natural, economic, cultural, social). The Thai way of clasping hands and slightly bowing when greeting, the Japanese way of bowing low to greet each other, the European way of shaking hands and touching cheeks when meeting... as well as the bright smile instead of greeting of the Vietnamese are attractive and unique cultural features that all tourists want to learn about (Phan Thi Dung, 2010).
Folk songs and dances
Tran Duc Thanh and Tran Thi Mai Hoa (2017) pointed out that folk songs are a genre of oral performances according to some traditional melodies, called tunes, composed and performed by the people, circulated and developed in daily life or in festivals; folk songs reflect the daily life and feelings of the people. In general, folk songs have simple lyrics, not too complicated melodies and contain geo-cultural values, so they can be easily exploited to serve tourists (such as Bac Ninh Quan Ho singing, Vi Giam singing, Bai Choi singing, various types of Tuong, Cheo, Cai Luong...).
Folk dance can be simply understood as dances based on folk songs, with a very high community spirit, with simple movements, attracting a large number of participants (Drum Rice folk dance - Vietnam, Water splashing - Thailand...).
Culinary culture: It is said that eating and drinking is a manifestation of culture. Each country has a different concept and therefore forms its own culinary style. If our country focuses on food and how to prepare food, for the French, food is only a factor that creates material quality, while the actual quality of the meal depends on many factors. A unique way of decorating the dining table, a suitable painting on the wall, a tablecloth from a distant land along with a strange set of dishes... All carry a story, containing an interesting curiosity for guests. Nowadays, incorporating culinary culture into tourism programs has become popular. The construction of culinary tourism programs is often organized by companies into two types: Specialized tourism programs and combined tourism programs; typically, when coming to France, visitors can enjoy famous wines, fatty foie gras; Italian cheese; Lam rice dish of the Northwest region; fresh seafood in the central provinces of Vietnam... (Nguyen Thi Dieu Thao, 2005).
Other types of cultural tourism resources:
According to Tran Duc Thanh and Tran Thi Mai Hoa (2017), people, especially celebrities, whose lives are associated with events, works, relics, etc., can also be considered a type of cultural tourism resource, typically: The painting on the Sistine Chapel dome by artist Michelangelo; the Dien Bien Phu victory associated with General Vo Nguyen Giap...
Another type of tourism resource is the “mystery” in the beauty of indigenous women. People around the world are always curious and want to learn about the beauty of Vietnamese Ao Dai, Japanese Kimono, Muslim veils, and the sunny blondes of Europe…
In addition, in East Asian culture, Eastern doctrines, philosophies, and spiritual cultures can be extremely important tourism resources. One of the types of tourism that can be exploited is feng shui tourism. In many countries in the region, people organize feng shui tours quite successfully such as Singapore and Hong Kong and this is also a suitable form for Vietnam tourism to gradually introduce in order to further improve the types of tourism.
1.1.4.2. Tourist psychology
a) Overview of tourist psychology
According to Phan Thi Dung (2010), tourists include many subjects of different components, ages, occupations and countries. Therefore, their needs, interests, personalities and consumption habits are very diverse. Studies on tourist psychology are the basis for the tourism industry to build product policies, price policies, advertising policies, marketing policies and policies for localities where tourism resources are exploited. The quality of tourism activities depends not only on the quality of tourism products but also on the psychological characteristics of tourists, the professional qualifications and service attitudes of those working in tourism. The same service can meet the needs of one group of tourists but not satisfy the needs of another group of tourists. Even the service that satisfies tourists at this time may not be suitable for them at another time.
