Experience of Some Localities in Solving Employment and Ensuring Livelihood for Workers After Land Revocation During Industrialization and Urbanization

improving the quality of labor. If the quality of labor is good, the ability to provide jobs for workers will be favorable; on the contrary, low quality of labor will make it difficult for workers to find jobs. Labor quality depends largely on the education and training policy; health and health care policy of that country.

Land acquisition to form new industrial zones and urban areas has made an important contribution to the economic and investment restructuring of the city. However, the low starting point in terms of education, technical and professional qualifications has created a mismatch between labor supply and demand. Even unprofessional working styles and small-scale farmer mentality have affected the job opportunities of farmers.

- Labor market factors

A developed labor market will make it easier for labor supply and demand to meet, and jobs will be solved. On the contrary, an underdeveloped labor market will make it difficult for labor supply and demand to meet, and workers and employers will find it difficult to meet, and jobs will not be solved. The issue of labor and employment needs to be paid attention to regularly because the land acquisition process occurs regularly and at an increasingly fast pace. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop specific programs and projects to solve unemployment problems, transform economic structure, change occupations, and create new jobs. The issue of training, creating new jobs, and changing occupations for farmers whose land has been acquired needs to become a major policy of our Party and State in the current and future periods. Thus, the current problem is that the land acquisition process is not yet associated with job conversion for workers; the organization and implementation of support policies are not practical and synchronous; Resources to support vocational training and job creation for workers in the transitional areas have not been invested appropriately. With the goal of promoting industrialization and modernization and the trend of expanding infrastructure and urban development continuing to increase, that does not mean massive transformation but must be consistent with the socio-economic development planning and the effective provision of jobs for workers.

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- Factors of State policies and guidelines

In a socialist-oriented market economy, the State plays a very important role in the process of employment. The State is both the employer of a large proportion of the labor force in society and the subject of management and regulation of labor supply and demand in the national market. Through the legal corridor, the State creates favorable conditions and environments for workers to create jobs for themselves through policies, specifically:

+ Education and training policy

Education and training help workers have enough knowledge and capacity, ready to meet all job requirements. Through the training process, workers will have many opportunities to perform the jobs assigned by society.

Education and training are the driving force and the basic condition to ensure the implementation of socio-economic goals. Education and training aim at development orientation, first of all providing society with a new labor force sufficient in quantity, improving quality and promoting efficiency, thereby solving the need for employment.

+ Employment policy

Employment policies from the central to local levels, if formed and specified, will help workers, especially those who lose their land during the process of industrialization and urbanization.

National employment programs such as Program 120 have had a positive effect in creating jobs for workers. However, the implementation of this Program in localities needs to be further specified to promote the effectiveness of the State's policies in creating jobs.

In terms of macro management, the State, through institutions and policies, creates jobs, and at the same time adjusts employment in accordance with the goals and development level of the economy in each period, such as: multi-sector economic development policy; policy to encourage the production of export goods; preferential credit policy for enterprises to achieve depth and technological innovation; policy to encourage

Search for labor export markets, vocational training and education policies for workers; policies to encourage domestic and foreign investment through land, tax, and investment policies.

- Local factors

Firstly, the economic potential and geographical location of the locality. The economic potential of the locality is clearly shown in the technical infrastructure, the efficiency and synchronization of the management mechanism, the speed and stability of economic growth, the ability to control risk factors and inflation well. To achieve GQVL, the economic potential of the locality has a clear influence on creating demand for employment as well as the quality of labor of farmers.

When a locality has a solid socio-economic foundation, it will create many opportunities to create jobs for workers. With a large budget, the locality can boost production in both the industrial and service sectors, expand the scale of production investment, attract and provide jobs for farmers after land acquisition. At the same time, the locality also has many programs and projects on vocational training, training, and vocational training for farmers, thereby increasing job opportunities for the people.

With advantages in geographical location, transportation system and creating a favorable environment to attract investment and economic development; the impacts of economic zones create for localities greater capacity, opportunities and resources in exploiting and promoting internal resources as well as exploiting and attracting external resources to promote development and economic restructuring, contributing to the GQVL for workers not only within that locality but also having the ability to send workers to neighboring localities to find jobs.

