The Necessity of Creating Jobs for Workers After the Revolution

2.1.3.3. The need to create jobs for workers after the Industrial Revolution

Creating jobs and minimizing labor surplus is one of the strategic social issues, which is a concern of most countries. In particular, creating jobs for workers in the affected areas, ensuring stability and increasing their income, and at the same time ensuring that they have an equal or better life than before is one of the outstanding issues that our Party and State are concerned with solving. Because if we do not create stable jobs for people after the affected areas, it will not only directly affect the socio-economic life of the people, but it will also greatly affect the socio-economic development of the country in general. Moreover, if there is no policy to stabilize jobs and income for workers after the affected areas, sooner or later they will fall into unemployment and poverty, which will be an obstacle to the successful industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. In addition, the subjects directly affected by the land acquisition are often rural workers, while their jobs depend mainly on cultivated land, because this is their indispensable main means of production, which not only helps people stabilize their lives but also ensures their long-term survival. Therefore, the lack of cultivated land to some extent means the lack of jobs for rural workers and this issue is causing a lot of frustration today. On the other hand, in recent years, the land acquisition has often focused on good and convenient land areas, which are also places that create jobs and provide the main income for people. Therefore, the land acquisition has a great impact on people's jobs and economic life. Therefore, creating jobs for people after the land acquisition is very necessary, requiring synchronous implementation and close coordination between ministries and branches.

2.1.4. Income and income-related issues

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2.1.4.1. Income

Income is the value obtained (converted into rice or money) after deducting intermediate costs (IC) and depreciation of fixed assets.

- Mixed income (MI): Is the pure income of the producer including both labor and profit earned by the producer in a production cycle on an area scale.

MI = GO – IC – TSX – C 1

MI: Mixed Income

GO: Production value (material wealth and services created in a certain period of time by a household, usually 1 year).

IC: Intermediate costs TSX: Production tax

C 1 : Depreciation of fixed assets

- Stable income: Is the ability to generate income in a stable, long-term manner over the years, ensuring long-term stability of life through the household's production and business activities.

- Income classification: According to level, income includes: Regular income and irregular income

+ Regular income: Is income that is repetitive and stable such as: Salary, wages, subsidies, income paid by organizations or individuals,...

+ Irregular income: Is unstable, unexpected income such as: Gifts, income from scientific activities,...

2.1.4.2. Income issues for people after the Land Reform

The impact of the earthquake on people's lives is very large, most clearly shown in the income and employment of people after the earthquake. After the earthquake, people with limited qualifications find it difficult to find new jobs, and they also do not know what to do to create a stable income, so many people in the earthquake area only want to find a job that brings a stable income even if that income is slightly lower than before. A survey shows that the income of people after the earthquake has mostly decreased compared to before.

recovery (53%) only nearly 13% of households have increased income compared to before due to prior preparation. The reason for this is that workers in the THD areas are often unskilled, unskilled workers who do not meet the requirements of new jobs, so up to 67% of agricultural workers after THD still keep their old jobs, 13% switch to new jobs and ≈ 20% of workers are unemployed or have unstable jobs (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2008) [3]. Through this, we can see an urgent problem that needs to be solved today is how to help people after THD have a stable income, ensure an improvement in their lives, and limit the phenomenon of poverty after THD.

2.2. Practical basis of the topic

2.2.1. Current labor, employment, and income situation in Vietnam

Vietnam is a developing country, with a strong industrialization and modernization process in recent years. However, the majority of the population is concentrated in rural areas (73%), the number of people of working age is 49.86 million (accounting for 59.36%), of which 42.45 million people participate in the labor force. The average population growth rate over 10 years is 1.7%, the average growth rate of the number of people of working age is 2.6%/year (rural areas 2.5%/year). Although the growth rate of the working age population is high, the quality of labor is still low. According to the 2004 survey data of the General Statistics Office, the trained workforce of the whole country (calculated from the training period of 3 months or more) is 25%, while the primary school level or lower accounts for 42.5%. Through this we see that the proportion of untrained population is still very high, so the current rural labor force is mainly unskilled labor, low-skilled. However, in recent years, due to the implementation of the Party's policy of promoting industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas, the area of agricultural land is increasingly decreasing to serve industrial development. This has led to the problem that more and more rural laborers are unemployed and underemployed, with low income. Realizing this, in recent years our Party and State have introduced many policies to create jobs, solve surplus labor and at the same time increase their income, specifically: According to data from the General Department of

According to statistics, in the 5 years 2001-2005, employment support programs created jobs for 7.5 million workers (2001: 1,400,000 people; 2002: 1,420,000).

people; 2003: 1,525,000 people; 2004: 1,557,000 people). However, the reality shows that the employment situation for workers is still not commensurate with the growth rate of the labor force, so the unemployment and underemployment rates are still very high, income is still low, not ensuring a stable daily life, especially for post-revolutionary workers in the current period.

