A Multifaceted View of Reality

reflects the object that he does not know and does not want to know, he sees it, observes it and records it by letters as simple characters. However, the intentional point of view is not unlimited or obscured because that point of view comes from within the author, but also depends on the cultural level, observation ability and the orientation of the social ideology or the era in which the author exists.

4.3.1. Multifaceted perspective on reality

For works with large volumes such as: Ten Months in France by Pham Van Anh, Diary of a French Traveler by Pham Quynh, Han Man Travelogue by Nguyen Ba Trac, ... although each work has a different way of expression, the point of view in these works often creates a multi-faceted view of reality. The starting point of the idea of ​​the journey in the work Sang Tay - Ten Months in France is "going to know this and that", going is also to learn, "not just on the school bench, and in a few books is enough; must also learn at the natural school of creation, the wisdom and right of humans all come from experience" ( Phu Nu Tan Van, No. 1, May 2, 1929). With this idea, the narrative point of view in Sang Tay - Ten Months in France focuses on images of life in France with slums, drug addicts, living and studying conditions of Annamese students of different classes, ... to say one thing: France is not completely good as many people think of it. The narrative point of view in Phap du han luc di di has been filtered through the eyes of the journey character who is both a politician and a scholar and journalist. In the eyes of the politician, the plot of the journey is to go to big cities like Marseille, Lyon, Paris to see famous landmarks and monuments, listen to speeches and meet important people such as politicians, educators, scientists. Wherever the author went, he was full of admiration: he praised Mr. K. from Paris for his good speech, the scenery at the church of “Notre Dame de la Protection” as the most beautiful, the “Great French Library” as the richest book store in the world, … even the cemetery was “luxurious”, “stone chamber”, “the most beautiful in Paris”. All to paint an image of France as civilized and rich in cultural values. But in the eyes of a scholar and journalist, going to certain places, meeting certain people related to issues of education, art or history, Pham Quynh chose as subjects for discussion and thorough research. Such forms of comparative argumentation are often found in Pham Quynh’s works: “Our literature is not without good articles and

"The singing profession is not necessarily despicable; what makes it despicable is that the people in the profession do not know how to respect themselves and their own esteem" ( Nam Phong, No. 89, p.382).

Intentional narrative viewpoints, according to G. Genette, can be divided into two types: "external" viewpoints and "internal" viewpoints. If the works of Pham Van Anh, Pham Quynh, Nguyen Ba Trac, Tran Trong Kim often have "external" viewpoints, then A Journey by Nguyen Tuan and Going West by Nhat Linh have combined "external" and "internal" viewpoints. Throughout A Journey, the narrator appears in the first person, but there are many passages where the narrator is "indifferent" or uses another name such as "wanderer", so the journey story is refracted by the character's inner self. Therefore, "stylized" sentences that create this feeling appear a lot in the work: "I look at my face in the pure crystal, the clear cup shows off the blood and delicious wine without any need." ( Going West, p.42)

