Number of Staff Working at SOS, Birla Children's Villages and Ttbtxh4‌

Currently, the working apparatus of the Children's Village has: 1 Director, 2 assistants; 45 employees divided into 4 departments: administrative department: 08 (03 security guards, 01 driver, 02 secretaries, 01 maintenance, 01 accountant); educational department: 06 (04 educational staff, 01 doctor, 01 caregiver (Thanh Nien Dormitory); kindergarten department: 09 (01 Principal, 06 teachers, 02 caregivers); mothers and aunts department: 22 (16 mothers, 06 aunts) [3].

The village has only 2 cadres and employees with professional qualifications in social work, 06 cadres and employees with degrees in the field of social sciences; 11 staff with professional qualifications in health and 25 staff (mothers) with educational qualifications below grade 12 [3].

As of December 2017, SOS Children's Village Hanoi is nurturing more than 128 children, (of which 5 are preschool children, 2 are not yet in school, the rest are in primary, secondary and high school. SOS Children's Village has a dormitory for male youth [3].

Social Protection Center 4

Social Protection Center 4 (SPC 4) under the Department of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs is currently located in Tay Dang Town, Ba Vi District, Hanoi City. SPC 4 was established under Decision No. 4382 (December 11, 1995) of the Hanoi People's Committee. The Social Protection Center was divided into two facilities: facility 1 is Social Protection Center I in Dong Dau - Dong Anh - Hanoi, facility 2 is Social Protection Center 4 moved from Linh Nam - Thanh Tri - Hanoi to Tay Dang Commune - Ba Vi - Hanoi and officially came into operation in October 1984 with the name "Social Camp", now Social Protection Center 4 [5].

Functions and tasks

TTBTXH 4 is a comprehensive social protection facility, operating according to an open model, with the functions and tasks of receiving, managing, educating, and nurturing social subjects: beggars, TEMC, abandoned children of unknown origin, children without a source of support, sick and homeless elderly people, disabled people, street people, children with especially difficult family circumstances in the Northern provinces, especially organizing community reintegration for social subjects [5].

All children in especially difficult circumstances, especially TEMC, street children in the Northern provinces, mostly in Hanoi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh after being classified and brought to the Center. Currently, the center is raising

The total number of TEMCs was 59, including 21 girls and 38 boys, mainly children of secondary and high school age [5].

The center has 78 staff members, including 16 officers and employees with professional qualifications in social work, and the remaining 62 officers and employees with expertise in other fields such as natural sciences, social sciences, medicine, etc. [5].

The difference between the three bases:

All three facilities are TEMC care and nurturing facilities, performing functions and tasks according to regulations and meeting basic needs for children... However, the three facilities have certain differences.

Firstly, regarding the management agency : if TTBTXH4 and Birla Children's Village Hanoi are both under the Hanoi Department of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs and these are also two facilities 100% managed by the State, then SOS Children's Village is managed by a non-governmental organization.

- SOS Children's Villages International is managed in coordination and signed with the Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam.

Second, in terms of management , while SOS Children's Village and Birla have similar basic management methods, which are based on families with mothers, aunts and children, TTBTXH4 manages the subjects in the center not based on households. There, children are arranged in areas, rooms and classified by gender and age.

Third, regarding the care objects , while TTBTXH 4 has a variety of objects such as orphans, street children, and the elderly, the two remaining Children's Villages only care for and nurture one object, TEMC. Another difference is that the TEMC who are allowed to live in the two Children's Villages mostly go through an assessment and screening process before being accepted into the Children's Village.

Fourth, beneficiary policies . If TTBTXH4 and Birla Children's Village Hanoi implement policies to care for TEMC and other subjects in the facility according to the regulations of the Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, SOS Children's Village implements policies according to the regulations of SOS Children's Village International.

3.1.2. Overview of research objects

3.1.2.1. Characteristics of staff

The staff and social workers working at the Children's Villages and Centers play an important role in supporting TEMC. However, the number and professional qualifications of the social workers at the facilities are not commensurate with the tasks.

Mainly majors are still literature, history, geography, accounting... especially the team of mothers and aunts who have graduated from high school or have not graduated from high school.

Table 3.1. Number of staff working at SOS Children's Villages, Birla and TTBTXH4

N = 152

The criteria	Quantity (N)	Rate (%)
Sex	Male	17	11.2
Sex	Female	135	88.8
Age	25 - 35	26	17.1
	36 - 50	108	71.1
	> 50	18	11.8
Current job position	Staff	15	9.8
	Social worker	26	17.1
	Doctor, nurse, caregiver	45	29.6
	Mothers, aunts and other staff	66	43.4
Workplace	Birla Children's Village Hanoi	29	19.0
	SOS Children's Village Hanoi	45	29.6
	Social Protection Center 4	78	51.3

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(Source: Author's research April 2017)

The data table shows that the three TEMC care facilities all have a number of staff that is relatively sufficient to meet the needs of caring for vulnerable people in general and TEMC in particular. Of which, TTBTXH 4 has 78 staff, accounting for the highest proportion. However, the number of staff with professional qualifications in the three facilities is still very limited. Of which, SOS Children's Village has only 2/45 staff; Birla Children's Village Hanoi has 8/29 and TTBTXH 4 has 16/78 staff [3], [4], [5].

