Gaps in Employment and Life Assurance for Workers After Land Acquisition Need Further Research

promote job creation for farmers whose land has been recovered. The above employment theories all focus on studying and determining the relationship between labor supply and demand affecting employment. These theories have not clarified the role of the Government through a system of economic policies combined with social policies to create stable jobs for workers after land recovery in Vietnam in general and Nghe An in particular. However, it has the effect of suggesting to us when analyzing the current employment situation and proposing appropriate solutions in creating jobs and ensuring the lives of workers after land recovery.

Each report at a specific time, with different scales, methods and approaches, has also thoroughly exploited the colorful picture of the current situation of land use conversion and the issues arising around it. In general, the reports also highlight the characteristics, scale, extent as well as the socio-economic, life and employment impacts of the land use conversion process in Vietnam in recent years.

1.2.2. The gaps in job creation and livelihood security for workers after land acquisition need further research.

- The above studies have not clarified the role of the Government through the system of economic policies combined with social policies to create stable jobs for workers after land acquisition. In particular, there is no consensus on the content and criteria for evaluating the results of job creation and ensuring the lives of workers in general and GQVL and ensuring the lives of farmers after land acquisition in particular. Positive and negative impacts of land acquisition. Which groups of people benefit from land acquisition.

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- Regarding studies evaluating land acquisition mechanisms, most of the studies focus on the management process and providing information on land acquisition, while the research on mechanisms and policies to support farmers in land acquisition areas is still limited, especially the issue of resettlement and vocational training - the key area to solve the unemployment problem and stabilize life in the current land acquisition areas has not been analyzed in depth. The "gaps" from the studies that have been conducted as well as the experiences and lessons learned

The findings from the above studies will be the basis for developing the research orientation of the thesis topic. In particular, the thesis needs to meet the following requirements:

- Analyze the process of land use conversion in localities to serve the industrialization and urbanization process, as well as support policies for workers when their land is recovered and the effectiveness of these policies.

- Grasp the aspirations, needs and proposals of people whose land is recovered to have policies to support people to ensure proper implementation of the goals of decisions on land use conversion.

- It is necessary to point out the differences in the impact of socio-economic factors on the scale and extent of agricultural land conversion as well as on current labor and employment issues in localities.

- Conduct a field survey to properly assess the current situation of land acquisition and livelihood assurance for workers whose land has been recovered in Nghe An province, thereby proposing effective and feasible solutions suitable to the new historical conditions in Nghe An today.

Chapter 2

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT RESOLUTION AND LIFE SECURITY FOR WORKERS AFTER LAND RECOVERY DURING INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANISATION

2.1. GENERAL ISSUES ON EMPLOYMENT AND LIFE SECURITY FOR WORKERS AFTER LAND RECOVERY DURING INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANISATION

2.1.1. Industrialization, urbanization and the objective need to reclaim and convert land use purposes

2.1.1.1. Industrialization and urbanization

Industrialization and urbanization are the development paths of every country in the world. In the era of rapid scientific and technological development, knowledge-based economy gradually entering life and globalization is an irresistible trend, then industrialization and urbanization are the paths that help underdeveloped countries to shorten the gap with developed countries.

The practice and development of many countries in recent years show that industrialization and urbanization are decisive factors in fundamentally changing the mode of production, transforming the economy from traditional, small-scale agricultural production to a new, modern mode of production, thereby also changing the content of rural socio-economics. In the modern economy, industrialization and urbanization are closely linked together. Economically, industrialization changes the mode of production and the structure of the economy, transforming the economy to a new step of qualitative development, which is an economy based on large-scale industry and high-quality services. Socially, it is the process of urbanization. In the modern economy, urbanization is not simply the formation of new urban areas but also a remarkable step of social evolution with a new level of civilization, a new mode of development. It is the way to organize and arrange productive forces, and restructure the economy.

* Industrialization.

When carrying out industrialization in Western Europe, the concept of industrialization was formed. At this time, people considered industrialization as the process of replacing manual labor with machine labor.

machines. Economic concepts in general and the concept of industrialization in particular are historical and change with the times.