Second, building a suitable local socio-economic development strategy also has a significant impact on the land acquisition for farmers after land acquisition. This strategy is often specified in the local socio-economic development plan. If the local socio-economic development plan is feasible, then investment projects will have favorable conditions for implementation and high economic efficiency, thus facilitating the land acquisition among participating entities.

and faster. The feasibility of the local socio-economic development plan means that this plan is consistent with the regional socio-economic development plan; consistent with the local natural, economic and social conditions; has a roadmap and reasonable resources to implement the socio-economic development plan, which is further specified by the local land use plan. The systematic assessment of land potential, the options for selecting and applying land use options to bring the highest benefits to land users without reducing resources and the environment, along with the selection of measures to encourage such land use.

- Factors related to land-using enterprises and workers

Firstly, the impact from businesses and project owners. For businesses, the goal is to get the land as soon as possible to maximize profits. Therefore, most businesses that are assigned land consider the business's efficiency without paying attention to social issues. Businesses are primarily concerned with the project's progress, so they can pay compensation to workers whose land is recovered, not interested in career conversion, job creation, and stable life for farmers. Therefore, before allowing businesses to clear land and recover land from farmers, the State must have binding regulations so that businesses are responsible for arranging vocational training and recruiting workers to work at the businesses.

Second, the awareness of workers about the issue of job creation. Workers whose land is recovered are the subjects directly affected by employment issues. However, workers also have a certain impact on the formation and movement of jobs. The impact of workers is large or small depending on the level of awareness, thoughts, aspirations, customs, cultural traditions of workers...

Most workers are aware that agricultural production is at most just enough to eat but does not bring them a rich life because for generations

Now their grandparents and parents have been plowing on that land but their lives have not improved. Therefore, changing their occupation from agricultural production to non-agricultural production is an opportunity to bring them a more prosperous life. This is the industrialization and urbanization that has affected the awareness of workers and is a very favorable factor for reclaiming farmers' land to implement industrialization and urbanization. Therefore, when enterprises need to use a certain amount of agricultural land, it is not only calculated by economic indicators but also social effects, that is, not only calculating the immediate benefit of being paid compensation by enterprises at one time so that people can manage when there is no more land - the only means for survival, but also the long-term benefit that leads to the consequence of no more land for production and job loss. Therefore, people proactively calculate the reasonable use of land compensation money, must spend a certain amount of money to learn a trade, change careers, and find jobs. This is the most effective solution to help the government solve employment problems and ensure the lives of people whose land has been recovered.

2.3. EXPERIENCES OF SOME LOCALITIES IN SOLVING EMPLOYMENT AND ENSURE LIFE FOR WORKERS AFTER LAND RECOVERY DURING INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANISATION

2.3.1. Experience of some provinces and cities in the country

2.3.1.1. Hanoi's experience

Hanoi is the capital, the economic, political and cultural center of the country, located in the center of the Northern Delta in the Red River Delta. In the past ten years, Hanoi's economy has made relatively good progress, and is considered one of the localities with the most attractive investment environments in the country. The annual GDP growth rate has been constantly increasing, with an average of 11.85% per year in the period 1990-1999 (7.7% nationwide), and 9.8% per year in the period 2000-2005 (7.5% nationwide). Hanoi's GDP ratio compared to the whole country has been constantly increasing, from 5.5% in 1990 to 6.1% in 1995, to 7.1% in 1999 and 8.8% in 2014. Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City have become one of the localities with the highest GDP/capita ratio in the country.

The above achievements are due to the City's great efforts in implementing many synchronous solutions, including solutions to create jobs for people whose land was recovered for industrial and service development, infrastructure construction, and urban construction. The measures that Hanoi City has applied are:

- Establish a Steering Committee for the Employment Program, conduct a survey of the actual human resources, the employment capacity of newly built projects, and the capacity of production and business establishments to direct relevant departments and branches such as the Department of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs, the Department of Planning and Investment to find measures to support employment in the City.

- Issue policies to encourage production development to create a practical implementation mechanism such as the policy to encourage non-state economic development. In the agricultural development policy, the City invests in and supports the construction of infrastructure, seeds, capital, and the application of new scientific and technological advances to cultivation and animal husbandry, and the restructuring of agriculture towards modernity. The City Government has implemented policies to develop various types of services, creating employment opportunities for workers subject to relocation and clearance.