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• Qos Assurance Methods for Multimedia Communications zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gs zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts low. The EF PHB requires a sufficiently large number of output ports to provide low delay, low loss, and low jitter. EF PHBs can be implemented if the output port's bandwidth is sufficiently large, combined with small buffer sizes and other network resources dedicated to EF packets, to allow the router's service rate for EF packets on an output port to exceed the arrival rate λ of packets at that port. This means that packets with PHB EF are considered with a pre-allocated amount of output bandwidth and a priority that ensures minimum loss, minimum delay and minimum jitter before being put into operation. PHB EF is suitable for channel simulation, leased line simulation, and real-time services such as voice, video without compromising on high loss, delay and jitter values. Figure 2.10 Example of EF installation Figure 2.10 shows an example of an EF PHB implementation. This is a simple priority queue scheduling technique. At the edges of the DS domain, EF packet traffic is prioritized according to the values ​​agreed upon by the SLA. The EF queue in the figure needs to output packets at a rate higher than the packet arrival rate λ. To provide an EF PHB over an end-to-end DS domain, bandwidth at the output ports of the core routers needs to be allocated in advance to ensure the requirement μ > λ. This can be done by a pre-configured provisioning process. In the figure, EF packets are placed in the priority queue (the upper queue). With such a length, the queue can operate with μ > λ. Since EF was primarily used for real-time services such as voice and video, and since real-time services use UDP instead of TCP, RED is generally not suitable for EF queues because applications using UDP will not respond to random packet drop and RED will strip unnecessary packets. 2.2.4.2 Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB PHB AF is defined by RFC 2597. The purpose of PHB AF is to deliver packets reliably and therefore delay and jitter are considered less important than packet loss. PHB AF is suitable for non-real-time services such as applications using TCP. PHB AF first defines four classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4. For each of these AF classes, packets are then classified into three subclasses with three distinct priority levels. Table 2.8 shows the four AF classes and 12 AF subclasses and the DSCP values ​​for the 12 AF subclasses defined by RFC 2597. RFC 2597 also allows for more than three separate priority levels to be added for internal use. However, these separate priority levels will only have internal significance. PHB Class PHB Subclass Package type DSCP AF4 AF41 Short 100010 AF42 Medium 100100 AF43 High 100110 AF3 AF31 Short 011010 AF32 Medium 011100 AF33 High 011110 AF2 AF21 Short 010010 AF22 Medium 010100 AF23 High 010110 AF1 AF11 Short 001010 AF12 Medium 001100 AF13 High 001110 Table 2.8 AF DSCPs The AF PHB ensures that packets are forwarded with a high probability of delivery to the destination within the bounds of the rate agreed upon in an SLA. If AF traffic at an ingress port exceeds the pre-priority rate, which is considered non-compliant or “out of profile”, the excess packets will not be delivered to the destination with the same probability as the packets belonging to the defined traffic or “in profile” packets. When there is network congestion, the out of profile packets are dropped before the in profile packets are dropped. When service levels are defined using AF classes, different quantity and quality between AF classes can be realized by allocating different amounts of bandwidth and buffer space to the four AF classes. Unlike EF, most AF traffic is non-real-time traffic using TCP, and the RED queue management strategy is an AQM (Adaptive Queue Management) strategy suitable for use in AF PHBs. The four AF PHB layers can be implemented as four separate queues. The output port bandwidth is divided into four AF queues. For each AF queue, packets are marked with three “colors” corresponding to three separate priority levels. In addition to the 32 DSCP 1 groups defined in Table 2.8, 21 DSCPs have been standardized as follows: one for PHB EF, 12 for PHB AF, and 8 for CSCP. There are 11 DSCP 1 groups still available for other standards. 2.2.5.Example of Differentiated Services We will look at an example of the Differentiated Service model and mechanism of operation. The architecture of Differentiated Service consists of two basic sets of functions: Edge functions: include packet classification and traffic conditioning. At the inbound edge of the network, incoming packets are marked. In particular, the DS field in the packet header is set to a certain value. For example, in Figure 2.12, packets sent from H1 to H3 are marked at R1, while packets from H2 to H4 are marked at R2. The labels on the received packets identify the service class to which they belong. Different traffic classes receive different services in the core network. The RFC definition uses the term behavior aggregate rather than the term traffic class. After being marked, a packet can be forwarded immediately into the network, delayed for a period of time before being forwarded, or dropped. We will see that there are many factors that affect how a packet is marked, and whether it is forwarded immediately, delayed, or dropped. Figure 2.12 DiffServ Example Core functionality: When a DS-marked packet arrives at a Diffservcapable router, the packet is forwarded to the next router based on Per-hop behavior is associated with packet classes. Per-hop behavior affects router buffers and the bandwidth shared between competing classes. An important principle of the Differentiated Service architecture is that a router's per-hop behavior is based only on the packet's marking or the class to which it belongs. Therefore, if packets sent from H1 to H3 as shown in the figure receive the same marking as packets from H2 to H4, then the network routers treat the packets exactly the same, regardless of whether the packet originated from H1 or H2. For example, R3 does not distinguish between packets from h1 and H2 when forwarding packets to R4. Therefore, the Differentiated Service architecture avoids the need to maintain router state about separate source-destination pairs, which is important for network scalability. Chapter Conclusion Chapter 2 has presented and clarified two main models of deploying and installing quality of service in IP networks. While the traditional best-effort model has many disadvantages, later models such as IntServ and DiffServ have partly solved the problems that best-effort could not solve. IntServ follows the direction of ensuring quality of service for each separate flow, it is built similar to the circuit switching model with the use of the RSVP resource reservation protocol. IntSer is suitable for services that require fixed bandwidth that is not shared such as VoIP services, multicast TV services. However, IntSer has disadvantages such as using a lot of network resources, low scalability and lack of flexibility. DiffServ was born with the idea of ​​solving the disadvantages of the IntServ model. DiffServ follows the direction of ensuring quality based on the principle of hop-by-hop behavior based on the priority of marked packets. The policy for different types of traffic is decided by the administrator and can be changed according to reality, so it is very flexible. DiffServ makes better use of network resources, avoiding idle bandwidth and processing capacity on routers. In addition, the DifServ model can be deployed on many independent domains, so the ability to expand the network becomes easy. Chapter 3: METHODS TO ENSURE QoS FOR MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS In packet-switched networks, different packet flows often have to share the transmission medium all the way to the destination station. To ensure the fair and efficient allocation of bandwidth to flows, appropriate serving mechanisms are required at network nodes, especially at gateways or routers, where many different data flows often pass through. The scheduler is responsible for serving packets of the selected flow and deciding which packet will be served next. Here, a flow is understood as a set of packets belonging to the same priority class, or originating from the same source, or having the same source and destination addresses, etc. In normal state when there is no congestion, packets will be sent as soon as they are delivered. In case of congestion, if QoS assurance methods are not applied, prolonged congestion can cause packet drops, affecting service quality. In some cases, congestion is prolonged and widespread in the network, which can easily lead to the network being "frozen", or many packets being dropped, seriously affecting service quality. Therefore, in this chapter, in sections 3.2 and 3.3, we introduce some typical network traffic load monitoring techniques to predict and prevent congestion before it occurs through the measure of dropping (removing) packets early when there are signs of impending congestion. 3.1. DropTail method DropTail is a simple, traditional queue management method based on FIFO mechanism. All incoming packets are placed in the queue, when the queue is full, the later packets are dropped. Due to its simplicity and ease of implementation, DropTail has been used for many years on Internet router systems. However, this algorithm has the following disadvantages: − Cannot avoid the phenomenon of “Lock out”: Occurs when 1 or several traffic streams monopolize the queue, making packets of other connections unable to pass through the router. This phenomenon greatly affects reliable transmission protocols such as TCP. According to the anti-congestion algorithm, when locked out, the TCP connection stream will reduce the window size and reduce the packet transmission speed exponentially. − Can cause Global Synchronization: This is the result of a severe “Lock out” phenomenon. Some neighboring routers have their queues monopolized by a number of connections, causing a series of other TCP connections to be unable to pass through and simultaneously reducing the transmission speed. After those monopolized connections are temporarily suspended, Once the queue is cleared, it takes a considerable amount of time for TCP connections to return to their original speed. − Full Queue phenomenon: Data transmitted on the Internet often has an explosion, packets arriving at the router are often in clusters rather than in turn. Therefore, the operating mechanism of DropTail makes the queue easily full for a long period of time, leading to the average delay time of large packets. To avoid this phenomenon, with DropTail, the only way is to increase the router's buffer, this method is very expensive and ineffective. − No QoS guarantee: With the DropTail mechanism, there is no way to prioritize important packets to be transmitted through the router earlier when all are in the queue. Meanwhile, with multimedia communication, ensuring connection and stable speed is extremely important and the DropTail algorithm cannot satisfy. The problem of choosing the buffer size of the routers in the network is to “absorb” short bursts of traffic without causing too much queuing delay. This is necessary in bursty data transmission. The queue size determines the size of the packet bursts (traffic spikes) that we want to be able to transmit without being dropped at the routers. In IP-based application networks, packet dropping is an important mechanism for indirectly reporting congestion to end stations. A solution that prevents router queues from filling up while reducing the packet drop rate is called dynamic queue management. 3.2. Random elimination method – RED 3.2.1 Overview RED (Random Early Detection of congestion; Random Early Drop) is one of the first AQM algorithms proposed in 1993 by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, two scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California, USA. Due to its outstanding advantages compared to previous queue management algorithms, RED has been widely installed and deployed on the Internet. The most fundamental point of their work is that the most effective place to detect congestion and react to it is at the gateway or router. Source entities (senders) can also do this by estimating end-to-end delay, throughput variability, or the rate of packet retransmissions due to drop. However, the sender and receiver view of a particular connection cannot tell which gateways on the network are congested, and cannot distinguish between propagation delay and queuing delay. Only the gateway has a true view of the state of the queue, the link share of the connections passing through it at any given time, and the quality of service requirements of the traffic flows. The RED gateway monitors the average queue length, which detects early signs of impending congestion (average queue length exceeding a predetermined threshold) and reacts appropriately in one of two ways: − Drop incoming packets with a certain probability, to indirectly inform the source of congestion, the source needs to reduce the transmission rate to keep the queue from filling up, maintaining the ability to absorb incoming traffic spikes. − Mark “congestion” with a certain probability in the ECN field in the header of TCP packets to notify the source (the receiving entity will copy this bit into the acknowledgement packet). Figure 3. 