.

In 1824, Owen and his colleagues went to America to establish a "labor commune" called "New Harmony". This organization disbanded in 1829 and he lost almost all his assets.

In 1829 he returned to England to participate in the cooperative movement and established a national exchange, which failed in 1834.

During his life, Owen wrote many works about the condition of the working class and his plans to improve their lives.

Maybe you are interested!

5.4.2. Critique of capitalism

- He believes that under capitalism, selfishness, competition, and anarchy in production and distribution distort relationships between people, making people unhappy.

The Project on “Labor Money”, on Fair Exchange and the Labor Plan

- He condemned private property because it was the cause of all the sufferings of the workers and other crimes.

- He criticized the factory system because it reduced workers' lives, caused unemployment, and machines and money in capitalist society were tools to enslave workers and increase profit exploitation.

According to Owen, there were three major obstacles that prevented his reform: private property, religion, and the form of marriage at that time. He fought against those obstacles.

5.4.3. Project on “labor money”, on fair exchange and labor planning

According to him, manual labor properly used will be the source of all wealth and welfare for the people, therefore labor is the intrinsic measure of value. But in capitalism, the law of value is destroyed, the value of things is determined by money, not by labor.

From there Owen proposed to abolish money but still maintain the circulation of goods through "fair exchange stores", where the labor products of commodity producers are exchanged for "labor vouchers" or "labor money" that clearly record the number of labor hours spent to produce that commodity. He hoped that through this exchange, he would eliminate

brokered by traders, ensuring fairness, jobs, and eliminating crises.

Owen's theory of equal exchange did not work, because it was impossible to abolish money while there was still production and circulation of commodities. Thus, his theory itself did not understand the nature of money, he denied the operation of the law of value.

Owen advocated building a cooperative community town, which is an economic unit and the basic organization of future society.

According to him, the community is built on the basis of public ownership, collective labor for the benefit of the community, labor becomes joyful and pleasant. The purpose of the community is to fight for the interests of all members, to realize equality in rights and obligations.

Although Owen considered agriculture as the economic basis of the community, he also believed that the progress of industry and science and technology was the advantage and main feature of the future society.

According to Owen, in the future society there is no opposition between urban and rural areas, between mental and manual labor. To move to the future society, he believes that it must be done not by violent means, but by peaceful means.

Despite its utopian nature, the valuable thing in Owen's thought is his genius prediction of the characteristics of communist society. According to Engels, Owen's communism is practical.

CHAPTER SUMMARY


Western European utopian socialist economic theories appeared in the early 19th century. This was the period when capitalism began to reveal its outdated nature; the precursor forces of the modern proletariat began to awaken and fight. However, during this period, the workers' movement had not yet developed strongly and widely. In those conditions, to oppose capitalism, utopian socialists envisioned a new society that was fairer and better than capitalism. However, because objective conditions did not allow it, their vision of the future society was only utopian.

Utopian socialist theories are theories about the elimination of exploitation and economic and social inequality in capitalism. They reflect the immaturity of the workers' movement, when the movement has not yet transformed from spontaneous to conscious.

REVIEW QUESTIONS


1. Present the historical context of the birth and basic characteristics of 19th century utopian socialism.

2. How did utopian socialists: Saint Simon, Fourier and Owen criticize capitalism from a new perspective?

3. How did the utopian socialists: Saint Simon, Fourier and Owen predict or “envision” a future society?

4. What are the basic characteristics of 19th century European utopian socialism?

5. Present C. Fourier's theory of historical development of society.

6. What are the basic limitations and contributions of 19th-century European utopian socialism?

7. Present the content of R. Owen's project on wages, fair exchange and labor planning. What is the significance of studying this issue?

8. Analyze the historical role of non-European socialism in the 19th century.

CHAPTER 6: THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARX-LENIN POLITICAL ECONOMY


6.1. Objective premises for the birth of Marxist political economy

6.1.1. The origin of Marxist political economy

6.1.1.1. Economic - political - social premises

Marxism was born to meet the demands of historyand is the inevitable product of history .​​​​

On the basis of inheriting the achievements​​

about philosophy

, political economy and socialism​​

19th century utopian society, on the basis of analysis , generalize the results of

life

French Revolution , Life​

industrial revolution​

British, Communist International activities

I (1864-1872), experience

Paris and the Revolution​​​

fight against​

petty bourgeois movement ..., Marx and Engels built and developed their theory.

theory

Marxism was born in the 1940s on the basis of

analysis , synthesis

, summarize the economic - political - social conditions at that time.