b) Factors affecting tourist psychology:
According to Phan Thi Dung (2010), there are a number of factors that affect tourists' psychology, including natural factors, biological factors, and economic, cultural, historical and political factors; specifically as follows:
Table 1.4: Summary of factors affecting tourist psychology
TT
Element name | Classify | Characteristic | |
1. | Self factors of course | Climate Impact | Affects tourists' preferences in living, eating and entertainment (tourists from cold regions like to stay at resorts) tropical, sea bathing). |
Geographical location | Influence on psychology and behavior (Americans are liberal and pragmatic; British are calm, indifferent | ||
2. | Biological factors | Biological cycle | Due to the difference in time zones, it will affect each person's biological cycle, causing it to be disrupted. normal activities; initially causing fatigue and drowsiness when traveling. |
Physiological characteristics of age | Children (6-11 years old) will not be interested in explanations or long stories, but will be more interested in funny and beautiful drawings. Or when visiting sensitive places and museums (war remnants museum, historical sites...) you must pay attention to the age of the visitors. to adjust accordingly. | ||
3. | Element economy, culture and political history | Economic factors | Countries with high GDP tend to travel a lot and spend a lot. At the same time, the prosperity of each country is also an attraction for tourists (like going to Malaysia to admire the twin towers; experiencing the luxury hotel in Qatar). |
4. | History and politics | Arouse curiosity and attract tourists; on the contrary, political instability also has a negative impact. extremely important to the tourism industry of each country. | |
5. | Culture | Pay attention to the cultural characteristics of each country in tourism activities (Muslims abstain from pork and alcohol; Indians do not eat buffalo and cow meat because they consider buffalo and cow as gods). venerable). |
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Source: Author's synthesis
after:
Also according to Phan Thi Dung (2010), tourist psychology has some rules such as:
- The law of emotional adaptation:
Usually in life, if something is repeated over and over again, it will lead to
to boring, losing emotion; therefore, tourism workers must pay attention to this to always create "freshness" in attracting tourists.
- Law of spread:
The emotions and moods of each tourist, especially the mood of the tour guide, can spread quickly to other people in the group. The tour guide needs to limit the spread of negative moods and use measures to spread positive emotions in the tour group.
- The law of mutual influence between sensations:
We humans have senses such as hearing, seeing, tasting, smelling, and touching. In tourism, to create a sense of deliciousness for tourists, people display dishes beautifully, use spices to create a characteristic aroma for the dish, keep the temperature cool in the dining room, organize traditional art performances, etc. If we have to organize a meal on the road, we need to avoid places with polluted environments, places where beggars pass by, and importantly, avoid dealing with conflicts between individuals during the meal.
- Law of benefits:
Price is an important factor in tourists' consumption decisions. Most tourists have the mentality of buying products with good quality and reasonable prices, so they really like promotions and discounts. At the same time, it is important to avoid price increases and sudden price changes, especially for essential human needs such as food, drinks, etc.
1.1.4.3. Infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism
Nguyen Minh Tue (1999) raised some views related to infrastructure and technical facilities serving tourism as follows:
a) Tourism infrastructure:
Infrastructure in general plays a special role in promoting tourism development.
- Transport network and means:
A destination may be attractive to tourists but still cannot be exploited without the transportation factor. Through convenient and fast transportation networks, tourism becomes a popular phenomenon in society.
Each type of transport has its own characteristics. Car transport makes it easy for passengers to follow the chosen route. Railway transport is cheap but only follows fixed routes. Air transport is very fast, shortens travel time but is expensive. Water transport is slow but can be combined with sightseeing, entertainment, ... along rivers or coasts. Transport is part of economic infrastructure, however, there are now a number of means of transport produced with the main purpose of serving tourism.
- Contact information:
It is a necessary condition to ensure communication for domestic and international tourists. In tourism activities, if the transportation network and means of transport serve the travel of people, then communication is responsible for transporting news quickly and promptly, contributing to the implementation of communication between regions within the country and internationally. In modern life in general, as well as in the tourism industry, communication means are indispensable.
- Electricity and water supply works:
Tourists are people who leave their regular residence. When leaving their regular residence to another location, in addition to the needs of food, drink, accommodation, transportation, etc., tourists also need to ensure electricity and water for normal living. Therefore, electricity and water are also important factors that directly serve the recreation and entertainment needs of tourists.
b) Technical tourism facilities:
* Concept:
Nguyen Van Dinh and Tran Thi Minh Hoa (2006) believe that tourism infrastructure is all technical means mobilized to participate in the exploitation of tourism resources to create and implement services and goods to satisfy the needs of tourists during their journeys. These are the elements of social infrastructure that ensure general conditions for tourism development. Including the elements of tourism infrastructure and the infrastructure of other sectors in the economy participating in the exploitation of tourism potentials such as: road systems, bridges, post and telecommunications, electricity, water, etc.