1 RED algorithm The main goal of RED is to avoid congestion by keeping the average queue size within a sufficiently small and stable region, which also means keeping the queuing delay sufficiently small and stable. Achieving this goal also helps: avoid global synchronization, not resist bursty traffic flows (i.e. flows with low average throughput but high volatility), and maintain an upper bound on the average queue size even in the absence of cooperation from transport layer protocols. To achieve the above goals, RED gateways must do the following: − The first is to detect congestion early and react appropriately to keep the average queue size small enough to keep the network operating in the low latency, high throughput region, while still allowing the queue size to fluctuate within a certain range to absorb short-term fluctuations. As discussed above, the gateway is the most appropriate place to detect congestion and is also the most appropriate place to decide which specific connection to report congestion to. − The second thing is to notify the source of congestion. This is done by marking and notifying the source to reduce traffic. Normally the RED gateway will randomly drop packets. However, if congestion If congestion is detected before the queue is full, it should be combined with packet marking to signal congestion. The RED gateway has two options: drop or mark; where marking is done by marking the ECN field of the packet with a certain probability, to signal the source to reduce the traffic entering the network. − An important goal that RED gateways need to achieve is to avoid global synchronization and not to resist traffic flows that have a sudden characteristic. Global synchronization occurs when all connections simultaneously reduce their transmission window size, leading to a severe drop in throughput at the same time. On the other hand, Drop Tail or Random Drop strategies are very sensitive to sudden flows; that is, the gateway queue will often overflow when packets from these flows arrive. To avoid these two phenomena, gateways can use special algorithms to detect congestion and decide which connections will be notified of congestion at the gateway. The RED gateway randomly selects incoming packets to mark; with this method, the probability of marking a packet from a particular connection is proportional to the connection's shared bandwidth at the gateway. − Another goal is to control the average queue size even without cooperation from the source entities. This can be done by dropping packets when the average size exceeds an upper threshold (instead of marking it). This approach is necessary in cases where most connections have transmission times that are less than the round-trip time, or where the source entities are not able to reduce traffic in response to marking or dropping packets (such as UDP flows). 3.2.2 Algorithm This section describes the algorithm for RED gateways. RED gateways calculate the average queue size using a low-pass filter. This average queue size is compared with two thresholds: minth and maxth. When the average queue size is less than the lower threshold, no incoming packets are marked or dropped; when the average queue size is greater than the upper threshold, all incoming packets are dropped. When the average queue size is between minth and maxth, each incoming packet is marked or dropped with a probability pa, where pa is a function of the average queue size avg; the probability of marking or dropping a packet for a particular connection is proportional to the bandwidth share of that connection at the gateway. The general algorithm for a RED gateway is described as follows: [5] For each packet arrival Caculate the average queue size avg If minth ≤ avg < maxth div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:Wingdings; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: 6pt; } div.maincontent .s11 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s12 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10pt; } div.maincontent .s13 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-d
• Simulating the shadowing of objects from a light source in virtual reality - 9
• Creating a Data Environment Designer Using Data View
• Mobile Phone Usage in Hanoi Inner City Area zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gsconsumer,consumption,consumer behavior,marketing,mobile marketing zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts - Test the relationship between demographic variables and consumer behavior for Mobile Marketing activities The analysis method used is the Chi-square test (χ2), with statistical hypotheses H0 and H1 and significance level α = 0.05. In case the P index (p-value) or Sig. index in SPSS has a value less than or equal to the significance level α, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and vice versa. With this testing procedure, the study can evaluate the difference in behavioral trends between demographic groups. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS During two months, 1,100 survey questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone users in the inner city of Hanoi using various methods such as direct interviews, sending via email or using questionnaires designed on the Internet. At the end of the survey, after checking and eliminating erroneous questionnaires, the study collected 858 complete questionnaires, equivalent to a rate of about 78%. In addition, the research subjects of the thesis are only people who are using mobile phones, so people who do not use mobile phones are not within the scope of the thesis, therefore, the questionnaires with the option of not using mobile phones were excluded from the scope of analysis. The number of suitable survey questionnaires included in the statistical analysis was 835. 4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample The structure of the survey sample is divided and statistically analyzed according to criteria such as gender, age, occupation, education level and personal income. (Detailed statistical table in Appendix 6) - Gender structure: Of the 835 completed questionnaires, 49.8% of respondents were male, equivalent to 416 people, and 50.2% were female, equivalent to 419 people. The survey results of the study are completely consistent with the gender ratio in the population structure of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular (Male/Female: 49/51). - Age structure: 36.6% of respondents are <23 years old, equivalent to 306 people. People from 23-34 years old accounting for the highest proportion: 44.8% equivalent to 374 people, people aged 35-45 and >45 are 70 and 85 people equivalent to 8.4% and 10.2% respectively. Looking at the results of this survey, we can see that the young people - youth account for a large proportion of the total number of people participating in the survey. Meanwhile, the middle-aged people including two age groups of 35 - 45 and >45 have a low rate of participation in the survey. This is completely consistent with the reality when Mobile Marketing is identified as a Marketing service aimed at young people (people under 35 years old). - Structure by educational level: among 835 valid responses, 541 respondents had university degrees, accounting for the highest proportion of ~ 75%, 102 had secondary school degrees, ~ 13.1%, and 93 had post-graduate degrees, ~ 11.9%. - Occupational structure: office workers and civil servants are the group with the highest rate of participation with 39.4%, followed by students with 36.6%. Self-employed people account for 12%, retired housewives are 7.8% and other occupational groups account for 4.2%. The survey results show that the student group has the same rate as the group aged <23 at 36.6%. This shows the accuracy of the survey data. In addition, the survey results distributed by occupational criteria have a rate almost similar to the sample division rate in chapter 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the survey data is suitable for use in analysis activities. - Income structure: the group with income from 3 to 5 million has the highest rate with 39% of the total number of respondents. This is consistent with the income structure of Hanoi people and corresponds to the average income of the group of civil servants and office workers. Those People with no income account for 23%, income under 3 million VND accounts for 13% and income over 5 million VND accounts for 25%. 