Labor Quality in Surveyed Household Groups in the Area

employment for workers when their production land is recovered, moreover, the labor force aged 18 - 44 years old accounts for a large number (54.37%), this is the main labor force generating income in households, at the same time, they are also the ones under the most pressure about employment after their means of production are recovered.

- For the group whose agricultural land area was recovered over 50%, the results of the survey of 30 households showed that the majority of the population is concentrated between the ages of 15 and 60, of which the majority are between the ages of 26 and 60, accounting for 47.34% of the total workforce. This is the main force in generating income and ensuring the livelihood of households, but at this age, it is very difficult for workers to participate in advanced training courses, and at the same time, due to their age, it is very difficult for them to change jobs and their ability to find jobs and adapt to the new working environment is still difficult. Therefore, there must be appropriate solutions to create jobs as well as create favorable conditions for them to change jobs. Moreover, the workforce preparing to enter working age (potential workforce) is still quite high, accounting for 19.33%. This is a very big difficulty for households when they have a relatively large area of production land recovered. Because the majority of the population belongs to the labor force, the current pressure to find a job to replace the previous job to generate income and stabilize life is very difficult.

- For group 2: This is the group that had many types of land recovered. The results of the survey of 10 households showed that the majority of workers were between the ages of 18 and 60, accounting for 67.8% of the total population. In particular, the proportion of workers aged 26 and 60 was relatively large, at 49.15%. Therefore, it caused great difficulties in the process of vocational training, job creation and income increase for households after they were repossessed, because at this age, it was very difficult for them to change jobs as well as improve their qualifications and ability to find suitable jobs, especially when households had many areas of land recovered at the same time. In addition, the number of workers under working age in this group was quite high, accounting for 27.73% of the total population.

So a big question here is how to solve long-term stable employment for workers after their land is recovered.

In summary: Through the analysis of the above data table, it can be said that the majority of the population in the surveyed household groups are the main labor force, but the labor force is mainly concentrated in the age group of 26 - 60, causing many difficulties for training, job search and career change of households. However, the number of people who are potential labor force is also quite high, which proves that the birth rate in household groups is still high while the land area is increasingly narrowing. This is indeed a great pressure and challenge for job creation for them after the means of production are recovered. Moreover, for the potential labor force when they enter working age, whether jobs can meet all their requirements or not is an issue that requires attention and resolution from all levels and sectors.

4.2.2.2. Quality of labor resources in the investigated household groups in the area

Labor quality is an indicator reflecting many factors such as: Cultural level, technical expertise, etc. To see the quality of labor in the surveyed household groups, we analyze table 4.4.

Through the data table we see: In general, the education level of workers

in the investigated household groups all reached the average level. Specifically:

The educational level of the group whose agricultural land area was recovered was mostly secondary school level, accounting for 56.59%, while the number of workers with high school level who had graduated or had not graduated accounted for only 34.21%. Although there were no illiterate workers in the households, the rate of highly qualified workers was still low. This was a barrier that made it difficult to attract these workers to businesses as well as labor recruitment agencies. Moreover, their low educational level also made it difficult for them to not only find suitable jobs but also to adapt to the new working environment. Therefore, they were very likely to fall into unemployment after the land acquisition.

Table 4.4. Cultural and technical qualifications of workers in the

household group

Target

Household group 1 (n=50)				Household group 2 (n=10)
Household with recovered land < 50% (n=20)		Household with recovered land ≥ 50% (n=30)		Household group 2 (n=10)
Quantity (People)	Proportion (%)	Quantity (People)	Proportion (%)	Quantity (People)	Proportion (%)
Total number of employees	76	100	109	100	41	100
1. Cultural level
- Level I	7	9.21	12	11.01	9	21.95
- Level II	43	56.59	63	57.80	14	34.14
-Level III	26	34.21	34	31.20	18	43.90
2. Technical level
Total number of employees through training	19	25.00	22	20.18	13	31.70
- Intermediate, elementary	13	68.42	14	63.64	9	69.23
- College, University	6	31.58	8	36.36	4	30.77
Unskilled labor train	57	75	87	79.82	28	68.29