- Organize and implement the National Employment Support Fund Loan Program in conjunction with the economic restructuring program. The City's associations and unions such as the Women's Union, Farmers' Association, Veterans' Association, Fatherland Front, and Youth Union also have practical activities to solve employment for their children and members.

- The city applies two levels of support: partial support for training costs (this is the main one) and full support. Support is mainly in the form of funding for workers to find their own training places. Facilities using recovered land also participate in this support, but at a lower level than in some other provinces. Hanoi mainly provides funding for workers to find their own training at vocational training centers.

- Project owners assigned to use recovered state land have made efforts to support people in vocational training and job creation, especially for young workers and those under 35 years old, to help them find new jobs in industry or services with higher and more stable income.

As a result, since the policy of building industrial parks (in 1992) up to now, Hanoi has reclaimed 1,624.47 hectares of agricultural land and part of residential land to build 24 industrial parks and industrial clusters, with construction investment capital of 275.85 million USD and 3,317.1 billion VND, accounting for 6.1% of the total construction area of industrial parks nationwide. Many people whose land was reclaimed have found new jobs, their income and life have improved compared to before.

Although there have been many positive solutions, the problem of job creation and ensuring livelihoods for people whose land has been recovered in Hanoi still has limitations and shortcomings, causing some complications. Among them, there is a lot of recovered land, many industrial parks, industrial zones, and urban areas have been established, but the shift in labor structure is not in line with that development trend, the rate of workers returning to agriculture is still high (53.0%), the rate of non-basic, poorly trained jobs such as motorbike taxi drivers and porters is still high... In other words, land resources have shifted towards industrialization and modernization quickly, but the structure of labor resources has not shifted in time with this trend.

Vocational training for workers is not systematic, lacking clear and specific strategies and plans. Research at 16 key locations, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development said that only 13% of rural workers whose land has been recovered have been trained. It seems that each locality and each unit does what they have, and does what they are capable of. In this regard, Hanoi has not really focused on supporting people whose land has been recovered in vocational training to find new jobs. There are many workers who have lost their land, have no jobs, and need training, but not many have been trained and the jobs of those who have lost their land have basically not progressed much, not as expected. In fact, the level of training that workers receive from land recipients and the State is very low, households whose land has been recovered still train themselves.

Many workers whose land was recovered received vocational training that did not meet the requirements of the labor market, and the quality of vocational training was low. The results of an interview survey conducted by the National Economics University in August 2005 showed that in Hanoi, the proportion of people whose land was recovered who assessed the unsuitability of their jobs was high.

The ratio of training is 57.3%, the low quality of training is 55.3%. This makes the number of people attracted to investment establishments on recovered land small. There is still a large gap between the technical expertise of workers in the land-recovered area and the general level of Hanoi, in the direction that workers whose land is recovered are disadvantaged in finding jobs. The number of workers after land recovery without technical expertise accounts for 70.2%, the general level of the City is 38.56%, which is nearly 2 times higher; the number of people whose land is recovered with technical and vocational qualifications is 11.2%, the general level of the City is 26.81%, 2 times higher [24].

The recruitment results after training, due to the small number of training, unreasonable high and low training quality, the recruitment of workers whose land was recovered to work in establishments was low, only 19.4% of workers whose land was recovered after training were recruited, and the majority were not recruited to work in production and business establishments in the area (80.6%).

The number of trained workers is mainly recruited by enterprises located in the area to work at their enterprises. Other agencies also recruit, but the number is very insignificant. Households whose land is recovered have spent their own money to go to training (although they get it from the state compensation through land compensation prices), but the number recruited is very limited compared to the number of people who go to training themselves. According to a survey result, the average number of self-trained workers per household in Hanoi is 0.19 people, but only 0.09 people are recruited, meaning that out of 1,000 households that lose land, only 190 people spend their own money to learn a trade, but only 90 of them are recruited, while 100 people do not find jobs. This is also a lesson for other provinces. [96, p. 26].

2.3.1.2. Experience of Da Nang City

In 1997, Da Nang became an administrative unit directly under the Central Government and by the end of 2003 was ranked by the Government as a national first-class urban area. The population of the city by the end of 2004 was 763,300 people, GDP reached 9,564.4 trillion VND. The number of people of working age in the city was 349,439 people, divided by urban areas of 276,480 people and rural areas of 72,959 people.

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