Life

industrial revolution​

England, starting in the 60s of the 18th century,

The basic conclusion was in the 20s of the 19th century when the craft workshop was established.

ok

disc

because of its dominance . It plays a very important role in the development of both

capitalism. England in the early 19th century , under the influence of the industrial revolution , became a typical capitalist country. In addition to the

Britain, many Western European capitalist countries have a

developed economy . Can be called

stage

1760-1870 is the classical period in the history of capitalism . During this period , the

eel

g production of capitalism​​​

The capital market is growing very strongly.

The development of the essentialism of capitalism .

Capitalism is the economic premise for Marx to see more clearly .

Life

The feudal revolution in France from 1789 to 1794 had a fairly wide impact .​​​​​​

in Europe. It not only abolished the French feudal system but also shook the feudal system throughout Europe to its roots . The masses with Giacoban

the head is the driving force​​​

of life​

that bourgeois democratic revolution. Through the

Studying the history of French revolution , Marx proposed the thesis : revolution is the locomotive of history .

The development of socialism​​​

popular capital​​​

I appear​

working class​

multiplication as force​​​​

eel

the way of the revolution, has pushed the contradiction

of socialism​​​

from the beginning

The bitter problems had to be solved by class struggles . In England, the class movement

The Charter began in 1863. As the Charterers put forth a

diamond

democratic government of the democratic regime .​​​​

On February 4 , 1839, the Charterers met in London. Among them

like a stranger​​

knife

movement , has different policies :

- The Lovet group advocates using "spiritual force"

- The group of Oconno, Obtraien, and Garni advocated the use of material force, that is ,

general strike, strike

just start​​​​​

armed​​

June 15, 1839, the

meaning​​

The explosion occurred in Bournemouth .​​​

dry​​

oppressed meaning . As the Charterers petitioned ,​

to the Council.

practice

original​​

was rejected . As the Charter was persecuted . The supremacy movement

In 1842, a

new high school​​

For the first time in world history , a

Workers ' Union

foul

ethnicity

as the Charter people " were

established​​

In 1848 , the Charter of the United States again imposed a liberal democratic regime on Europe and the industrialized world .

By 1853, the Charter movement had completely died down .

The significance of the Charter movement is enormous. It is an independent , organized movement .

the first chapter of the proletariat . The analysis of the Charter movement helped Marx​

and Engels saw the role of the proletariat.

By the mid - nineteenth century , the center of revolution shifted to Germany . In Germany at this time , the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement against feudalism was ripening.

The workers' movement was in danger of spreading . In 1844, a strike broke out among the Silesian weavers.

meaning​​

big​​

Life

The 1848 revolution , which first broke out in France , was the

European Union .​​​​

It reflects the economic and social contradictions of Western Europe.

revolution of 1848

very complicated , separate in each country . Basically it is anti - feudal revolution .

About the cradle

economic content , it is a bourgeois revolution. The Revolution of 1848 played a role

great in the economic history of the 19th century . The problem was not only the destruction of feudalism but also the fate of capitalism : liberalism and capitalism .

petty bourgeois reformism. On the basis of the experience of the revolution and

summary of the meeting

fight against stereotypes

petty bourgeoisie , Marxism enters the stage

i . From the beginning

formation and stage​​​​

school and university of technology​​​​​​​​

The most successful economic period in the 1848 revolution .​​​

Marx and F. Engels affirmed the social nature .

socialism​​

class​​

proletariat , affirming the hope of the whole world of the struggle of the proletariat .​

He proposed the doctrine of proletarian revolution , of historical necessity and inevitability .

of the dictatorship of the proletariat, put forward the idea

on the ability to develop life

revolution​​

bourgeoisie into socialist revolution which was later proved by

life

Russian Revolution of 1917.