Inheriting human civilization and the experience of the history of industrialization and the practice of industrialization in Vietnam during the renovation period, the 7th Conference of the Central Executive Committee of the 6th Party Congress and the 7th National Congress of Delegates of the Communist Party of Vietnam stated:

Industrialization is the process of fundamental and comprehensive transformation of business, service and socio-economic management activities from mainly using manual labor to widely using labor with modern advanced technology and means based on the development of industry and scientific and technological progress to create high social labor productivity.

* Urbanization.

The term urbanization has appeared since ancient times, it is associated with the increasingly popular recognition of the role and importance of cities for socio-economic development, urbanization is a socio-economic and historical process with regularities on a global scale. Today, urbanization contains many complex issues with many phenomena and manifestations in many different forms and levels of modern society. Therefore, it is the subject of research of many scientific fields in an effort to build scientific foundations for urban planning, development and management. Accordingly, there are also many different understandings of urbanization.

According to the approach of demography and economic geography, urbanization is the migration from rural to urban areas, the increasing concentration of population living in limited geographical areas called cities. It is also the process of increasing the proportion of urban population in the total population of a country. With this approach, it seems that the percentage of urban population in the total population is the only indicator to measure the level of urbanization. And thus, it cannot explain the importance and role of urbanization as well as its influence on modern socio-economic development.

According to the sociological approach, urbanization is understood more broadly as the process of reorganizing the human living environment; it is the change of methods or

This means that urbanization not only changes the mode of production and economic activities but also causes major changes in all areas of social and personal life, in which social relations, behavioral patterns and conduct correspond to the living conditions of industrialization and urbanization.

From a regional perspective, urbanization is a process of forming and developing urban forms and living conditions.

From the perspective of the national economy, urbanization is the process of transformation in the distribution of factors of production forces, and the arrangement of population from non-urban areas into urban areas [36, p.12].

Although there are many different approaches to the concept of urbanization, today when urbanization is associated with industrialization that is taking place strongly and widely in most countries in the world, many scientists are increasingly inclined to understand: Urbanization is a regular process associated with the shift of economic structure and social structure from agriculture - farmers - rural areas to industry - urban areas, with the following characteristics:

Firstly, urbanization is not a result but a long-term process taking place over a large territory.

Second, the basic premise of urbanization is industrial development or industrialization and modernization. Because in the process of urbanization, there is a shift in the economic structure from relying mainly on agriculture to industrial production, trade and services.

Third, urbanization is the process of forming, upgrading and expanding urban scale with modern infrastructure.

Fourth, rural-urban migration waves rapidly increase the urban population size, shifting from a dispersed lifestyle - low population density to a concentrated lifestyle - high population density, leading to population redistribution, changes in class structure, and social stratification.

Fifth, urban space is increasingly expanding and along with it is the narrowing of agricultural land to make room for industrial parks, services, trade, tourism, and new urban areas.

Sixth, the speed and scale of urban economic convergence are increasing, reflected in the speed and scale of attracting investment capital, the number and scale of economic units...

Seventh, shifting from rural to urban lifestyle; from village and commune culture to urban culture; from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization.

Eighth, along with the urbanization process is the innovation of mechanisms and policies for urban development and management.

The level of urbanization is closely linked to the process of economic restructuring and social structure. In theory, the level of urbanization is often measured by the following criteria:

+ Population concentration level: population density, population size and population proportion in urban areas.

+ Percentage (%) of non-agricultural labor force.

+ Modern level of infrastructure.

+ Percentage (%) of non-agricultural economy in urban economic structure.

+ The role of administrative, cultural, political and economic center in the territories.

However, in reality, due to the lack of detailed information needed to determine and measure the level of urbanization and classify urban areas. Normally, to measure the level of urbanization and classify urban areas, there is an official classification based on criteria such as urban scale and population density. Accordingly, urban areas in our country are currently divided into 5 types.