3.1.2.2. Characteristics of orphans

TEMC in child care facilities are children who no longer have parents or one of them has died, is missing, the other is unidentified or is serving a sentence and the children are raised and cared for in orphanage facilities. These facilities are managed by the state or foreign or private organizations.

According to reports from 3 facilities (SOS Children's Village, Birla Children's Village, BTXH Center 4), the current number of children living in the 3 facilities is 265, including 158 boys and 107 girls (children aged 11-16 are 159 children) [3], [4], [5]. Specifically in table 3.2.

Table 3.2. Statistics of TEMC numbers of Birla Children's Village Hanoi, SOS Children's Village Hanoi, Social Protection Center 4 (Unit: Children)

Age

Birla Children's Village			SOS Children's Villages			Social Work Center 4			Total
New board	SL	Male	Female	SL	Male	Female	SL	Male	Female
Under 6 years old	3	1	2	7	2	5	5	1	4	15
6-8 years old	1	1	0	4	1	3	3	1	2	8
9-10 years old	18	10	8	38	21	17	12	8	4	68
11-16 years old	46	28	18	75	49	26	38	27	11	159
17-18 years old	10	6	4	4	2	2	1	0	1	15
Total	78	46	32	128	75	53	59	37	22	265

(Source: Research survey results, 2017)

Survey results at the Children's Villages show that each family has about 8-10 children and has one or two mothers and aunts to manage, support and care for them. Meanwhile, at the Social Work Center 4, the model is concentrated living in rooms, under the management, education and support of the social workers.

To facilitate the assessment and survey of aspects and contents of the implementation of CTXHN, the author conducted a questionnaire survey targeting children aged 11 to 16 who are living and being raised in Children's Villages and Centers. Thus, the age group participating in the survey, answering the questionnaire, and conducting in-depth interviews is children aged 11 to 16. With the content related to career guidance activities, the author focused on the target group of children participating in answering questions, which are children aged 14-16, this is the most suitable age group in terms of cognitive characteristics, thinking, needs and understanding of career guidance.

The total number of children participating in answering the questionnaire was 159 children, of which Birla Children's Village: 46 children, accounting for 28.9%; SOS Children's Village: 75 children, accounting for 47.1%; Social Protection Center 4: 38 children, accounting for 23.9% [3], [4], [5].

Currently, all three facilities are nurturing and caring mainly for children in high school, of which children in middle school and high school still account for the largest number.

3.2. Current status of problems and needs of orphans in group social work

3.2.1. Current status of problems faced by orphans

TEMC is a group of children who suffer from double injuries. Therefore, they face many difficulties in life, which can be related to studying; psychology, emotions; career orientation; life skills; relationships with friends; relationships with mothers, aunts, social workers, and management staff of the facilities... These difficulties are barriers that make children lack confidence, initiative, and make it difficult for them to develop comprehensively.

Orphans have difficulties in career orientation, learning, and emotional psychology:

Although always receiving attention from social workers at the facilities, TEMC still encounters certain difficulties. Survey results show that most children encounter difficulties such as: learning; psychology, emotions; relationships with people; daily activities, life skills, career orientation... shown in the chart below:

Chart 3.1. Percentage of difficulties faced by orphans

(Source: Research survey results, 2017)

According to the survey results, the majority of TEMC living in the three facilities have difficulties in life. Of which, difficulties in career orientation, psychology, emotions and learning difficulties account for the highest percentages, respectively 35.8%, 33.9% and 22.6%, while the rate of difficulties in daily life is quite low, only 7.5%. Explaining that rate, in reality, childcare facilities have responded very well in terms of care, nurturing as well as meeting the requirements of facilities, while career orientation, psychological support and learning are still limited. Comparison between the three facilities shows that the difficulties children encounter have certain differences, shown in Table 3.3 .

Table 3.3. Comparison of the rate of children in difficulty at three facilities (SOS Children's Villages, Birla Children's Villages and TTBTXH4)

Difficulties children encounter

Birla Children's Village HN	SOS Children's Village Hanoi	TTBTXH 4	Total
Difficulties in career guidance	20 37.0	18 33.3	16 29.6	54
Psychological and emotional difficulties	20 35.0	24 42.1	13 22.8	57
Learning difficulties	11 30.5	9 25.0	16 44.4	36
Difficulty in daily life	2 16.6	3 18.75	7 58.3	12
Total	46	75	38	159 100.0

(Source: Research survey results, 2017)

The table shows that, in the three facilities, difficulties in vocational guidance, emotional psychology in SOS Children's Village and Birla Children's Village account for a higher percentage, while TTBTXH 4 has the highest rate of difficulties in daily activities with 58.3% of opinions. Because TTBTXH 4 is a place to nurture diverse and unscreened children, some children have mild disabilities, so they encounter difficulties in daily activities. In addition, the children also shared that they encountered difficulties in vocational guidance, learning and emotional psychology.