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Source: Data compiled from the author's 2009 survey results

In terms of the level of technical skills of this group, the table shows that: Although the number of workers with high school qualifications in this group is high, accounting for 34.21%, most of the workers have not been trained in technical skills, accounting for 75% of the total number of workers, only 25% have been trained. However, among the trained workers, the majority are intermediate and elementary level, accounting for 68.42%, while university and college level only account for 31.58%. This leads to great difficulty in finding jobs as well as new occupations for workers in household groups, because during the period of world economic integration, businesses as well as labor recruitment establishments often require workers with high technical skills.

Rate (%)

Household with recovered land

<50%

Household with recovered land

>=50%

Group 2

Household group

Trained labor

Untrained workers

Figure 4.3: Technical and professional qualifications of workers in household groups

For the group of households whose agricultural land area was recovered by over 50%, the survey results of 30 households showed that the qualifications of the workers in this group were still mainly general, specifically: the number of workers with secondary education in this group accounted for 57.80% and the number of workers with high school education accounted for 31.20% of the total number of workers.

However, this is only a relative number because in this group, the majority of workers are still non-graduates and dropouts.

It is worth noting that the vast majority of workers in this group of households have not undergone any training, accounting for 79.82% of the total number of workers, only 20.18% have undergone training, but the trained workers are mainly at intermediate and elementary levels, accounting for 63.63%. This is indeed a major barrier and difficulty, especially for the group of households whose entire cultivated land area has been reclaimed.

For group 2 households are the group most affected by the process.

THD, through the investigation results of 10 households shows: In general, the cultural level,

The technical level of the workers is still at the common level, although the rate of workers with high school level is higher than other groups (accounting for 43.90%), the rate of workers with high school level is still high, accounting for 21.95% of the total number of workers. In terms of technical level, 68.29% of the workers have not been trained, however, out of 31.70% who have been trained, 69.23% have intermediate and elementary level. This is a big difficulty in changing occupations as well as finding jobs for households and this is also the reason why after the Industrial Revolution, the majority of workers still keep their old jobs or are unemployed.

Thus, through the analysis of the above data table, we can see the fact that the cultural level as well as the level of technical expertise of the laborers in the household groups are still low, not meeting the requirements of the current labor market. This also proves that the quality of labor in the post-reform household groups is still low. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of employment, increase income and ensure long-term stability of life for these laborers, we must first pay attention to the issue of improving their qualifications, skills and expertise through training and retraining to meet the requirements of the current labor market.

4.2.3. Employment status of households after the land acquisition

We know that most rural people today depend mainly on the only means of production, land, for their jobs. Therefore, after the land area is recovered, the employment problem of the people will be affected first. Therefore, to find a reasonable and suitable solution to create jobs, we must first understand the employment situation of households after the land acquisition.

Trung Thanh Industrial Park is considered an industrial park built on a relatively large agricultural area (50ha), so after the project, most of the local people will be directly affected in terms of employment. To see this impact more clearly, we will examine the employment status of the people after the project through the survey results shown in Table 4.5b.

Through the survey results table, we see that: In general, after the land acquisition, the number of workers continuing to participate in production is still high, while the number of workers participating in other fields and occupations is still low. This shows that farming is a profession that has a great influence on the lives of the people in the area.

Due to the inability to find new jobs, the majority of workers still participate in agricultural production after the cultivated area has decreased. Specifically:

Table 4.5a. Current employment status of surveyed household groups before the TPP

Target

Household group 1 (n=50)				Group 2 (n=10)
Household with income recovery <50% (n=20)		Group with recovered revenue >=50% (n=30)		Group 2 (n=10)
Number quantity	Ratio rate (%)	Number quantity	Ratio rate (%)	Number quantity	billion rate (%)
Total number of main employees	76	100	109	100	41	100
Agricultural labor	49	64.47	68	62.38	27	65.85
Worker	9	11.84	11	10.09	2	4.87
Commune officials, state agencies	3	3.94	8	7.34	3	7.31
Laborer in business and service	6	7.89	5	4.58	2	4.87
hired labor	7	9.20	10	9.17	3	7.31
Other CVs	2	2.63	7	6.42	5	9.75

Source: data compiled from the author's 2009 survey results

Through the survey results of 30 households in the group of households with less than 50% of agricultural land recovered, we see that: After the land acquisition, the number of workers continuing to work in agriculture accounted for 47.36% of the total number of workers.