4.2 Mobile phone usage in Hanoi inner city area According to the survey results, most respondents said they had used the phone for more than 1 year, specifically: 68.4% used mobile phones from 4 to 10 years, 23.2% used from 1 to 3 years, 7.8% used for more than 10 years. Those who used mobile phones for less than 1 year accounted for only a very small proportion of ~ 0.6%. (Table 4.1) Table 4.1: Time spent using mobile phones Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Alid <1 year 5 .6 .6 .6 1-3 years 194 23.2 23.2 23.8 4-10 years 571 68.4 68.4 92.2 >10 years 65 7.8 7.8 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The survey indexes on the time of using mobile phones of consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very impressive for a developing country like Vietnam and also prove that Vietnamese consumers have a lot of experience using this high-tech device. Moreover, with the majority of consumers surveyed having a relatively long time of use (4-10 years), it partly proves that mobile phones have become an important and essential item in people's daily lives. When asked about the mobile phone network they are using, 31% of respondents said they are using the network of Vietel company, 29% use the network of of Mobifone company, 27% use Vinaphone company's network and 13% use networks of other providers such as E-VN telecom, S-fone, Beeline, Vietnammobile. (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1: Mobile phone network in use Compared with the announced market share of mobile telecommunications service providers in Vietnam (Vietel: 36%, Mobifone: 29%, Vinaphone: 28%, the remaining networks: 7%), we see that the survey results do not have many differences. However, the statistics show that there is a difference in the market share of other networks because the Hanoi market is one of the two main markets of small networks, so their market share in this area will certainly be higher than that of the whole country. According to a report by NielsenMobile (2009) [8], the number of prepaid mobile phone subscribers in Hanoi accounts for 95% of the total number of subscribers, however, the results of this survey show that the percentage of prepaid subscribers has decreased by more than 20%, only at 70.8%. On the contrary, the number of postpaid subscribers tends to increase from 5% in 2009 to 19.2%. Those who are simultaneously using both types of subscriptions account for 10%. (Table 4.2). Table 4.2: Types of mobile phone subscribers Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Prepay 591 70.8 70.8 70.8 Pay later 160 19.2 19.2 89.9 Both of the above 84 10.1 10.1 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The above figures show the change in the psychology and consumption habits of Vietnamese consumers towards mobile telecommunications services, when the use of prepaid subscriptions and junk SIMs is replaced by the use of two types of subscriptions for different purposes and needs or switching to postpaid subscriptions to enjoy better customer care services. In addition, the majority of respondents have an average spending level for mobile phone services from 100 to 300 thousand VND (406 ~ 48.6% of total respondents). The high spending level (> 500 thousand VND) is the spending level with the lowest number of people with only 8.4%, on the contrary, the low spending level (under 100 thousand VND) accounts for the second highest proportion among the groups of respondents with 25.4%. People with low spending levels mainly fall into the group of students and retirees/housewives - those who have little need to use or mainly use promotional SIM cards. (Table 4.3). Table 4.3: Spending on mobile phone charges Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <100,000 212 25.4 25.4 25.4 100-300,000 406 48.6 48.6 74.0 300,000-500,000 147 17.6 17.6 91.6 >500,000 70 8.4 8.4 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The statistics in Table 4.3 are similar to the percentages in the NielsenMobile survey results (2009) with 73% of mobile phone users having medium spending levels and only 13% having high spending levels. The survey results also showed that up to 31% ~ nearly one-third of respondents said they sent more than 10 SMS messages/day, meaning that on average they sent 1 SMS message for every working hour. Those with an average SMS message volume (from 3 to 10 messages/day) accounted for 51.1% and those with a low SMS message volume (less than 3 messages/day) accounted for 17%. (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Number of SMS messages sent per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 142 17.0 17.0 17.0 3-10 news 427 51.1 51.1 68.1 >10 news 266 31.9 31.9 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 Similar to sending messages, those with an average message receiving rate (from 3-10 messages/day) accounted for the highest percentage of ~ 55%, followed by those with a high number of messages (over 10 messages/day) ~ 24% and those with a low number of messages received daily (under 3 messages/day) remained at the bottom with 21%. (Table 4.5) Table 4.5: Number of SMS messages received per day Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid <3 news 175 21.0 21.0 21.0 3-10 news 436 55.0 55.0 76.0 >10 news 197 24.0 24.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 When comparing the data of the two result tables 4.4 and 4.5, we can see the reasonableness between the ratio of the number of messages sent and the number of messages received daily by the interview participants. 4.3 Current status of SMS advertising and Mobile Marketing According to the interview results, in the 3 months from the time of the survey and before, 94% of respondents, equivalent to 785 people, said they received advertising messages, while only a very small percentage of 6% (only 50 people) did not receive advertising messages (Table 4.6). Table 4.6: Percentage of people receiving advertising messages in the last 3 months Frequency Ratio (%) Valid Percentage Cumulative Percentage Valid Have 785 94.0 94.0 94.0 Are not 50 6.0 6.0 100.0 Total 835 100.0 100.0 The results of Table 4.6 show that consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very familiar with advertising messages. This result is also the basis for assessing the knowledge, experience and understanding of the respondents in the interview. This is also one of the important factors determining the accuracy of the survey results. In addition, most respondents said they had received promotional messages, but only 24% of them had ever taken the action of registering to receive promotional messages, while 76% of the remaining respondents did not register to receive promotional messages but still received promotional messages every day. This is the first sign indicating the weaknesses and shortcomings of lax management of this activity in Vietnam. 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• The Preposition “Auf” Viewed From a Cognitive Perspective Compared with Vietnamese

