Overview of Vietnam's Security Assurance Policies

western United States, this mechanism combined with the inherent fertility has made this regionbecome the world's largest livestock and crop farming area.

The US government also soon realized the importance of agriculture and security.

food and institutionalized it into the Agricultural Regulatory Act of 1933,

Food Security Act 1970, as amended

to suit the situation in the following years. Accordingly, the government implementssupport farmers to participate in agricultural production by measuresprotection such as subsidies, preferential loans... Later, when the market mechanism

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The market has been operating effectively, the US government has gradually reduced its intervention and let the market

self-regulating market. Since 1990, agricultural policies have focused on

invest in national food reserves, disaster prevention, and environmental protection

School, agricultural science research, information technology, weather forecasting... to ensure effective service to the national agricultural and agricultural markets.family. (Hurt, 2002)

In terms of research and application of science and technology, the United States is the leading country.

world leader plus private ownership coupled with private interests becomes

strong driving force for research, development and application of science and technology.The application of science and technology and high specialization is applied inall areas of agricultural production. The rate of mechanization and automation inProduction is very high, farmers have to do very little manual labor but usemachinery and equipment; research and development of plant varieties, use of fertilizers

chemicals and pesticides to achieve the highest yield. According to the Ministry

US agriculture, annual fertilizer consumption reaches 24-year highmillion tons in 1983, to 22 million tons in 2011 (USDA, 2011). WithThe huge area of each farm means that a high degree of specialization is necessary.necessity and vice versa are also the driving force for production. For example, the collection ofThe plan is assigned to specialized harvesting teams with modern machinery,Pollination of flowers is provided by professional beekeepers.

professionally, pesticide spraying is done by agricultural pilots

industry, monitor the health of animals by computer system... In eachfarms, all have automated machines to measure temperature, humidity and

Based on data on crop needs, irrigation systems, fans

ventilation, humidifier will be automatically activated to provide adequate withscientifically researched needs of plants and animals.

To research and apply science and technology effectively requires a high level of expertise.of the farmers themselves involved in high production. American farmers have the ability tovery proficient in using machines, many people are highly educated and have

expertise. In addition, to be able to research and apply science and technologyIn all aspects of production as they are today, American farmers need a lot of support.large from the government. Modern machinery systems come with large investment costs, the

farmers cannot afford to invest all their money. As a rich country

With smart government, the US provides financial support for

giant farmers, in 2005 the US government supported 41 billion dollars (equal to 16%

agricultural revenue), from 1995 to 2010 to support cotton farmers$32.9 billion (According to USDA). In February 2014, the US enacted the Farm Billagriculture, spending $956 billion on implementing agricultural policies in 10

years from 2014 to 2024. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) sets and ensures theloans for new farm owners, emergency loans, governmentThanks to this loan, agricultural households can quickly convert

into large-scale farms and agricultural enterprises. Capital

This will be preferential loans for households and businesses investing in machinery.

agricultural production machinery effectively. This has contributed to

speed up the process of mechanization and automation... in agricultural production.

1.3.2. Lessons learned for Vietnam

Through evaluating the agricultural development of some countries above, Vietnam

Nam can see some lessons in building security policies.ANLT:

First , there needs to be a long-term, consistent policy orientation based on

The actual situation and future of the country ensure scientific and feasible.

Policy should focus on improving food supply capacity based on

on increasing food productivity (not area or population)and increase access to food by ensuring incomeincome of the people. The scarcity of resources does not allow for

forever increase the production area or labor force. Experience of the

The above countries all show that investing in increasing labor productivity will bothhelp create a large supply while ensuring the movement of resources

for industry and services.

Second, the completion of the market economy is necessary. When the factors

Input and output are fully formed, good information system then the market

The market will reflect supply and demand correctly and guide the right investment decisions.

properly, investment resources are free to move to where they are most effective andSelect the best investment subjects for the agricultural and manufacturing sectors.Food production. Countries that ensure food security and have developed agricultureFirst, the US and Japan are countries with highly developed market economies.

Subjects are free to choose production methods and production factors.

Free movement creates flexibility and brings higher efficiency infood production

Third, land is an important resource and an important factor.

leading to food production today. The land limitation policy has hindered

land accumulation and concentration, leading to difficulties in applying sciencetechnology and large-scale production investment. Flexible land use rights are alsoneed to be considered to transfer land to concentrate in production households,

efficient manufacturing enterprises. Along with the industrialization orientation

– With the modernization of Vietnam, this requirement becomes more and more necessary.

Fourth, is to increase investment in research and application of science and technology.techniques in production. Common characteristics leading to success in all countries

The above countries all focus on investing in scientific and technological development in production.When land and human resources are limited, scientific development

Technology is considered limitless and leads to rapid increases in productivity, qualityproducts; plants and animals that can adapt to natural conditionsgood, bringing economic value to the producer. We are a latecomer, to

To speed up development, besides investing in new research, it is importantMore importantly, it is necessary to accelerate the speed of technology acquisition and transfer. Good acquisition

The achievements of the previous countries have also been a great success in helping to improve

Vietnam agriculture

Ultimately , to have smart government, good business andFarmers with technical expertise need the most development.develop productive forces, focusing on education and training. Besides trainingIn order to improve the capacity of producers, it is necessary to buildEstablish high-quality short-term training courses and disseminate agricultural knowledge.timely, targeted and effective vocational training for farmers.

