change (event), with aesthetic significance, occurring in the world of art” [52, p.47].
Artistic time in Dao Tuyen folk poetry in Lao Cai is a vivid image, closely associated with the expression of the mood of the lyrical subject, expressing emotional levels, and expressing the states of the human soul. That is the present time of performance and real time.
3.2.1.1. Present time of performance
In folk poetry, there is not only the creation and composition of the text of the work but also the performance of the work. The performer here plays an important role. Due to the absence of the author as the first person to create the text of the lyrics. Here, there is no distance between the author's time and the time of the reader, the listener. Or in other words, "The author's time and the reader's time (the listener) blend with the performer's time. The time here is the present time" [22, p.290].
Dao Tuyen folk poetry in Lao Cai is a folk work performed. The present time here is expressed quite clearly through the appearance of time adverbs such as: now, this hour, at this time, today, this afternoon, tonight...
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In wedding folk songs, the groom's family and the bride's family often use words indicating the present time when singing in response. "A survey of Dao Tuyen wedding songs in Long Phuc commune, Bao Yen district, Lao Cai province found 15 sentences using the words now and 12 words now :
- Everything is not said now open the door
Lead them to the story of yin and yang.
-It's been a long time, nice to meet you today . Thank you with golden words, Linh Phi.
-I'll wait here for you.
Completed tour and returned to the embassy.
-I bowed to you last night after the wedding.
This afternoon , don't forget to come up and say hello again " [Quoted from 50, page 123].
In village singing, spring festival singing, and green rice flakes singing, words indicating the present time often recur in the lyrics. “In a village singing session on the 4th day of the Lunar New Year in the year of Canh Than (1980), there were 11 sentences using the word now, 15 sentences using the word now, and 13 sentences using the word now . In just one folk song: Nam nu tao van ca of the Dao Tuyen people in Lang Mi, Bao Thang district, Lao Cai province, there were 6 times mentioning tonight , 3 times today , and 4 times using the word now ” [Quoted from 51, p.60].
Although the above figures do not cover all the current uses of time in Dao Tuyen folk poetry, they demonstrate the awareness of time as an element in the internal structure of the songs and lyrics of Dao Tuyen folk authors.
In the spring festival singing in the village, the girls' songs appear with open and sincere hearts:
The village gate is wide open, the fragrance flies high
Knock on the door! Let's sing out a few words of ecstasy, Welcoming the spring breeze of love tonight [51, p.48].
The appearance of the time adverb tonight has contributed to directly expressing the girl’s feelings and emotions at the present time when singing, which is at night. Depending on the performance situation, depending on the specific time when performing the songs, the performer can use appropriate present time words. The singer can change tonight with today , now with now … for example:
Today fell to the ground of pleasure
It was confusing to be in that palace [51, p.178].
The above song could be sung as:
Tonight falls to the ground of pleasure
It was so confusing to be in that palace .
Thus, time in Dao Tuyen folk poetry is the present time, the time of performance. That time can be changed by the performer as a formula in the lyrics " The main thing is to ensure the expression of lyrical emotions in the verse (song), creating close sympathy between the people participating in the current singing" [39, p.133]. That time is conventional. The conventionality of time in Dao Tuyen folk poetry is shown through the expression of time as a quantity lacking precision, there are quite a few verses that only estimate time with adverbs such as: when, at what time, how long, yesterday, long ago, ancient times ...
My heart is happy all night long
Love from ancient times to present [51, p.224].
Holding hands, shaking feet, looking at each other and smiling
We shook hands whenever we met [51, p.230].
This kind of approximate time is closely linked to the human mood, meeting the need to express the lyrical subject's emotions. This kind of time is always consistent with the way of speaking of the mountain people:
One night of spinning silk doesn't last long. Before long, I hear the rooster crowing. The sun is shining brightly in Tokyo.
The sun broke up this singing festival [51, p.196].
Or:
The sun has risen in the East. Hundreds of birds are singing on the mountain top.
Farmers of all classes step out into the street
Temporarily apart, temporarily apart [51, p.217].
The images: the rooster crows, the sun shines brightly in the East, the sun has risen in the East, a hundred birds sing... signal that it is dawn, meaning that the singing must stop, the boys and girls must temporarily part, temporarily separate, temporarily separate . This is a familiar way of speaking of ethnic minorities in the mountains with a mindset accustomed to expressing abstract things with concrete, realistic images.
