Program 120 focuses on lending for agricultural, forestry and fishery development. Applying scientific and technical advances and transferring biotechnology, cultivating specialties, exploiting the potential of hilly, coastal and local resources, developing livestock for export... Restoring and developing traditional handicrafts and non-agricultural production activities.
By the end of 2002, over 90 projects had received loans, with a total loan of nearly 3.7 trillion VND, creating new jobs and full employment for about 2.6 million workers, of which about 45% of workers had new jobs, 55% escaped unemployment. Rural areas used 68% of the total loans and attracted jobs for about 75% of the program's workers [11], [27].
* Program 327 greens bare hills
Program 327 is a major policy of the state on afforestation and reforestation of barren hills according to Directive 327/CT-TTg of the Prime Minister, dated September 15, 1992.
The objective of this Program is to develop forests, green bare hills, create more jobs for rural workers, and settle down people in mountainous areas on the basis of building a combined agricultural and forestry economy. With these objectives, the program's activities include: Projects on planting forests of all kinds, protecting, protecting, and regenerating forests on a scale of 5,000 - 10,000 hectares. Households are assigned or contracted forest areas or forest land for development or protection; Projects specializing in livestock farming, including land allocation for growing animal feed, long-term or short-term industrial crops, food crops, and gardening; projects using alluvial land, coastal bare land, and water surfaces for aquaculture on a scale of about 700 hectares for localities to invest in themselves or assign to households to do it themselves.
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Program 327 has created jobs for 150,000 poor households in mountainous areas, with 300,000 agricultural, forestry and fishery workers. In particular, the program does not
Not only does it create more jobs, it also creates family-style agricultural and forestry production households.
* Program 773 (Program for exploitation and use of wasteland, alluvial land along rivers, seas and water surfaces in delta areas).
Program 773 was established on December 21, 1994 with the purpose of exploiting and using wasteland, alluvial land along rivers and seas, focusing on the Dong Thap Muoi area, Long Xuyen Quadrangle, Ca Mau peninsula, Red River Delta, and coastal lagoons in the Central region. The specific content of Program 773 is to focus on protecting and developing protective forests, coastal special-use forests, planting long-term industrial crops, and fruit trees. Ensuring vegetation coverage of not less than 30% of the area in the project area.
Program 773 is expected to exploit and put into use about 1.279 million hectares by 2010, including more than 1,000 hectares of wasteland, 143,000 hectares of water surface, 128,000 hectares of sandbanks, increasing the cultivated land area by about 10%, creating stable jobs for more than 1 million workers and about 2.5 million people in rural areas.
* Offshore fishing program.
According to Decision 393/TTg, dated June 9, 1997 of the Prime Minister, the offshore fishing program is a major policy of the State, not only aiming at socio-economic goals but also serving security and defense needs. In 1997, the State decided to allocate a preferential capital of 400 billion VND to invest in offshore fishing. In 1998, it allocated another 500 billion VND and in 2001, it was over 750 billion VND. To date, 27/30 provinces and cities have implemented 209/236 offshore fishing vessel construction projects. This program not only creates high-value jobs for coastal residents but also exploits a valuable resource of the country for consumption and export.
* Fund for hunger eradication and poverty reduction.
In practice, rural areas are always in a state of higher unemployment than urban areas. Therefore, the Government has encouraged localities to establish poverty reduction funds associated with various target programs to create jobs, increase income and reduce poverty for rural residents. Thanks to the efforts of all levels, sectors and people, the poverty reduction program has contributed to the overall achievement of creating more jobs and improving the lives of the poor in society. Up to now, the poverty rate has decreased to 11% compared to 30% in 1992 in the whole country. Especially in remote areas, the poverty rate was up to 39% in 1992 and is now about 23.4%, an average annual decrease of 2.67%, higher than the national average decrease of 0.21% [41].
Thus, together with a number of national policies and programs above, they have contributed to solving employment for a large number of rural workers, helping a large number of households and individuals in rural areas to increase their income, develop agriculture, upgrade and build new economic and social infrastructure.
