New Points of the Thesis: The Thesis Has New Points Compared to Previous Studies Are:

The Vietnam Bank for Social Policies for the poor through 3 research models: a model to assess the impact of credit from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on increasing the income of the poor, a model to estimate the impact of credit from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on borrowers' timely loan repayment, and a model to assess the ability of the poor to access credit sources for social policy.

1.4.1. Qualitative method

Conducting qualitative research to evaluate the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor based on 3 research models (assessing income increase, loan utilization efficiency (on-time loan repayment) and the ability to access credit capital of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies of the poor) based on studies by Duvendack et al. (2011) on evidence of the impact of microfinance on the happiness of the poor, Stewart et al. (2010) on the impact of microfinance on the poor and Stewart et al. (2012) on microfinance , microsavings and microlending serving household finance effectively. The author conducted direct interviews with 4 experts in the field of poverty reduction and 6 groups of customers borrowing from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies.

1.4.2. Quantitative method

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Conduct quantitative research to evaluate the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor. The thesis builds 3 research models to evaluate the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on income growth, on the efficiency of loan use (on-time loan repayment) and the ability of the poor to access credit sources for social policies. The research data was investigated and surveyed with a representative sample of 1,994 poor households borrowing from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies.

1.5. Scientific and practical significance of the topic

1.5.1. Scientific significance

Through the application of the results of implementing preferential credit programs of the government and the construction and verification of 3 research models, the thesis shows the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor in increasing income and using loans effectively (paying loans on time). At the same time, it points out the ability of the poor to access credit capital from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies.

1.5.2. Practical significance

Contribute some feasible solutions for enhancing credit from the Social Policy Bank to increase income, improve the efficiency of loan use (repay loans on time) and expand access to credit from the Social Policy Bank for the poor.

1.6. New points of the thesis: The thesis has new points compared to previous studies:

(1) The thesis studies the impact of credit from the Social Policy Bank on the poor in Vietnam, which previous studies have not yet conducted.

(2) The thesis simultaneously builds three research models (assessing income increase, on-time loan repayment and access to credit sources of the poor) to assess the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor.

1.7. Structure of the thesis

The thesis consists of 6 chapters.

Chapter 1: Introduction to the doctoral thesis in economics with contents such as: Necessity and reasons for choosing the topic, research objectives and questions, research objects and scope, research methods, scientific and practical significance of the topic, new points and thesis structure.

Chapter 2: Overview of research situation and review of research works related to the impact of credit on the poor according to poverty reduction programs and social issues.

Chapter 3: Theoretical basis on the impact of credit from the Social Policy Bank on the poor and research model with the following contents: Introduction to commercial bank credit and credit from the Social Policy Bank, theory of credit for the poor with theoretical and empirical studies, impact of credit for the poor, research model, experience in strengthening credit for the poor in some countries in the world and lessons learned for Vietnam.

Chapter 4: Current status of credit impact of Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor with contents such as: Overview of Vietnam Bank for Social Policies, current status

Poverty and poverty reduction program in Vietnam for the period 2011-2015, the current status of credit impact of Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor.

Chapter 5: Survey and test the research model on the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor with contents such as: preliminary research, official research and evaluation of the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor .

Chapter 6: Solutions to enhance credit of Vietnam Bank for Social Policies for the poor with contents such as: Orientation, goals and targets for sustainable poverty reduction in Vietnam until 2020, orientation for development of Vietnam Bank for Social Policies until 2020 and solutions to enhance credit of Vietnam Bank for Social Policies for the poor.

Chapter 1 Conclusion

Chapter 1 has shown us the contents of a doctoral thesis in economics such as: the necessity and reasons for choosing the topic, research objectives and questions, research objects and scope, research methods, scientific and practical significance of the topic, new points and thesis structure.

From the contents of chapter 1, we have clearly seen the research objectives of the thesis on the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor in Vietnam, the scientific and practical significance of the research on the credit impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor and new points that previous studies have not done.