2.1.1.2. The need to reclaim land to implement industrialization and urbanization goals

In the world, countries have carried out land acquisition to meet the needs of industrialization and urbanization for the purpose of socio-economic development and serving national security and defense with many different forms and contents.

In Vietnam, in the process of building the technical infrastructure for socialism, developing industrialization and urbanization, the State has carried out requisitions and repurchases of people's rights to use agricultural land and residential land in the form of land recovery with compensation to build industrial parks, urban areas, build socio-economic infrastructure, ensuring public needs and national interests.

Thus, regardless of social form, the development of industrialization and urbanization inevitably requires the conversion of a part of agricultural and rural land use to specialized land serving industry and urban development.

Specialized land increases mainly due to the construction and development of industrial parks and urban areas to build socio-economic infrastructure, public needs and national interests.

Therefore, land recovery in the process of industrialization and urbanization to develop the country's economy is an objectively necessary task because:

Firstly , land acquisition to have land to build industrial parks and export processing zones to attract domestic and foreign investment for socio-economic development. The most basic and essential condition for industrialization and modernization is to have land to build research and development centers and establish industrial facilities. The level of land acquisition (including agricultural land) to develop industrial parks and export processing zones increases along with the speed of industrialization and modernization.

By the end of 2013, the whole country had 283 industrial parks and export processing zones established with a total natural land area of over 76,000 hectares, attracting 6,500 domestic and foreign investment projects. According to the plan approved by the Prime Minister until 2015, with a vision to 2020, the whole country has about 80,000 hectares of land recovered for industrial production purposes. [111, p4].

Second, reclaim land to change its intended use, promoting the urbanization process.

Urban land, according to the provisions of Article 1 of Decree No. 91/CP dated August 17, 1994 of the Government on "Issuing the Regulations on urban planning management", includes cities, towns, and townships.

Urban land use is the comprehensive use of urban land including land development of new areas and land adjustment and improvement of existing areas. Converting agricultural land into land for industry, commerce, transportation, culture, education, warehouses and residential areas.

The trend of urbanization in our country has been increasing in recent years. As of May 2015, the whole country had 772 urban areas, an increase of 1.54 times compared to 1990, including 5 centrally-run cities, 67 provincial cities, and 601 towns. Therefore, the area of land converted for development is increasing and is mainly concentrated in large cities such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh City, and Can Tho.

Third, reclaim land to upgrade and build new infrastructure systems to serve the requirements of socio-economic development and national defense and security.

To develop the socio-economy and ensure national defense and security, the State must also upgrade and build new infrastructure to facilitate the development of economic exchanges between regions in the country. These include the system of waterways, roads, railways, airports, ports, the national power grid, the postal and telecommunications system, and irrigation. This development requires the recovery of a large area of agricultural land in rural areas, midlands, deltas, and islands.

Developed socio-economic infrastructure systems will create important advantages to attract investment and develop the economy in remote areas, narrowing the gap between regions in the country in terms of time, space and development level.

Fourth, the acquisition of agricultural land for urbanization will inevitably lead to the situation where agricultural workers will lose their jobs in the immediate future. Although a number of agricultural workers will later find jobs in other fields such as industrial production, commercial services, etc. However, this transition is not easy because the majority of farmers have low qualifications, and the ability to access technical professions requires a long training process. Therefore, there will still be a large number of agricultural workers who will not have the opportunity to find new jobs.

If on average, for every 1 hectare of agricultural land recovered, there will be 13 unemployed workers, then with over 50,000 hectares of land recovered each year, there will be 650,000 agricultural workers needing new jobs every year, which the State must solve. [4; p4].

2.1.2. Impact of industrialization and urbanization on workers whose land is recovered

2.1.2.1. Positive impacts of industrial parks and urban areas on workers whose land is recovered

The development practices of many countries in recent years show that industrialization and urbanization are decisive factors in fundamentally changing production methods; transforming the economy from traditional agricultural production and small-scale farming economy to new, modern production methods and thus also changing the content of production.

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