Occupational Changes of Surveyed Households

households, especially those engaged in agriculture. To minimize these negative impacts, it is urgent to have timely solutions in the short and long term to solve labor and employment problems in order to increase income and contribute to stabilizing people's lives after land acquisition.

2.2.2.2 Impact on household occupations

Employment for people of working age in rural areas is always a concern of local authorities and households. However, workers do not always have the jobs they want, often jobs in rural areas are unstable and highly seasonal. To solve the problem of employment for rural workers in the locality, in recent years, the close coordination between departments and the labor force has created a number of new occupations as well as trained a skilled labor force that can meet the job requirements in factories when agricultural land funds are increasingly reduced. The situation of household occupation fluctuations is shown in Table 2.7

Through table 2.7, we can see that the occupations of households have changed in the direction of gradually reducing the number of purely agricultural households and gradually increasing the number of households that are also farmers (both doing agriculture and doing other jobs). However, this change is different for each group of households, specifically:

For the group of households whose agricultural land area was recovered under 50%, the change in occupation was relatively slow. Compared to before the land recovery, the number of purely agricultural households decreased, but the rate of decrease was still slow. This is shown as follows: Before the land recovery, the number of purely agricultural households accounted for 66.67% of the total number of households, but after the land recovery, this rate decreased but remained high at 53.33%. Meanwhile, the number of households that were also farmers did not increase significantly. Before the land recovery, the number of households that were also farmers accounted for 26.66%, after the land recovery, this number increased to 33.33% of the total number of households. Moreover, in this group, the number of households that switched to non-agricultural production was not much, accounting for only 13.34% of the total number of households, an increase of 6.67% compared to before the land recovery.

Table 2.7: Occupational changes of surveyed households

Target

Household group 1 (n=80)								Group 2 (n=20)
Households with recovered land < 50% (n=30)				Household with recovered land  50% (n=50)				Group 2 (n=20)
Before the Conference		After the Conference		Before the Conference		After the Conference		Before the Conference		After the Conference
SL (household)	Rate (%)	SL (household)	Rate (%)	SL (household)	Rate (%)	SL (household)	Rate (%)	SL (household)	Rate (%)	SL (household)	Rate (%)
Total	30	100	30	100	50	100	50	100	20	100	20	100
Pure farming	20	66.67	16	53.33	30	60.00	22	44.00	15	75.00	8	40.00
Part-time job (general)	8	26.66	10	33.33	15	30.00	18	36.00	4	20.00	9	45.00
Non-agricultural	2	6.67	4	13.34	5	10.00	10	20.00	1	5.00	3	15.00

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Source: Compiled from 2008 household survey

The above data is shown in the chart below:

Pure farming, mixed farming (general), non-agricultural production

Rate (%)

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

6.67

13.34

26.66

33.33

66.67

53.33

Before the Conference After the Conference Before the Conference After the Conference Before the Conference

After the Conference

Household group

Households with recovered land <50%

Households with recovered land >=50%

Group 2

Chart: 2.4: Household industry structure

For the group of households whose agricultural land area was recovered over 50%, the survey results showed that the number of households engaged in pure farming has decreased sharply, but this rate is still high compared to reality. Specifically, after land recovery, the number of households engaged in pure farming still accounts for 44% of the total number of households, down 16% compared to before land recovery. However, in this group of households, the number of households switching to non-agricultural production and business has increased significantly, accounting for 20% of the total number of households, up 10% compared to before land recovery. Although the number of households engaged in mixed farming has increased, it only accounts for 36% of the total number of households, up 6% compared to before land recovery.

For group 2: This is the group most affected by the loss of all 3 types of productive land, so after land recovery, the number of purely agricultural households decreased sharply from 75% of the total number of households before land recovery to 40% of the total number of households after land recovery. The number of households that are also agricultural also increased relatively sharply from 20% of the total number of households before land recovery to 45% of the total number of households after land recovery. Number of households

Non-agricultural production accounts for 15% of total households, an increase of 10% compared to before land acquisition.

2.2.2.3 Impact on household labor

In general, in recent years, the labor force in the studied household groups in the area has been relatively stable, the majority of the population in the groups belong to the main labor force, this is a potential development resource because with an abundant labor force it will promote the development of economic sectors, but at the same time it is a big challenge for the local government in solving jobs for them, because after the land is recovered, many people of working age are unemployed or cannot find stable jobs. Moreover, in the coming years, the number of workers entering working age is quite high while the area of agricultural land tends to decrease, creating even more pressure in solving the current surplus labor. Especially for households in the area of land recovery in Trung Thanh commune, one of the communes with a large population depending on agriculture. Therefore, to ensure long-term stability of workers after land acquisition, the problem is how to find a reasonable solution to employment to stabilize and increase income, contributing to stabilizing people's lives after land acquisition. However, to come up with long-term strategic solutions, local authorities must first predict how many workers are about to enter working age and how many are about to pass working age in order to have timely solutions.

a, Working age situation of household groups

Working age is one of the factors reflecting the quality and labor resources of households. To see the labor resources of the studied household groups, we analyze table 2.8.

