Research Papers on Tourism Economics

Chapter 1

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH RELATED TO THE THESIS TOPIC

Tourism economics is an attractive issue for researchers as well as leaders and practical managers because of the characteristics and special role of this smokeless industry in the sustainable development of a country or locality. Therefore, in recent years, many research works on tourism economics have been published. Below are some typical works:

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1.1. RESEARCH WORKS ON TOURISM ECONOMICS

1.1.1. Research works discussing the role of tourism economy

The work “Handbook of Tourism Economics: Analysis, New Applications and Case Studies” by author Clement A Tisdell [95]. The author has raised some very important new contents in tourism economics such as: the provision of services in tourism, opportunity costs in tourism economics, demand in tourism, specific segments in the tourism industry. At the same time, the author of the book has deeply researched some of the contributions of tourism to economic development in some countries such as: India, Australia, Portugal, Japan and China which are also promoted and introduced in the content of this book.

“Economic Impacts of Tourism Industry” by Fateme Tohidy Ardahaey was published in the International Journal of Business and Management [ 96]. The content of this work studies the economic impacts of the tourism industry, mainly in developing countries; these impacts include both direct impacts on the tourism industry and indirect impacts on other related industries. The tourism economy changes the quantity, prices, taxes, services, and quality of goods in places where tourism activities exist compared to the time before such activities appeared. At the same time, the author of the work presents a number of research contents that have raised the level of tourism to become an economic sector with the scope of the industry.

“Tourism and Sustainable Community Development” by Richards, G and Hall, D [ 99]. In this work, the authors conducted a survey in a number of countries to find answers to the correlation between the tourism industry and community development. From there, the authors also evaluated and analyzed the impacts of tourism on local people in economic, cultural and environmental aspects. At the same time, the authors conducted in-depth research on the interactive relationship as well as the role between the tourism industry and the community in sustainable development, proposing a number of solutions to create conditions for people to participate and benefit more from tourism activities.

“Tourism in Developing Countries” by Martin Oppermann and Kye Sung Chon [ 98]. In this study, the authors evaluate and analyze the development of tourism in countries and focus on developing countries. From there, they delve into the development process of the tourism industry in developing countries through many stages such as: the period from 1930 to 1960, 1970 to 1985 and 1985 to 1993. Then the author also researches and evaluates the relationship between the State and the tourism industry in countries to develop tourism. In that relationship, the author needs to have a reasonable and appropriate development plan.

The book "Tourism Economics" National Economics University, Hanoi, by two authors Nguyen Van Dinh and Tran Thi Minh Hoa [6]. The main content of the book has clarified some basic concepts of tourism and summarized the history of formation, development trends and socio-economic impacts of tourism. From there, the authors evaluate the Vietnamese tourism industry since its inception, especially since the renovation until now, and at the same time affirm the role of tourism in the development of the country's socio-economic and the difficulties and limitations, both subjective and objective, that Vietnam's tourism economy is facing. In which, it clearly points out the reasons why Vietnam's tourism economy has not developed stably, is not sustainable, and its effectiveness is not commensurate with the great tourism potential of Vietnam.

“Developing tourism resources” National University of Laos, Vientiane Capital, by two authors Kham Phu Phet Xay Si and Sa Lom Sac Pha But Di [ 66]. The content of the book has outlined the concept, characteristics and role of rich tourism resources serving tourism development; including human tourism resources

literature and natural tourism resources. In which, focusing on analyzing the meaning and requirements of the principle of exploiting and rationally using tourism resources in sustainable tourism development; to ensure the development of tourism resources in the coming time, according to the author, it is necessary to have a strategy, planning, reasonable development plan and some suitable solutions.

“Training manual on tourism and hotel statistics” by author Tha Vi Phet U La [ 87]. The author presents some tourism statistics on the number of tourists and accommodation facilities in recent years with a fairly high growth rate compared to the previous year. From there, the author points out the role and importance of tourism revenue. Tourism revenue includes all the revenue paid by tourists when visiting, which is revenue from food and beverage services, entertainment, accommodation, passenger transportation, entrance fees to tourist sites, shopping, health check-ups and other services... in general, it is only mentioned at a very limited level.

The PhD thesis "Development of tourism economy in the Northern tourist region and its impact on national defense - security" by author Nguyen Dinh Son [27]. The main content of the thesis focuses on studying and summarizing some basic theoretical issues on developing tourism economy combined with strengthening national defense - security. Analyzing and evaluating the characteristics and current status of tourism development in the Northern tourist region and its impact on national defense - security; at the same time, clearly stating the shortcomings, limitations and causes of the shortcomings, the issues that need to be further resolved in the process of developing tourism economy in the Northern region in the past time. From there, the author proposes the directions, goals and main solutions for developing tourism economy in the Northern tourist region combined with strengthening and consolidating national defense - security in the coming years.