The relationship between the narrative point of view and the characters in Vietnamese travelogues is the use of personal pronouns and the change of personal pronouns to change the position of the narrators. In the relationship with the characters, the narrative point of view is a method of speaking, a way of presenting, describing in accordance with the way of feeling, the way of thinking about the reality that the character witnesses, experiences during the journey. In front of the object, which is an object or a person, the character has the need to understand it. If not standing in different positions, the image of the reflection will obscure the other side of the object, where there may be unknown secrets, the limits of the aspirations that the character wants to achieve. Therefore, if different narrative roles are not created, it is impossible to create many points of view, which means only seeing the surface of the object without being able to move inside, where the scenery and people are in harmony.

Travelogues in general, and Vietnamese travelogues in particular, have many works that are not simply travel stories but also contain different sources of information such as: culture, history, economics, politics, science, gender, etc. Han man du ki, Bai ki phong tho tinh Tuyen Quang are works full of information and documents about geography, culture, history, etc. The author is not only the narrator of his story but also stands from many angles of society to reflect reality in the unique way of the travelogue genre. Therefore, travelogues are not only the subject of literary research but have become the subject of many other scientific disciplines and are approached through many critical theories such as: ecocriticism, feminist criticism, etc.

4.3.2. Narrator's shifting point of view

For small-volume travel writings, the common narrative point of view is the shift between author - journalist - character. The narrator in Nguyen Don Phuc's "Traveling to Co Loa" is initially "anonymous" to discuss the reason for the trip and the type of people; when introducing the reason for the trip, the author's "I" appears to describe the journey, but quickly gives way to the "anonymous" narrator to discuss history; when intervening in the viewpoint and attitude towards historical figures, the narrator appears in the role of "journalist" to steer the travel story into a historical story; then, in the role of "anonymous" narrator, the author brings the travel story back; finally, in the role of "journalist", the narrator identifies himself, tells the story of his childhood memories of having been to Loa Thanh, and identifies the trip with his fellow travelers at the end. The shift in the narrators in the work also changes the tone of the narrative in each paragraph, sometimes sarcastic, sometimes painful, bitter before the injustice of Mi Chau, sometimes passionate, deeply returning to memories of meeting old scenes and old love,... This shift is to interweave many stories, bringing readers to different spaces and times, not just the present Loa Thanh to see the identities or lives hidden behind the crumbling, mossy walls. In the work Cuoc choi nam truc nui, the role of the narrator "journalist" does not play the role of a historical storyteller but becomes a person who confirms information about folk tales about the places on his journey. The narrator in Huong Son du ki by Minh Phuong calls himself "I" to enter the role of a person visiting a temple without any worries in his heart, humming a few heroic and soaring poems. In the works Fifteen Days with Tailed Moi, The Moi in Dong Nai, and The Moi in Upper Dong Nai by Thai Huu Thanh, the narrator refers to himself as “I” but plays the role of a journalist to tell the story and converse with the reader: “Wait, readers, don’t be afraid! These are not real human limbs and heads, they are the remains of apes and gorillas, some as big as humans, which the Moi really like to eat.” ( Nam Ky, issue 68)

The narrator in Vietnamese travelogues in the first half of the 20th century often appeared in many different roles, in which the role of “journalist” was quite popular. This not only shows that the authors were journalists and writers, but also shows that in Vietnamese travelogues there was an objective narrative method that existed alongside subjective elements such as the author’s own thoughts, feelings, and emotions about the subject being talked about.