Table 2.8: Working age of surveyed household groups

Target

Household group 1 (n=80)				Group 2 (n=20)
Households with recovered land < 50% (n=30)		Households with recovered land  50% (n=50)		Group 2 (n=20)
SL (people)	Rate (%)	SL (people)	Rate (%)	SL (people)	Rate (%)
Total population	139	100	197	100	91	100
Under 15 years old	25	17.99	39	19.80	22	24.18
15 - 17 years old	6	4.32	10	5.08	0	0
18 - 25 years old	34	24.46	41	20.81	17	18.68
26 - 44 years old	42	30.22	62	31.47	25	27.47
45 - 60 years old	22	15.83	33	16.75	20	21.98
Over 60 years old	10	7.18	12	6.09	7	7.69

Source: Compiled from 2008 household survey

The above data is shown in the chart below:

Rate (%)
35
30.22			31.47
30					27.47
24.46				24.18
25			20.81			21.98
			19.8
20 17.99			16.75		18.68
15.83
15
10	7.18	6.09			7.69
4.32			5.08
5
0					0		Household group
Households with recovered land < 50%			Households with recovered land >= 50%		Group 2
	Under 15 years old	15 - 17 years old	18 - 25 years old	26 - 44 years old	45 - 60 years old	Over 60 years old

Chart 2.5: Working age of surveyed households

Through the survey results shown in Table 2.8 and the chart, we can see: In general, the number of people of working age in household groups is the majority, specifically:

For the group whose land area is less than 50% of agricultural land recovered, according to the results of the survey of 30 households with a total of 139 people, the number of workers aged 15 to 60 accounts for 74.83% of the total population. In particular, in this group, the proportion of workers aged 26 to 60 accounts for 46.05% of the total population, which is a big problem for finding jobs and changing occupations of households after land recovery. Because at this age, it is difficult for them to participate in training classes as well as to adapt to the new working environment, so if there is no solution to create jobs on the spot for them, they are very likely to fall into unemployment after converting the purpose of land use to serve the construction of industrial parks. In addition, the number of people under 15 years old, that is

is a potential labor force that is also quite high, accounting for 17.99% of the total population. This is both an opportunity and a great difficulty in solving employment for workers when their production land is recovered. Moreover, the labor force aged 18 to 44 accounts for a large number (54.68%), this is the main labor force that generates income for households, and at the same time, they are also the ones who are under the most pressure about employment after their means of production are recovered.

For the group of households whose agricultural land area was recovered by over 50%, the results of the survey of 50 households showed that the majority of the population is concentrated between the ages of 15 and 60, of which the majority are between the ages of 26 and 60, accounting for 48.22% of the total workforce. This is the main force in generating income and ensuring the livelihood of households, but at this age, it is very difficult for workers to participate in advanced training courses, and at the same time, due to their age, it is very difficult for them to change jobs and their ability to find jobs and adapt to the new working environment is still difficult. Therefore, there must be appropriate solutions to create jobs as well as create favorable conditions for them to change jobs. Moreover, the workforce preparing to enter working age is still quite high, accounting for 19.80%. This is a huge difficulty for households when they have a relatively large area of production land reclaimed, because the majority of the population belongs to the labor force, so currently the pressure to find a job to replace the previous job to generate income and stabilize life is very difficult.

For group 2, which is the group that had many types of land recovered, the results of the survey of 20 households showed that the majority of workers were between the ages of 18 and 60, accounting for 68.13% of the total population. In particular, the proportion of workers aged 26 to 60 was relatively large, up to 49.45%. Therefore, it caused great difficulties for the process of vocational training, job creation as well as income increase for households after land recovery, because at this age, it is very difficult for them to change jobs as well as improve their qualifications and ability to find suitable jobs, especially when households are recovered.

large areas of land at the same time. In addition, the under-working-age population in this group is quite high, accounting for 24.18% of the total population. Therefore, a big question here is how to solve the problem of long-term stable employment for workers after their land is recovered.

In summary, through the analysis of the above data, it can be said that the majority of the population in the surveyed household groups are in the main labor force, but the labor force is mainly concentrated in the age group from 26 to 60, causing many difficulties for training, job search and career conversion of households. However, the population and potential labor force are also quite high, which proves that the birth rate in the household groups is still high while the land area is increasingly narrowing. This is indeed a great pressure and challenge for job creation for them after the means of production are recovered. Moreover, for the potential labor force when they enter working age, whether all their needs can be met or not is an issue that requires attention and resolution from all levels and sectors.

b, Quality of labor resources in the investigated household groups

Labor quality is an indicator reflecting many factors such as; cultural level, technical expertise... To see the labor quality in the surveyed household groups, we analyze table 2.9.

Through the table, we can see that: in general, the educational level of workers in the investigated household groups is at an average level. Specifically: The educational level of the group of households whose agricultural land area was recovered is mostly lower secondary school level, accounting for 55.77%, while the number of workers with high school level who have graduated or have not graduated is only 34.61%. Although there are no illiterate workers in the households, the rate of highly qualified workers is still low, which is a barrier that makes it difficult to attract these workers to businesses, as well as labor recruitment facilities. Moreover, low educational level also makes it difficult for them to find

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