2.3. General assessment of employment and job creation in rural areas of our country today
2.3.1. Achievements
The outstanding achievement that has created a turning point in the field of division and use of rural labor in recent years is to gradually liberate labor potential, put workers in the position of real owners in production and business activities and ensure the right to freedom of business, protect their legitimate interests on the basis of taking households as autonomous economic units, developing diverse forms of cooperation in multi-sector economic structures. In rural areas, after Resolution 10 of the Politburo, the face of rural areas has undergone new changes. Farmers are truly masters of land, production and product distribution. Agricultural production has really gone into both breadth and depth, farmers are more confident in investing in intensive farming, expanding more areas on the basis of land utilization, reclaiming wasteland to develop more crops and livestock, in order to increase
more products for society, increase family income, thereby creating conditions to accumulate capital to develop industries to promote the re-division of labor. That has created a new driving force for the development of the rural economy, contributing greatly to the problem of solving employment and using labor more effectively. Currently in rural areas, household economy is playing a leading role, at the same time, many forms of voluntary cooperation as well as forms of organizing production in the style of farms, doing business in a comprehensive direction, taking advantage of natural conditions, ecological environment to develop agriculture comprehensively, develop services and non-agricultural activities (especially restoring craft villages). Thereby, material and spiritual life in rural areas has been improved, some households have become rich.
The division of labor in rural areas has long been deeply immersed in a self-sufficient economy, many areas have not escaped the "monoculture" situation, the majority of rural laborers still work in the fields of cultivation and livestock, processing, small-scale industry develops slowly, forestry and fishery are strengths but have not been fully exploited. Commerce, credit and services are limited. The division of labor for household chores is still wasteful. However, when the commodity economy is opened, the division of labor in rural areas is increasingly specialized, those who are good at what job do that job. The structure of the rural economy is gradually changing, requiring the labor structure to also shift accordingly. The labor market is forming and developing, contributing to adjusting the relationship between labor supply and demand and inflation, reducing pressure on employment in rural areas. The labor structure is gradually shifting in a progressive direction to match the economic structure: gradually reducing the proportion of purely agricultural labor, increasing the proportion of labor in the industrial, handicraft and service sectors. However, the issue of employment and effective use of rural labor is still full of contradictions and complicated developments.
The economic restructuring has led to a positive shift in the labor structure. The structure of the labor force with regular jobs divided by economic sectors in rural areas in 2002 has clearly shifted compared to 1996, towards an increase in both the number and proportion of workers in the industrial, construction and service sectors. In 1996, there were 23,232,745 people working in the agriculture - forestry - fishery sectors, accounting for 81.64% of the total number of workers working in the economic sectors in rural areas, by 2002 it had decreased to 21,585,063 people, accounting for 77.62%. Meanwhile, the number of workers in the industrial and construction sectors increased from 1,941,763 people (1996) to 2,589,431 people (2002) with an increase rate from 6.83% to 8.15%; the number of workers in the service sector also increased rapidly in both quantity and rate from 3,285,062 people to 466,753 people with an increase rate from 11.53% to 14.22% [1].
Although the current scale and structure of the labor force are not commensurate with the development requirements when moving to a new stage, the survey results have confirmed the fact that: the period 1996-2002 has achieved some initial achievements in improving the quality and shifting the labor structure in the national economic sectors towards industrialization and modernization.
To successfully implement the goal in the employment strategy for the period 2001-2010, which is to shift the labor structure in line with the economic structure, by 2010, strive to have 50% of labor in agriculture - 23% in industry and construction - 27% in services, ensuring jobs for the majority of laborers in need of work, improving labor productivity, increasing income and improving the quality of life for the people, and especially for rural areas, it is necessary to quickly reduce the proportion of agricultural labor by creating and developing non-agricultural occupations that attract high labor force, at the same time popularizing occupations for rural laborers, helping them to be able to meet the requirements of the modern labor market, increasing opportunities and the ability to choose jobs.
Thanks to the social division of labor, gradual specialization, and labor structure shift, rural workers have made better use of their working time (because if they only work purely on agriculture, the working time is very low). In the whole country, the proportion of working time used in rural areas has increased from 70.82% in 1998 to 73.28% in 1999 and 74% in 2002 (2010 target: 85%), the daily working time fund has been utilized more effectively, each actual working day is 7-8 hours, during the crop season it has been up to 12-14 hours. The land use turnover coefficient has increased by 2.5 times, in some places up to 3 times. Therefore, labor productivity and income of farmers have increased, gradually improving their lives.