The two men mentioned

to the peasant problem and draw conclusions

: in capitalism

In the beginning, the peasants found their natural ally and their master in the working class .

city ​​without land​​

Lenin developed the theory​

At this point , come up with a solution to the problem .

farmers are " worker-peasant alliance".

The failure of the workers ' democratic movement showed that the working class

necessary to have a case of divorce​​​​

my place to practice​

match

comb

eel

struggle for self

And only thus will the working class have a chance of winning .

6.1.1.2. Ideological premise

Karl Marx inherited the outstanding achievements of the social sciences of the 19th century and developed them to a higher level. As Lenin commented: “The whole genius of Karl Marx lies precisely in his solution of the problems raised by the advanced thinking of mankind. His doctrine emerged as a direct and direct inheritance of the doctrines of the most outstanding representatives of philosophy, political economics and socialism… It inherits… all the best that mankind created in the 19th century: German philosophy, English political economics and French socialism”.

The main achievement that Karl Marx drew from German philosophy was dialectical materialism. According to Lenin, it is: "The doctrine of development in its most perfect, profound and non-one-sided form, that is, the doctrine of the relativity of human cognition, which reflects the constant development of matter."

Karl Marx developed that materialism, expanded and perfected it from the perception of the world of man to the perception of human society. That is historical materialism. Karl Marx's historical materialism is the greatest achievement of scientific thought. It shows that due to the development of productive forces, social forms replace each other.

Here, Karl Marx combined the dialectical core of Hegel and the materialism of Feuerbach. The English classical bourgeois political economy school was the school that initiated the labor theory of value, that is, taking labor as the basis for the value of commodities. Karl Marx inherited this school's theory and analysis of economic laws. On that basis, he perfected his theory of value and surplus value theory.

The utopian socialists' condemnation and criticism of capitalism by words and persuasion, and their construction of a new socialist society on the basis of capitalist private property, did not bring results, although they had skillfully outlined the model of socialism. The failure of the utopian socialists proved that persuasion and dreams cannot change the social mechanism.

Meanwhile, the revolutionary reality in Europe and France at that time proved that: class struggle is the basis and driving force of the entire process of social development.


grant.

Karl Marx studied world history and derived his theory of class struggle.


An important factor for the emergence of Marxist political economy was the idea

The bourgeois economy was now powerless before the development of capitalism. It was necessary to have a new theory with a new perspective.

On the basis of inheriting and developing the quintessence of human intelligence, combined with the historical reality of the world taking place at that time, Karl Marx had two discoveries: historical materialism, the theory of surplus value, and brought socialism from utopia to science.

6.1.2 Outstanding economic representatives and ideas

6.1.2.1. Friedrich Engels (F. Engels)

- Friedrich Engels (1820 – 1895) in Barmen city, Prussia , son of a cotton factory owner . He was a thinker , philosopher, economist, historian, and he was fluent in many different languages .

- Engels is a

among the first to build​​

g ̉ism​

record

He was a historical materialist , had a communist outlook on life and defended it .

area

rights

for the working class

- His main economic works and thoughts are :

+ “Outline of the Critique of Political Economy” (1848): he based on the socialist foundation criticized the bourgeois political economy and the population law of Manthus .


school​​

+ “The Condition of the English Working Class” (1845):

science​​

for monk

history of the working class 's struggle for class liberation

+ “The Divine Family ” ( 1848 ), “ The German System of Thought ” (1846) written with Marx ; outlined the principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism.

+ “ The Communist Manifesto ” ( 1848 ) written with Marx : this is a work

classic of capitalism​​

scientific production​

, clearly exposes the history of the proletariat​

+ “Anti-Duering” (1878): one

in the sutras : this is the sutra​

English 's most brilliant economic and philosophical works , in which he presents and further develops

Marx's economic theory.

+ “The Origin of the Family , of Private Property and of the State” (1848): he outlined the development process of the social division of labor and commodity production,

the birth of the relative materialism regime .​

production and the division of society into classes

After K. Marx died, he took the trouble to edit and publish Volume II ( 1885 ) and Volume III (1894) of "Capital" .

Comment


Agree Privacy Policy *