In a narrow sense, tourism infrastructure is understood as all technical and material means created by tourism organizations to exploit tourism potentials, create service products and goods to provide and satisfy the needs of tourists. Including: Restaurant systems, hotels, entertainment areas, means of transportation, etc., including supporting architectural works.
The division into broad and narrow senses is only relative because sometimes infrastructure elements are also created right in tourist areas, and even right in a hotel.
* Classification:
Through studying tourism economics textbooks, there are many ways to divide; however, it can be divided into the following contents:
Table 1.5: Summary of some types of tourism technical facilities
TT
Type | Characteristic | |
1. | Food and accommodation facilities: | |
- Social accommodation | Average level of comfort and service quality peace; no license to receive international tourists. | |
- Guest house | Both a place to stay and serve food for tourists, with about 1-6 rooms; located in a rural area. rural or suburban | |
- Transit hotel | Small business, with 6-16 rooms; located in rural areas and built in architectural style local. | |
- Regular hotel | Medium-sized business, serving tourists, businessmen or business travelers, with 6-60 employees room; located in urban areas or famous landmarks. | |
- Large tourist hotel | Large scale business establishment, serving merchants | |
and high income earners, with over 60 rooms; Located in the urban center or famous tourist areas. Has modern facilities and equipment... | ||
- Other accommodation | Motel, Camping, Bungalow, Youth hostel… | |
2. | Professional store network | |
- Tourist service centers calendar. | Mainly serving tourists. | |
- Business network local | Serving local people and playing a role tourist service | |
3. | Sports facilities | Including sports facilities, sports halls or sports centers with many different types, specialized equipment for each type (swimming pools, water bikes, water slides, gyms...). They increase the efficiency of the hotel and enrich the types of tourism activities. calendar. |
4. | Medical facility | Providing medical tourism and complementary services supplemented at tourist attractions such as medical facilities, spas, massages...; arranged in hotels. |
5. | Works serving cultural information activities for tourism | They can be located in hotels or operate independently in tourist centers; they help tourists make good use of their free time Cultural centers, cinemas, theaters, clubs, galleries…). |
6. | Facilities providing other additional services | Including gas stations, emergency equipment, repair shops, film processing rooms, post offices, etc. These buildings were built mainly to serve local people, and for tourists they only play a secondary role. However, at tourist destinations, they contribute to increasing the synchronization of the system. tourism service system |
Source: Author's synthesis.
1.1.4.4. Tourism human resources
According to the Graduate Training Institute - Hutech University (2015), tourism human resources are understood as all people of working age who can directly or indirectly participate in the tourism industry. Tourism human resources include: direct human resources and indirect human resources. Direct tourism human resources are those who work in tourism management agencies, tourism career units and tourism businesses and establishments. Indirect human resources are the human resources working in industries and processes related to tourism activities such as culture, customs, transportation, immigration, agriculture, trade, etc.
If we consider the direct or indirect impact of the tourism industry and each tourism sector, tourism human resources are divided into three groups:
Group 1 : includes workers working at tourism management agencies from central to local levels such as the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, General Department of Tourism, Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (or Department of Tourism) in provinces and cities. This group of workers plays a very important role in building tourism development strategies for the country and each locality, advising Party committees and authorities at all levels in formulating guidelines and policies for sustainable and effective tourism development. This group accounts for a small proportion of the total tourism resources, but is a group of highly qualified human resources, with macro-level knowledge and relatively comprehensive understanding, and professional qualifications in tourism.
Group 2 : are workers working in tourism industry units, including those working in educational and training institutions such as lecturers and researchers at universities, colleges, vocational high schools and researchers in tourism science and press agencies specializing in tourism.
Group 3 : are workers working in tourism businesses. This group can be divided into small groups (departments), each department has its own functions and characteristics as follows:.
- General management labor department: Understood as the heads (leaders, managers) of tourism business units. These are the General Directors, Directors,... general managers at businesses such as transportation companies, travel agencies, hotels, restaurants,...
- Intermediate management labor department: is the labor in the management department according to economic operations in tourism enterprises, including labor in the investment planning and development department, business department, accounting department, general department, etc. The main task of this department is to organize economic accounting, organize business management apparatus and labor organization, plan the scale and speed of business development.
- Support labor department: belongs to the functional group that ensures business conditions of tourism enterprises, understood as a group of people who do not directly create products.