The survey results clearly show that the two Children's Villages have a lower rate of children facing difficulties in daily life than the 4th Center for Social Protection because the care and nurturing activities of the TEMC at the two Children's Villages always receive support not only from the State but also from non-governmental organizations. Meanwhile, the 4th Center for Social Protection mainly receives funding from the State budget and some domestic organizations and individuals. Not only that, the 4th Center for Social Protection is a place where the children have not been selected and are not yet familiar with the new living environment at the Center, so they face many difficulties in daily life and relationships with people around them.

Excerpts from in-depth interviews and group discussions on some of the difficulties TMEC encountered are as follows:

“I am not a good student, and this year I am in grade 11, I am about to reach adulthood and leave the Village. I do not know what job I will do with such poor academic performance” (Information Collection, female, 16 years old, Birla Children's Village)

Some other interviews:

“I have some difficulties related to my personal life, I am also shy and do not want to tell anyone. I am also afraid of crowds and often shy when speaking in front of people” (IDI, female, 15 years old, SOS Children's Village).

“ Basically, I see that most children have some difficulties, it could be difficulties in the learning process, difficulties in communication, difficulties in relationships… ” (FGD, NVCTXH, female, 40 years old) ; “Yes, each child has their own difficulties, but not all the problems they encounter are big, it could just be a small problem in life related to studying, psychology… ” (FGD, NVCTXH, female, 28 years old); “ I see that puberty is when most problems arise, at this time children like to express themselves, psychologically they are quiet and do not want to talk, even if they have difficulties in studying they do not want to ask ” (FGD, NVCTXH, female, 27 years old).

At SOS Children's Village, during the group discussion, members also pointed out the needs and difficulties that TEMC encountered as well as their difficulties in the process of helping children as follows:

“ I have been working here for 28 years, I see that the children who are welcomed here to live are very precious because of the State's policies and the very good living space in the middle of the crowded capital, but the children always dream of coming back to live with their families even though they may not eat as well as here .” (FGD, NVCTXH, female, 60 years old), “ That's right, I think so too, and talking about difficulties, each child certainly has their own difficulties, but I see that most of the children are very poor students, shy, many children can't get their mouths to say a word all day, with this situation, if they go to work in the future, I don't know where they will be accepted” (FGD, NVCTXH, female, 40 years old) .

Difficulties affecting the learning and life of orphans

For TEMC, encountering some difficulties will more or less affect the children's life and study, because they are in puberty, their psychology and physiology change and they are easily affected by objective factors.

Up to 15.1% of opinions said that difficulties greatly affect children's lives and 66.7% of opinions said that they quite affect. While only 4.4% of opinions said that difficulties do not affect children's lives.

Comparison of the level of impact of difficulties on children's lives at the three facilities is shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Percentage of difficulties affecting TEMC's life

The impact of difficulties on TEMC's life

Birla Children's Village HN	SOS Children's Village Hanoi	TTBTXH 4	Total
Very influential	11 45.8	5 20.8	8 33.3	24
Quite influential	31 29.2	34 32.0	41 38.7	106
Little impact	9 40.9	7 31.8	6 27.2	22
No effect	3 42.8	1 14.3	3 42.8	7
Total	46	75	38	159 100.0

(Source: Research survey results, 2017)

From the comparative data table between the three facilities, Birla Children's Village has the highest level of influence with 45.8% of opinions. With the level of no influence, SOS Children's Village has the lowest rate of 14.4% of opinions. However, when conducting in-depth interviews and group discussions with the NVCTXH group and the TEMC group, the children answered that the rate of no influence was 42.8% (Birla Children's Village), 14.3% (SOS Children's Village) and 42.8% (TTBTXH4) respectively. However, in fact, most of the in-depth interview results showed that the difficulties had some influence on their lives. And when asked if they encountered difficulties, who did the children usually share with? The majority of opinions said that when they encountered difficulties, the children did not share with anyone, accounting for 56.4%, while sharing with NVCTXH only accounted for 11.5%. This shows that children's difficulties affect their lives, but they often keep it a secret and rarely share it with others, especially social workers.

Excerpts from in-depth interviews about difficulties affecting children's lives show: " Not all difficulties affect children's learning.

I often think about it when I miss home, want to be with my parents or when someone bullies me, and I can't concentrate on studying. There are things I often talk about with my friend B, but I rarely tell people about my family " (PVS, NVH, male, 14 years old - TTBTXH 4).

Some other interviews:

“I also had times when I felt depressed, my parents suddenly passed away, I lived with my uncle, but my uncle's family had many children and he went to collect tickets.

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