creating the characteristics of the travelogue genre in this period. Not only in travelogues, the subject often refers to himself as "journalist", but even the early novels of Vietnamese literature also used this kind of address. In the first part of the novel To Tam by Hoang Ngoc Phach, it is written: "Recently, the journalist heard a personal story that his friend had just told, in which he was the main character in this story. The story is very consistent with the above observation, so the journalist writes it down here, intending to present to the young friend an obvious matter of feelings, communication with each other, with causes and results." [47, p.3]. This is an important sign of the characteristics of Vietnamese prose on the journey of genre formation: the role of the press in the development of literature is not only a material means to bring works to the public but also suggests for travelogues to form a form of method of reflecting reality, that is, a technical element in the construction of works. With the characteristics of short journeys with many people traveling together, the narrator in many travel writings appears in the first person plural "we" such as: Some knowledge during a visit to Boi Khe village by Vu Nga, Four years on Cac-ba island by Van Dai, Kiep Bac temple by Nguyen Duy Trinh, Pilgrimage to Nguyen Trai temple by Vo Nga, A pilgrimage to visit Tuc Mac, the old hometown of Tran dynasty by Truc Khe - Le Thanh, ... This narrative is essentially still the role of "journalist" to not only recount the journey story clearly and authentically but also make social statements about ethnic, cultural and historical issues.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that in Vietnamese travel writing, the points of view (mainly the characters and the author) are coordinated with each other, alternating in the narrative system due to the dual nature of the travel writing characters. With this narrative style, the plot of the travel writing work changes from a progressive structure to a zigzag structure, the time and space in the work are constantly changing, the artistic elements therefore appear without losing the principle of objective reflection of the work.

The point of view in travel writing is not as complex as in novels, but it is also very flexible in its own way. The narrative point of view creates diversity in the structure of travel writing, with the ability to naturally connect the inner and outer world, interweave between describing the scene and describing the feelings, creating conditions for poems to appear alongside narrative prose in a reasonable way. The narrative point of view is also one of the poetic characteristics of Vietnamese travel writing in the first half of the 20th century.

4.4. Language

4.4.1. Combination of languages

Travel writing is a genre that is shifting from the outside and the inside to become the "elite" in literature. With the characteristics of the journey literature genre, in the process of searching for "other people", travel writing must constantly renew itself, not only renewing in terms of genre but also renewing language. Philipphe Binh with Book of Records , became the first person to bring the language of the times into travel writing, at a time when Chinese travel writing was gaining a position in traditional literature. In its movement, language in travel writing is not only used as a tool but also becomes a means in the art of language. By using language as a means, travel writing brings objective reality and images of the world into literature, contributing to creating new elements for the history of literature and culture, including language. Therefore, language in travel writing is both historical and characteristic of the genre style.

Vietnamese travel writing is considered the first form of literary composition in the national language. On the other hand, the language of travel writing is a contemporary language, a place to experiment with new languages ​​and a place for literary language to have initial rehearsals before being used as official material. Therefore, the linguistic phenomena that many researchers are currently interested in, the fusion of many different languages ​​in the text and its influence on the cultural environment, have confused its informative and aesthetic properties. Language itself is also a cultural element, it has the right to adapt, transform or shift to perfect itself. While collecting and selecting transitional literary works such as travel writing, people often take modern Vietnamese as a reference system to examine linguistic phenomena. This has caused doubts about the clarity and transparency of language use: borrowing or dependence, old-fashioned or backward, foreign-minded, imitation or innovation, etc. To free ourselves from all these doubts, it is necessary to put the travel language into its own environment for consideration, paying attention to the historical and cultural aspects of communication. In Vietnamese travel writing, the phenomenon of language mixing occurs in two easily recognizable cases, which are the appearance of other languages ​​in travel writing such as Chinese characters in works with Chinese elements and French characters in some works by Western-educated intellectuals.

On the issue of Chinese characters in travel writings, through a survey of Vietnamese travel writings in the first half of the 19th century

In the 20th century, we realized the following problems:

Chinese characters in Vietnamese travelogues in the first half of the 20th century are related to the subject and the cultural environment of the time. The basis for the existence of travelogues with Chinese elements in this period is the creative force and its readers. That is, a large group of Chinese-educated intellectuals became the creative force and a large number of readers who knew Chinese characters, they wanted to fight against the invasion of Western culture but did not like to depend on Chinese culture.

Chinese characters in Vietnamese travelogues have created a Chinese element that is characteristic of a literary period. Travelogues with Chinese elements appeared a lot in the period from 1917 to 1934 and before, when Chinese characters in texts still had an environment to exist. Even Nam Phong published in three languages: Quoc Ngu, Chinese, and French and existed at the time when the contemporary cultural environment accepted it. After 1934, this phenomenon of language fusion became outdated, and Nam Phong magazine was forced to end. Even Nguyen Don Phuc, a Sinology intellectual, who was in charge of editing the Chinese part for Nam Phong, only wrote travelogues in the 1920s of the 20th century. Later, collaborating with Tri Tan magazine, with the work Nam Dan bat chau tuc thao (printed in 29 issues of Tri Tan magazine , from issue 58 to 159), Nguyen Don Phuc created a poetic form to translate meaning from Chinese to Vietnamese called tuc thao. That shows that Nguyen Don Phuc did not abandon Chinese characters but rather made them suitable to the language and personality of the Vietnamese people.