2.2.2. Experience in solving employment, stabilizing and ensuring life for

People in the THD region in the country and in the world

2.2.2.1. Experience of some countries in the world in solving the problem

do, increase income for people whose land is recovered.

a. China's experience in solving employment and increasing income for people whose land has been recovered .

In the early period of reform and opening up, building a socialist market economy, the urbanization speed of China was very fast, leading to the area of cultivated land being increasingly narrowed due to the impact of urbanization, while the population increased rapidly, causing the unemployment rate in rural areas to increase rapidly. In the 1990s, it was estimated that China had 100-120 million unemployed rural workers, and this number was added by 6-7 million people every year. Moreover, China is currently in the implementation phase of the 11th 5-year plan (2006-2010), which is to implement the strategy of "actively promoting the urbanization process". Therefore, the urbanization speed is constantly being accelerated, it is estimated that by 2010, the urbanization rate in China will reach at least 48%. This process also leads to the increasing urbanization serving the construction of urban areas. Statistics show that if the urbanization rate increases by 1.5%, the demand for land use increases by 1%. Therefore, from 1979 to 1997, China reclaimed 18 million hectares of land to build industrial parks, urban areas, factories and enterprises. From 2000 to June 2005 alone, China's cultivated area reached 7.3 million hectares. This greatly affects the lives of people affected by urbanization. According to statistics, the number of farmers affected by urbanization in China is currently up to 40 million people, and the number of farmers affected by urbanization increases every year.

up to 2.5 to 3 million people. This situation also causes many difficulties for the socio-economic development of China. As a country with strong agricultural development, the Chinese government always realizes that to develop, it must solve the "three agriculture" problem well. To do well in "three agriculture", it must properly solve the land problem for farmers. Therefore, from the beginning of the industrialization and modernization process, the Chinese government has always attached importance to the problem of solving labor, employment, and increasing income for people in the THD region. This is demonstrated through a series of solutions that the Chinese government has implemented as follows:

+ Developing local enterprises to attract labor, creating jobs through policies to encourage the development of local enterprises has attracted private investment in the non-agricultural sector, promoting the development of local enterprises, moreover, these enterprises play a major role in attracting surplus labor in rural areas during the process of urbanization, that is why in the early years, up to 20% of the total income of rural Chinese people came from local enterprises. In 1992, the number of workers in this sector increased to several hundred million people, seeing this sign of success, China considered this an important solution to solve employment, increase income for people after urbanization and at the same time contribute to reducing the pressure on employment in urban areas.

+ Build medium and small-sized urban areas to reduce migrant workers in big cities, while creating more jobs for post-reform workers, promoting rural production transformation, developing service types to contribute to reducing the gap between rural and urban areas.

+ Reforming land ownership regime in rural areas.

+ There is a reasonable land compensation policy for the people (shown in Article 47 of the Chinese Land Management Law), and at the same time, to ensure the long-term life of the people after the 2006 Land Reform, on July 25, 2006, Prime Minister Wen Jiabao chaired a regular meeting of the State Council, requiring localities to increase compensation levels and ensure the long-term life of the people as well as their quality of life. From January 1, 2008, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport will be established.

China has asked localities to come up with policies to care for

timely to people with disabilities, ensuring they receive social security.

+ Promote the development of non-agricultural industries, create jobs for farmers, and generate stable income.

+ Establish compensation funds and vocational training for farmers whose land has been recovered. At the same time, encourage people to start businesses, create conditions for farmers whose land has been recovered to open businesses in the city and enjoy preferential policies (Dong Minh Doan, 2008) [6].

b. Malaysia's experience in solving employment problems for workers after the World War II

The Federation of Malaysia has a natural area of 329.8 thousand km2 , a population of 22.2 million people (1998), and a population density of about 70 people/km2 . During the period of industrialization and modernization, Malaysia also encountered many difficulties in solving people's problems after the Land Acquisition. However, due to many timely solutions, Malaysia has not only solved the problem of labor and employment but is also a very large labor importer today. This result proves that Malaysia has a lot of experience in solving labor and employment for rural workers, especially workers after the Land Acquisition. Specifically, the experiences are shown as follows:

+ In the beginning, we focused on developing agriculture, especially industrial crop cultivation, in parallel with developing the processing industry to solve product output, while creating jobs and increasing income for people.