“The role of provincial local authorities in sustainable tourism development in Ninh Binh province” PhD thesis by author Nguyen Manh Cuong [ 5]. The author of the thesis focused on generalizing some basic theoretical issues related to sustainable tourism development, in which the role of provincial local authorities is assessed as extremely important according to sustainable development criteria, specifically including: Role in building the province's tourism development strategy according to sustainable development criteria; Role in building the management and development apparatus

Developing tourism in the province according to sustainable development criteria; Role in creating a legal corridor for tourism development in the province according to sustainable development criteria; Role in inspecting and examining the organization, management and business of tourism in the province according to sustainable criteria. From there, analyze the current situation of the role of provincial authorities in sustainable tourism development in Ninh Binh province and at the same time propose some key solutions to enhance the role of local authorities at the provincial level in tourism development in Ninh Binh province.

"Strategy for sustainable tourism development in Nghe An province to 2020" Doctoral thesis by author Nguyen Tu Luong [ 15]. The thesis synthesizes, analyzes and provides approaches and concepts on sustainable tourism development as well as perspectives on sustainable tourism development strategies. In addition, the thesis also points out the role of sustainable tourism development strategies for socio-economic development and the environment of a locality. Analysis of the basic contents of the local sustainable tourism development strategy includes a number of contents such as: analyzing the environment for sustainable tourism development; building strategic goals, planning for sustainable tourism development of the province; building a sustainable tourism development plan; building institutions and policies of the province to implement the sustainable tourism development strategy; organizing the implementation and adjustment of the strategy. For each content, the thesis has clearly pointed out the basic characteristics, conditions and circumstances of application and specific forms of application. Based on theoretical research and current situation, the author presents the viewpoint on building a sustainable tourism development strategy for Nghe An province and proposes a number of solutions to contribute to building and implementing a sustainable tourism development strategy for Nghe An province until 2020, with a vision to 2030.

The article "Some negative impacts of tourism in Luang Prabang province" by author Seng Ma Ni Phet Sa Vong [77]. The author analyzes the recent development of tourism in the province, thereby affirming that the development of tourism in the province has some negative impacts on some aspects of social life, including the following areas: First, the impact of tourism on the economy, although income from tourism is high, society develops but the price of goods is expensive, the cost of living is increasing according to the price of goods, making the lives of people with low incomes face many difficulties. In addition, there are increased costs for police, fire fighting, and public services.

medical services, repair and maintenance of the road system, other public services; Second, the impact of tourism on society is that society changes, causing people to abandon their old jobs, prostitution, smuggling, drugs, gambling, public disorder and possibly spreading some diseases; Third, the impact of tourism on culture is that it can erode or destroy local cultural identity, national cultural identity and cause customs and habits to decline, dress in an inappropriate traditional style; Fourth, the impact of tourism on the environment is that it can have a negative impact on the environment and cause air pollution, noise, wastewater, littering, etc.

“Developing cultural tourism in Champa Sac province” by Phon Xay Sa May In Si Mon [ 70]. In the article, the author presents some concepts of cultural tourism; clarifies the role and analyzes the impacts of cultural tourism types on the development of some regions and socio-economic areas of the province. Those impacts are positive or negative, to what extent for the development of the region, area depends on whether the specific type of cultural tourism is well organized and scientifically managed, balancing the exploitation and preservation of cultural values, promoting the positive factors of cultural values and mobilizing the active participation of the community in tourism activities or not. Therefore, when sustainable aspects are reflected in cultural tourism, the contribution of this cultural tourism to the socio-economic development of the province is highly sustainable.

“Tourism is a priority for the socio-economic development of Xieng Khouang province” by author Kham Con Ua Nuon Sa [ 67]. The author mentions some contents related to the priorities of the provincial local government on tourism and introduces the geographical location, advantages in terms of natural tourism, cultural tourism and famous historical tourism, notably the Plain of Jars tourist site as a world heritage, which is a condition for promoting and attracting domestic and foreign tourists to Xieng Khouang. In particular, the author points out the role and importance of the number of tourists and total tourism income in recent years, which has increased and contributed significantly to the provincial budget, making Xieng Khouang province develop its socio-economic foundation quite comprehensively and sustainably.

“Some issues to be concerned about in the development of tourism with community participation” by author Si Ấm Phay Số La Thích [ 78]. The content of the article states

Some concepts of community tourism as a method of sustainable tourism development in which the local community has direct and primary participation in the development stages and all tourism activities. In which, the author clarifies the role, principles, and characteristics of community tourism in community development, conservation, restoration of tourism resources, and sustainable development of tourism. From there, propose a process for building a community tourism development plan, recommend necessary solutions to organize the implementation of community tourism development plans effectively, meeting the needs of sustainable community tourism development.