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1. Methods of collecting information and data

Secondary data were collected from existing documents on Vietnam's food security situation, agricultural policies and food security policies. A review of published data on policies was conducted.

Food security policy in Vietnam. Specifically, information related to agriculture, rural areas, farmers, production and consumption of agricultural products and food... in reports and studies by researchers and the General Statistics Office, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and a number of international organizations.

Another source of secondary data is from the authors' studies on food security and food security policy. The author uses data from the research results of other authors, especially the results of investigations and surveys.

The data sources selected by the author for analysis are official, highly academic, valuable for research, and have scientific content. Do not use unclear sources, limit the use of non-specialized press sources for informational purposes only.

2.2. Specific research methods

The thesis uses specific methods such as: using dialectical materialism to perceive the problem, synthesis - analysis, comparison, historical logic method to evaluate Vietnam's food security policy during the thesis research period.

In Chapter 1, the author mainly uses the method of synthesis, analysis, and theoretical systematization to systematize the theoretical framework on food safety according to the viewpoints of authors and international organizations. The method of synthesis and analysis is also used to collect existing studies to learn about the experiences of countries around the world in building and implementing food safety policies. Thereby, combined with the method of logical analysis, the author points out the positive and negative experiences that other countries should avoid when applying to Vietnam. Research method

Literature review is used by the author to learn about the history of research in the same field, without wasting time repeating previous research.

In Chapter 3, we discuss Vietnam's food security policies and evaluate the policies based on criteria. The author uses descriptive statistics to summarize the policies that the Party and Government of Vietnam have introduced in the period from 1986 to present.

To consider selecting appropriate criteria for evaluating Vietnam's food safety policy, the author used the method of document research to find the best solution for this policy evaluation. After studying specialized documents on policy analysis and food safety, the author selected 7 criteria specifically for analyzing Vietnam's food safety policy.

In Chapter 4, this is the chapter that requires forecasting the impact of the future socio-economic context on policy. The method used is mainly historical analysis and logic. Thanks to that, the author can rely on available data on past policy implementation and current situation, use forecast analysis of reliable sources and forecast the new context in the period 2017 - 2025 and vision to 2035.

In order to make appropriate recommendations for Vietnam to improve policies, the author uses analytical, logical, and dialectical materialist methods to affirm the necessity of changes in the organization of implementation and inspection and supervision of policies to suit the new situation.

CHAPTER 3

VIETNAM'S FOOD SECURITY POLICY AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS

3.1. Overview of Vietnam's food safety policies

The issue of agricultural and rural development has long been a major concern of the Party and the Government. Developing agricultural production to serve life and other production sectors has been emphasized in our guidelines over the years. However, in the past, we focused on general agricultural development, the concept of food security in Vietnam was still quite limited. Within the framework of this study, we only focus on analyzing policies to ensure food security in Vietnam since the 1986 Renovation to the present.

The period after the country's unification from 1976 to 1986 was the period when the mistakes of the centralized economic planning management method were pushed to the highest level. Collective production made the rights and responsibilities of producers no longer closely linked together. Farmers were no longer interested in the land because labor and production results were separated, production was done in a coping manner, rice productivity was lower year after year. Hunger occurred frequently. The distribution system based on working days and rigid product division according to the state's quota stamps contributed to our country's socio-economic crisis. This period saw the first emergence of “household contracts” (first started in 1960 in Vinh Phu) paving the way for the privatization of production, giving production autonomy to farmer households and officially confirmed by Directive 100-CT/TW in 1981. This Directive helped liberate production capacity, link labor with the final result and gradually develop agriculture. Food output in the period 1981-1985 averaged 17 million tons, average annual income increased by 6.4%.

Period 1986 - 1993: Entering the Renovation process, the 6th Party Congress in 1986 recognized that the centralized management mechanism was no longer suitable. In April 1988, Resolution 10/1988/NQ-TW on innovation in agricultural management, also known as "Contract 10", shifted the focus of agriculture and

Rural development from cooperatives to farmer households. This policy has contributed to creating a strong driving force for private production. Farmers' interests are closely linked to their production efforts, so food output increases rapidly. A series of price reforms and market opening create conditions for agricultural development, food output grows remarkably. In 1987 and 1988, we had to import more than 460,000 tons of food to meet domestic demand, but in 1989, Vietnam became a rice exporter for the first time with 1.37 million tons (According to the Vietnam Food Association). The Land Law was born in 1993 and officially took effect in 1994, giving farmers the right to use, farmers have the right to convert, transfer, lease, inherit, and mortgage land use rights. This law has created conditions for the development of a multi-sector commodity economy. Food production is not only enough to meet domestic demand but also has surplus for export. This is an important basis for reallocating crop and livestock structure and implementing specialization according to local advantages.

1993-2000: During this period, policies were introduced with a focus on encouraging the expansion of agricultural production. The abolition of cooperatives created a vacuum, requiring other models of agricultural support services, leading to the establishment of a national agricultural extension system and farmers’ credit institutions. Trade barriers were also gradually removed, and farmers no longer had to pay quotas to the state.

Period 2000 to present: State policies have focused more on improving productivity, quality, and value of agricultural production in general and food production in particular. This period saw the promulgation of two important resolutions in agriculture and food production. Resolution No. 26-NQ/TW dated August 5, 2008 of the Party Central Committee on agriculture, farmers, and rural areas. The resolution aims to orient the development of

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