Vietnamese travelogues in the first half of the 20th century incorporated Chinese characters because travelogues existed in a multifunctional nature: informational function, educational function, aesthetic function and tourism promotion function. In addition to the purpose of creating the authenticity of information, travelogues used Chinese characters to preserve relics and national traditions, as a way to reflect reality for works of art. In order to avoid making one-sided judgments about this case, it is necessary to consider the mixed nature of the Sino-Vietnamese language in its integrity and originality. Chinese characters in travelogues are used in the following cases:

Chinese characters in travel writing are used to preserve the original state of a relic, such as parallel sentences, poems carved on stone, stele inscriptions, etc. The following is the case of recording parallel sentences in a communal house in the Travel Writing at Thay Pagoda by Le Dinh Thang:

爲 仙 爲 佛 爲 國 王 生 化 三 身 留 異 蹟。

有 洞 有 湖 有 天 帝 江 山 一 帶 表 奇 觀。

( Nam Phong, No. 48, p.515)

Chinese characters in travel writing are used to record the traces of the character when traveling to ancient places, that is, a way of self-expression of the character, as in Nguyen Huu Tien's Travelogue on Buddha Mountain :

“At the hour of the Goat, I went down to the foot of the mountain to visit Phuc Lam pagoda. There was an inscription on the wall that said: “Going up the mountain to enjoy the scenery, I suddenly became inspired by poetry, unable to collect it all . Chan Ngo Tu joked further: “ I also cannot agree to combine them all. ” …

( Nam Phong, No. 25, p. 49)

Or imitate the ancients in writing Chinese poems to feel the scenery like in the Journey from Cao Bang to Phu Tho by Thai Phong Vu Khac Tiep:

the story of the past

Electric car follows the green mountain range

The story of the past and the future

Once walked to Tam Thanh

(…)

車 蜡 轍 甫 經 周 覽 跡

The car tracks have traveled all over the world.

The story of the past and the future

The dark cave is lit by a bright torch.

( Nam Phong, No. 44, p.140)

Using Chinese characters, the author describes the landscape of his country as beautiful and majestic as the images described in traditional literature:

“Up to now, passing through this land of Trang Chau, I see the lonely orchid tops; looking to the northwest, the mountains run and run, clearly Tan Vien and Tam Dao, two towering mountains over there; looking to the southeast, the earth and sky turn and turn, it seems like the Nam Minh bay is connected somewhere; and the vast and long Nhi Ha river cuts right in front, day and night, the water flows like a running horse, like a rolling dragon, like a rushing elephant; truly the “Hoang Ha”

The water comes from the sky, flows to the sea and never returns.

I will continue to work hard and do my best. ”

( Nam Phong, No. 63, p. 184)

This sentence describing the scenery was written by a Taoist priest (the author calls himself Tung Van Dao Nhan) during his journey to "the village of Thuong Cat ", it both carries the character's character and creates the sacred atmosphere of the mountains and rivers as if it were coming out of the words . With this way of expression, the scenery and people seem to be in harmony.

There are also cases where the author translates the names of the relics written in Chinese characters into Vietnamese phonetic transcriptions such as: Hong Van Son紅 蕓 山, Ma Kham Son麻 龕 山, Dong Son東 山, Bat Van Son八 萬 山, Phat Tich Son佛 跡 山.

The Chinese characters used in travel writing are ancient Chinese characters that are kept intact when wanting to preserve relics, or are Vietnamized to express the thoughts, feelings or narratives of the subject during the journey. Therefore, Chinese characters in travel writing are different from Chinese characters in texts using scientific writing style such as some articles published in Nam Phong magazine discussing Chinese philosophy. Travel writings with Chinese elements are often associated with "ancient" journeys, to historical and cultural relics, sacred landscapes to create solemnity and antiquity for the travel writing, while contributing to enriching Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in literature.

Another form of mixed languages ​​in Vietnamese travel writing is from French. The subjects of the journeys associated with works using French are Western-educated intellectuals such as Pham Quynh, Nhat Nham, Dao Trinh Nhat, Tung Huong, Dong Ho, etc. The number of works using French is not much and is only used in certain cases such as indicating time in months, naming places, objects, occasionally a short statement by a foreigner that the author hears. Here, we mention the use of French as an artistic technique.

In Sang Tay - Ten Months in France by Pham Van Anh, there is a passage that uses French words, but not to identify but to express the narrative intention:

“We got bored talking and then looked at a book; there was a set of Les Travailleurs de la mer by Victor Hugo, I brought it out, Miss Cuc Tu took a copy, sat down and read. During that time, a funny thing happened, I always remember it, and thanks to that I understood the spirit of the Japanese a little more.

There was a young lady who passed by and saw us reading a book, so she stopped.