+ Attract domestic and foreign investment in industrial development (first of all, processing industry) to effectively shift the labor structure.

+ Support employment and create favorable conditions for people with disabilities to find jobs and increase their income, ensuring a stable and long-term life for them (Dinh Van An, 2005) [5].

2.2.2.2. Experience of some localities in solving employment and increasing income of people after the earthquake in our country

a. Vinh Phuc's experience in solving people's problems after the Land Acquisition

Vinh Phuc is a province considered to have a very fast urbanization rate, so a lot of agricultural land has been reclaimed to serve the construction of urban areas and industrial parks. According to statistics, after 10 years since the re-establishment of the province (1997), Vinh Phuc has reclaimed over 4,000 hectares of agricultural land to build industrial parks, urban areas and infrastructure. This has caused over 10,000 households to lose part or all of their land, and after the land acquisition, about 45,000 rural workers have lost or are underemployed. It is estimated that in the coming time, agricultural land in many places in the province will be reclaimed to serve the cause of industrialization and modernization, which will lead to an increase in the number of people without means of production, creating great pressure on the issue of job creation and income stabilization. Faced with that situation, the province's functional agencies and departments have put forward many policies and measures to resolve the issue, and Vinh Phuc is considered the province with the most measures to resolve the problems of people after land acquisition. Specifically, the measures the province has taken are as follows:

+ The province has a policy of building vocational training facilities, supporting tuition fees for children of farmers affected by land degradation, and planning and developing craft villages.

+ For young workers: The province has a policy of doing a good job in career guidance and vocational training. The province has soon built a project on "vocational training for rural workers and workers in areas with land for industrial development" and to implement the project, the province has spent ≈ 87 billion to build and upgrade the vocational school system, purchase modern equipment, and support tuition fees for 14,000 rural workers. Currently, the whole province has 52 training facilities with diverse vocational structures, training scale of 31,000 workers/year.

+ For workers with disabilities at an advanced age and who have difficulty changing jobs, the province has identified a solution to create local jobs through policies to encourage the development of traditional craft villages, handicrafts, and small-scale crafts.

+ The province has policies to encourage the development of systems and job placement centers to create conditions for people to find job opportunities, especially people with disabilities.

+ A solution considered to be a "breakthrough" that has been widely applied by the province is the model of "exchanging land for services" through Decision No. 2502/2004/QD-UB of the Provincial People's Committee on the issue of individuals whose land is recovered to build industrial parks, urban areas... clearly stated: Households and individuals whose agricultural land is recovered accounting for 40% or more of the total agricultural land area will be granted land for services with the regulation that for every 1 sao (360m2 ) of recovered land, 10m2 of service land will be granted (minimum 20m2 , maximum 100m2 ) , this area is used by people to build houses for workers, run restaurants,... This solution not only solves jobs for people affected by land acquisition but also contributes to creating stable income, ensuring their long-term life.

+ Support businesses that receive workers. Each business that receives workers who are farmers affected by land acquisition will be supported with 100,000-200,000 VND/person. Or each person who finds a job on their own will be supported with 300,000-700,000 VND. This is considered a model in helping farmers who have lost their land find jobs.

+ The province has focused on resettlement for people to ensure housing.

The new place has better living conditions than the old place.

These are the solutions that Vinh Phuc has implemented that are considered effective in recent years. However, in the coming years, to effectively implement the goal of promoting industrialization and modernization, the province has a policy to effectively implement the planning of industrial and urban development, while focusing on research to establish a fund to "support farmers whose land has been recovered" to promote the strength of the whole society in solving people's problems after the land acquisition (Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Vinh Phuc, 2008) [21].

b. Bac Ninh's experience in solving labor and employment problems for people after the Land Acquisition

Bac Ninh is a province with nearly 1 million people, the population is of working age.

607,400 people (accounting for 60.84%), of which 525,062 people (accounting for 60.84%) live in rural areas.