While the number of workers is only 15.79% compared to before land acquisition (11.84%) (Table 4.5a), this number has increased but the increase rate is very small, only reaching 3.95%. Moreover, after the land acquisition, the rate of workers participating in production and business sectors is still relatively low, accounting for only 7.89% of the total number of workers compared to 7.89% before land acquisition (Table 4.5a), this rate has not changed. The reason why the situation of workers participating in employment sectors before and after land acquisition has changed very little is because compared to other groups, this is the group with the smallest land acquisition area, so after land acquisition, the remaining land area of households is still

still high, so the majority of people do not switch to new jobs but continue their old job of agricultural production.

Table 4.5b. Current employment status of household groups after the resettlement

Target

Household group 1 (n=50)				Group 2 (n=10)
Household with recovered land <50% (n=20)		Household with recovered land ≥50% (n=30)		Group 2 (n=10)
Quantity (People)	Proportion (%)	Quantity (People)	Proportion (%)	Quantity (People)	Proportion (%)
Total number of employees main	76	100	109	100	41	100
Farm labor career	36	47.36	43	39.45	15	36.58
Worker	12	15.79	16	14.67	7	17.07
Commune and communal officials State	5	6.57	8	7.34	3	7.31
Laborers do business, DV	6	7.89	11	10.09	2	4.87
hired labor	11	14.47	22	20.18	9	21.95
Other CVs	6	7.89	9	8.25	5	12.19

Source: Data compiled from the author's 2009 survey results

For the group of households with over 50% of agricultural land recovered, according to the survey results of 30 households, due to the recovery of a large production area, after the land recovery, the rate of labor participating in agricultural production decreased sharply to only 39.45% compared to 62.38% before the land recovery (Table 4.5a), this rate decreased by 22.93%, however, compared to the reality when the production area of households was almost completely recovered, this rate is still quite high. Moreover, the number of laborers not participating in agricultural production is partly due to lack of jobs or unemployment, partly due to switching to work in other fields, especially as hired laborers, so after the land recovery, the number of hired laborers in this group accounted for 20.18% compared to 62.38% before the land recovery.

Compared to 9.17% before the Revolution (Table 4.5a), this rate increased to 11.01%. And the number of workers in business and services accounted for 10.09%, although still low, but compared to 4.58% before the Revolution (Table 4.5a), this rate also increased by 5.51%. The reason why the number of agricultural workers decreased sharply while the rate of workers in other fields increased slowly and insignificantly was because the qualifications of the workers were still limited and they had difficulty adapting to new jobs, so most of them could not find jobs, or if they found them, it was only a temporary, unstable job.

Considering group 2, the group with the most total land recovered, through the survey results of 10 households in table 4.05b, we can see that after the land acquisition, the proportion of agricultural laborers decreased significantly, accounting for only 36.58% compared to 65.85% before the land acquisition (table 4.5a), this proportion decreased by 29.27%, while the number of hired laborers increased sharply, accounting for 20.18% of the total laborers, while before the land acquisition, the number of laborers in this field accounted for only 7.31% (table 4.5a). This shows that after the land acquisition, the majority of agricultural laborers switched to other fields, but the proportion of laborers mainly participated in temporary jobs with unstable incomes such as carpentry, construction workers, etc. Therefore, the rate of unemployed and underemployed laborers is at risk of increasing.

In summary, through analyzing the employment status of workers in household groups, we can see the great impact of the land reform process on the employment of workers in households, therefore a large part of agricultural workers after the land reform are underemployed or may fall into unemployment.

To see this reality and come up with effective solutions to create jobs and increase income for people after the earthquake, let's look at table 4.5c below:

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