Chapter 2

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION AND SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO

IMPACT OF CREDIT ON THE POOR

Chapter 1 has introduced us to the main contents of the doctoral thesis in economics. To have a basis for assessing the impact of credit from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the poor, Chapter 2 will introduce an overview of the research situation and review the main research works related to the impact of credit on the poor in the world and in Vietnam.

Recently, in the world and in Vietnam, there have been many studies on the impact of microfinance and credit on poverty reduction programs and social issues in each country. However, most of the studies mainly focus on assessing the role of the microfinance and credit system in poverty reduction and have not specifically assessed the impact of credit on the poor through increased income, efficiency of loan use (repaying loans on time) and the ability of the poor to access credit sources. Below are the main studies related to the impact of credit on the poor according to poverty reduction programs and social issues.

2.1. According to poverty reduction programs

First, Imai et al. (2002) conducted a study on microfinance and poverty: A macro perspective. The study was conducted based on data from 48 developing countries in 2007 and was regressed using OLS and 2SLS models with the following results: (1) The study shows the relationship between total lending per capita of microfinance institutions (MFIs), community outreach (number of active borrowers) and poverty index (FGI): Total lending per capita increases, the poverty index decreases. (2) Financial development, especially increasing the credit ratio, plays an important role in the GDP growth rate of each country because it helps people, the poor, increase investment and increase income and when the government

The more money the governments of developing countries provide to MFIs, the faster the poverty rate in that country will decrease. (3) Diversifying the investment portfolio will help many poor households access MFI services and they have the opportunity to increase their income, escape poverty, and contribute to poverty reduction for the country. (4) When providing MFI services to the poor, MFIs have a sustainable financial foundation despite being affected by the global economic recession because they exploit a large market of poor and low-income people.

In addition to the achieved results, there are still some areas that the study has not mentioned: (1) The relationship between access to microfinance services (credit loans) and increased income and reduced poverty rates has not been shown and (2) No research has been conducted on the ability of the poor, especially the poorest, to access credit sources.

Second, Matin and Hulme (2003) conducted a study on the Poorest: Lessons from the Inclusive Vulnerable Group Development (IGVGD) program in Bangladesh with the following results: (1) The combination of food aid and skills training, providing microfinance services has helped increase income for the vulnerable poor and effectively reduced poverty. (2) There are different levels of poverty, so microfinance organizations need to have different forms of support for the poor such as: grants, loans, basic health care, etc. (3) The poorest people in Bangladesh often do not have access to microfinance services, so they have to borrow from outside organizations with high interest rates, short loan terms, etc., so it is difficult to invest in production and business, leading to difficulties in increasing income and repaying debts.

Besides the above results, there are still some areas that the study has not mentioned: (1) The relationship between the use of microfinance services and the increase in income for the poor has not been clarified and (2) The debt repayment of the poor after using capital from microfinance organizations and increasing income has not been evaluated.

Third, Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (2004) conducted a study on poverty reduction action plan in Uganda with the following results: (1) The Ugandan government has promoted poverty reduction by implementing

The Poverty Action Plan has contributed to reducing the poverty rate from 56% in 1992 to 38% in 2003. This plan has addressed the key challenges of poverty in Uganda by increasing agricultural productivity and household income. (2) During that period, Uganda faced many major challenges such as: unstable world markets, high population growth, increasing HIV/AIDS-related diseases, gender inequality, etc. (3) The poor mainly depend on agriculture and wage labor, so their income is also mainly from agriculture and wage labor, so it is necessary to promote the provision of microfinance services to these groups. (4) The poor have little access to public services. (5) To effectively implement the poverty reduction policy, in addition to providing microfinance services, the Ugandan government must also take other actions such as: empowering women economically, strengthening women's land ownership rights, promoting men's participation in HIV/AIDS prevention and care, etc.

In addition to the above results, there are still some areas that the study has not mentioned: (1) The study has not introduced services from government microfinance organizations and non-governmental organizations so that the poor can access and increase their income, contributing to poverty reduction for the country and (2) The study has not mentioned the savings of the poor. In life, the poor also need to save to expand the scale of investment, thereby increasing their income.