2.3.2. Limitations
* Rural labor force increases, land fund tends to decrease per capita
Vietnam is a country with the lowest average cultivated land area per capita in the world (0.3 ha/1 worker, while in Europe it is about 17 ha; America; 45 - 50 ha; Asia Pacific; 4 - 4.5 ha). Therefore, the working time of purely agricultural workers is still very low. According to survey documents, only 18% of workers work 210 days/year, the rest work less than 200 days/year, of which 21% work only 90 days/year and the average working time is 4 - 5 hours/day. Up to now, the time usage rate of rural workers in 2003 has only reached 76%, which proves that the labor force is increasingly compacted on a unit of agricultural land area and is gradually decreasing [1], [27], [40].
The basic reasons are:
- The rural population is large (nearly 80%), although in recent years the natural growth rate of the rural population has tended to decrease, the growth rate of the labor force remains high while each year agricultural land decreases by about 2000 hectares, moreover, land is increasingly divided and fragmented due to the ongoing land division process.
- Along with the increase in rural labor, the urbanization process is taking place quite strongly due to the development of the market economy, especially in large suburban areas, towns, and on both sides of traffic routes... causing the area of agricultural land to gradually decrease.
- In rural areas, there are many retired and disabled people, but in reality, 79% still have to work to increase their income and 43% are still the main laborers to support their families. Their work is basically still in the fields.
- During the process of mechanism conversion, rural labor was stagnant because the State sector not only did not attract labor but also decreased, forcing them to return to the countryside to farm.
It can be said that agricultural land is limited, not much land is reclaimed and converted to specialized land, residential land is too large while the rural labor force is still increasing and stagnant. Along with the trend of spreading to urban areas, there is a trend of moving from the State sector (concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta and the Mekong River Delta, about 48% of the rural population). The narrow land, crowded population and fragmentation are the most severe contradictions between the supply and demand of rural labor, leading to great pressure on employment.
According to calculations, based on land funds and pure farming, the surplus rural labor force is at least about 30% (equivalent to 8 - 9 million people).
* The economic structure and rural labor are still backward; the process of shifting the rural labor structure is still slow.
In recent years, many localities have had models of labor restructuring to solve employment, such as Hung Ha district - Thai Binh, each winter crop alone, on average each household solves additional jobs for one worker, develops cage fish farming with a scale of 4m2 ( cost 2.5 million VND/1 cage), each year can earn income equivalent to 0.5 ha of cultivated land (rice); Kien Xuong district - Thai Binh develops gardening, economic value
Each square meter of garden can be equal to 70 square meters for cultivation and job creation.
2 more workers. However, the shift in labor structure is very slow and still at the household level. The main model is to partially shift to livestock, gardening and services, there is no strong trend of shifting to non-agricultural work, and the specialized households have not been separated from the farming households. Even many households develop other industries but still keep the land as a food security insurance for the household. The trend of transferring land to focus on production in other industries is still limited.
The main reason is that rural areas lack basic conditions to switch to commodity production, mainly poor infrastructure, passive, unorganized, unstable consumer markets, land transfer and land concentration are not really in line with the purpose of commodity production, credit policies have not reached people lacking capital and the poor, the introduction of scientific advances and technology transfer to rural areas is still slow and underdeveloped...
* Current rural labor jobs are ineffective, labor productivity is low, income is not high, and the life of rural laborers is difficult.
In developed countries, rural labor accounts for a small proportion of the total labor force but has high labor productivity. In Vietnam, the situation is the opposite. Although crop productivity has improved significantly in recent years, it is still low compared to the world. This is due to the results of the revolution in varieties, cultivation techniques and the innovation of the contracting mechanism, especially the rice productivity has stabilized at 30 quintals/ha (key rice growing areas), making our country the second largest rice exporter in the world. However, due to the low average land area per worker and the low land use coefficient, labor efficiency and employment are very low.
In terms of income, if it only depends on agriculture, it is very low. But rural Vietnam is still in a state where income is mainly from agriculture (75.13%). Households with good income or higher in rural areas are often households with diversified income. The results of sociological surveys show that the majority of rural