In general, the study of the above works has highlighted the content, role and importance of tourism to the socio-economic development of a country. Currently, tourism has an increasingly important position and role in the national economy. The study of these works is of great significance in the process of building the theoretical framework of the thesis.

1.1.2. Research works discuss experiences in developing productive forces and perfecting production relations in tourism economy in some countries.

The work “Trevel and Tourism Management” by author Barkat Ali Md. Abu [97]. The content is presented on the basis of an overview of the entire tourism and service industry in India, then compares the economic development models of tourism in India with neighboring countries. Although India is a country with great potential for tourism such as religion, culture, history, etc., the tourism industry in India is facing difficult challenges, mainly security and order issues in big cities. In addition, phenomena such as: gangsters, theft, rape, etc. are increasing, making India have a bad reputation and image in the eyes of tourists around the world. At the same time, the weak state of human resources, infrastructure, tourism services and laxity in the management of relic sites in some provinces and cities are posing major problems for policy makers and local managers. Thus, the State and the Government of India need to improve the political environment, security, order and complete the legal corridor to create conditions for sustainable tourism development.

The book “Japanese Tourism: Spaces, Places and Structures” by Carolin funck, Malcolm Cooper [94]. The content of this book provides a multi-dimensional view of the development of Japanese tourism, providing learners with the main characteristics of the tourism style of the Japanese people. From a country that suffered losses due to defeat after World War II, Japan has transformed itself to revive its economy, in which tourism is considered a new path with great potential for the country's economic development. In particular, Japan encourages Japanese people to travel domestically, this is a very effective way to attract and promote because it not only affects Japanese people in the country but also affects foreigners who are living and working or studying abroad in Japan. At the same time, the Japanese State and Government also consider human resource training as a key factor to improve the quality of service, especially in the spirit of service of Japanese people, which is a warm welcome and always putting oneself in the other person's position to behave. Japanese people are well aware of the importance of environmental protection, so restaurants and shops use paper bags to wrap things for customers. Besides, Japanese tourism services do not stop at tourists visiting, resting, entertaining, admiring beautiful landscapes, but also experiencing the culture and customs of their country in a diverse way: from participating in traditional festivals; learning how to wear traditional ao dai; eating sushi at stores to catching fish to make sushi, etc. All of these have given tourists a new perspective on Japanese life and people when visiting this country.

PhD thesis "Tourism economy towards sustainable development in Thua Thien Hue province", by author Vo Thi Thu Ngoc [20]. The thesis has systematized the theories and practices of tourism economy towards sustainable development including: concepts, characteristics, roles, contents and factors affecting tourism economy towards sustainable development. At the same time, analyze and evaluate the achievements and limitations of tourism economic development in Thua Thien Hue province from 2006 to 2016 based on the groups of assessment criteria established. From there, study the successful experiences of tourism economy towards sustainable development in a number of countries and localities.

In the domestic context, the author draws some experiences for Thua Thien Hue province as follows: First, build strategies, plans and projects for sustainable tourism development; Second, local authorities need to issue and implement priority mechanisms and policies on sustainable tourism development; Third, raise people's awareness of sustainable tourism development combined with community tourism development; Fourth, strengthen links and coordination between relevant parties: authorities, businesses and people; Fifth, diversify tourism products and services in a synchronous and professional manner; Sixth, environmental protection is a factor prioritized by localities and countries in sustainable tourism development policies; Seventh, harmoniously combine heritage conservation with tourism development; Eighth, actively coordinate and link with domestic and foreign organizations on the conservation of cultural and historical relics and protection of resources and the environment.

“Da Nang city tourism market in international integration” PhD thesis by author Pham Thi Hoa [ 7]. The content of the thesis contributes to systematizing and clarifying the theoretical and practical issues of the tourism market in the context of international integration. In particular, the thesis analyzes in depth the tourism market in international integration in terms of constituent elements, business entities in the tourism market as well as the role of the tourism market in socio-economic development; explains the characteristics of the tourism market expressed through the relationship between supply, demand, price, operating mechanism and factors affecting the tourism market in international integration. From the practical experience of developing the tourism market of a number of countries and localities in the country, the author draws experiences for developing the tourism market in Da Nang city in international integration as follows: First, build a long-term tourism market development strategy; Second, diversify tourism products and tourism types; Third, focus on training to improve the quality of human resources; Fourth, invest in infrastructure and technology to serve tourism; Fifth, promote tourism promotion; Sixth, strengthen links to develop the tourism market.

“State management of tourism in Can Tho city in international integration” Doctoral thesis by author Ngo Nguyen Hiep Phuoc [ 21]. The content of the thesis presents the theoretical and practical basis of state management of tourism at the city level directly under the Central Government; explains the characteristics and content of state management

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