Fourth, Khandker SR (2005) conducted a study on the relationship between microfinance and poverty reduction using a panel data survey of 1,798 households in 87 villages of Bangladesh during 1991/92 and 2,599 households during 1998/99 (including households during 1991/92) with the results that: (1) Microfinance was established and developed strongly in Bangladesh in 1980 and is now the country with the most developed microfinance system in the world. Non-governmental microfinance organizations and Grameen Bank account for 86% of the market share of the microfinance market and the commercial banking system accounts for only 14%. (2) Microfinance provides small-scale services (credit and savings) to support mainly the poor, poor women and small enterprises. In addition to providing finance, the microfinance system also helps train production skills to increase labor productivity. (3) The loan level plays a decisive role.

for increasing the income of the poor in addition to family and individual factors such as land, education, gender, etc. People with low education and less land often have a higher demand for loans. (4) The microfinance system in Bangladesh provides loans through groups with small loans but high interest rates and transaction costs to maintain credit discipline among group members. (5) Besides the goal of helping the poor increase their income and escape poverty, the microfinance system in Bangladesh also promotes investment in human capital (learning), raises awareness about reproductive health, improves household welfare, increases consumption and increases asset accumulation and (6) Microfinance not only benefits program participants but also benefits non-program participants through increased local income.

In addition to the results achieved, there are still some areas that the study has not mentioned: (1) The relationship between access to microfinance services and income increase of the poor has not been shown. (2) The ability of the poor to access microfinance services has not been assessed and (3) The role of credit loans to increase income in addition to other factors has not been assessed.

Fifth, Ledgerwood and White (2006) conducted a study on the transformation of microfinance institutions: Providing the poor with a full range of financial services with the following results: (1) Transforming microfinance institutions (merging non-profit organizations into microfinance institutions) to diversify microfinance products, types of microfinance service provision, improve the distribution system, ... and most importantly, providing savings deposit services to the poor, helping the poor to save and pay for services other than credit loans. This activity has been successfully implemented in many countries such as Bolivia, Kenya, Uganda, Mongolia and several other countries, ... (2) Merging non-profit organizations into microfinance institutions helps millions of poor households in the world have the opportunity to access the services provided by these organizations, helping the poor access loans, expand investment scale and increase income, and escape poverty. (3) Savings are an important element in the financial management of any poor household, contributing to increased investment opportunities and increased income. Savings are the way

to help households escape poverty quickly and (4) The transformation helps microfinance organizations reach and attract a large number of customers who are poor and low-income people, thereby gaining market share and financial stability.

In addition to the above results, there are still some areas that the study has not mentioned: (1) The study has not shown the relationship between the provision of financial services by converted MFIs and the increase in income of the poor, contributing to poverty reduction and (2) The study has not shown the relationship between borrowing, saving and increasing income of the poor.

Sixth, Nguyen VC (2008) conducted a study on whether the government's microfinance program for the poor really fights poverty: Evidence from Vietnam by conducting quantitative research (regression tools) with data taken from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) in 2002 and 2004 (2002: 30,000 households in 61 provinces, 2004: 9,000 households). The research results show that: (1) Microfinance is an important tool to promote production, increase income (mainly in agriculture and non-agriculture) and consumption, improve welfare for poor households, reduce poverty levels, reduce poverty gaps, and inequality. (2) In 2002, the government established the Social Policy Bank to provide microfinance with low interest rates and no collateral for the poor because the poor often do not have collateral, making it difficult to access the formal credit market (in 2004, only 12% of poor households in rural areas were able to borrow capital). (3) The poor are those who lack capital and assets, and the poor in Vietnam began to be provided with microfinance since 1995 by the Bank for the Poor, a part of the Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. (4) From the government's provision of microfinance, the poverty rate in Vietnam has decreased from 58.1% in 1993 to 37.4% in 1998 and 19.5% in 2004.

In addition to the results achieved, there are still some areas that the study has not mentioned: (1) It has not shown the impact of microfinance on increasing the income of the poor. (2) It has not proposed solutions to increase the poor's access to microfinance because the rate of poor people in rural areas accessing microfinance is very low.

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