Time contributes to expressing people's emotional states and levels of love, especially the wish for lasting and loyal love:
The mandarin ducks tossed the ball together, so much fun. They were so pleased that they didn't want to leave. Both sides were in harmony.
A thousand-year agreement not to deceive each other [51, p.187].
Or:
Meet at the same club today
Both sides vowed never to separate [51, p.194].
Missing the lovebirds before us, our hearts never change.
The next day we met, the same love [51, p.208].
The concept of time is expressed in a unique way, the lyrics are a feeling of expectation, a wish, a vow of steadfast loyalty: no separation, still this love, no deception. Time is sometimes calculated by very specific quantities such as one hour, three years, nine years ... This is the girl's longing to meet her lover:
Meeting you for an hour is like a flower blooming
Even if I die in the forest, I will not be sad [51, p.238].
That one hour seemed to emphasize the love that the girl had for the boy: I only need to meet you for one hour, even if I die, I will be satisfied. Or in the love songs between boys and girls, the image is often repeated:
Three years of drought, flowers dry and fall
Farmers had a bad harvest. Suddenly they heard thunder and rain.
Nine years of stagnant water flow away [51, p.177].
The use of numbers indicating time such as one hour, three years, nine years is ultimately only symbolic, because " present performance time is a universal value of folk songs (...) and artistic time in folk literature is first of all determined by the performance requirements of the genre" [11, p.56].
In the context of the singing environment, the time of singing is the present time. Many lyrics, although not having time words, but performed in a specific present context, the lyrics of those songs also have a present nature:
Before the electricity, both sides declared their intention.
Together, good deeds will become fate [51, p.63].
However, in Dao Tuyen wedding poetry, there are also adverbs indicating time close to the present such as yesterday, last night, yesterday morning ...
-I bowed to you last night after the wedding.
- Who is at the gate this morning , so majestic?
-Thinking about yesterday, I always remember [51, p.62].
Adverbs indicating time close to the present do not appear frequently. However, the difference of Dao Tuyen wedding poetry is the singing and answering between the groom's family and the bride's family to test their knowledge of ancient legends. Therefore, the artistic time in the wedding ceremony is also the past time - the past time bears a strong indeterminate mark. The past time is intertwined with the present time. From the present, we remember historical or legendary stories and events of the past. Folk singers must tell stories and legends, so the past time bears a strong indeterminate mark with the words "ancient" , "ancient", "old days", "when the past", "before", "old times " "In Dao Tuyen wedding folk songs in Ban Sao, Bao Loc district
Yen, Lao Cai province has 25 ancient verses . The wedding folk song in Mi village - Xuan Quang - Bao Thang has 28 ancient verses :
- In the past, Dinh Dan arranged bamboo and wood in Gia Nhai, Thai Phu gathered golden bees.
- Lu Ban made the wheel in ancient times .
- Ancient Bien Don created boys and girls .”[Quoted from 50, p. 126].
Like the folk poetry of some other ethnic groups such as Hmong, Giay... most of the time words in Dao Tuyen folk poetry often start the verse. For example:
- Today fell to the ground of pleasure
It was confusing to be in that palace [51, p.178].
- Tonight you girls are just wasting your energy.
The following association will pay ten times more [51, p.179].
- Now the yin and yang are displayed before the eyes.
Tell a short story about men and women singing [51, p.164].
- Roses, don't be exhausted now. A hundred years later, they won't fall to the ground.
The land is not plowed for a day [51, p.167].
However, in some cases, adverbs of time appear quite flexibly, depending on the structure of the lyrics:
- If there is thunder, then be happy.
Bustling release singing tonight [51, p.164].
-If boys and girls sing today
Like fish in water, happy forever [51, p.165].
- Knock on the door! Let's sing out loud and ecstatically, Welcoming the spring breeze of love tonight [51, p.162].
3.2.1.2. Real time
Besides the present time line that is all-encompassing, in Dao Tuyen folk poetry, there also appears a real time line. With the formulas describing time contrasting the past with the present, it not only helps to express moods effectively but also creates a sense of change and movement of time. Dao Tuyen folk authors often use pairs of words: Hoi xua - hom nay, dem nay - hoi sau, ban ngay - dem ve, doi truoc - ngay nay, xua kia - nay, khi di - khi ve... For example:
- When the face is green like bamboo leaves
When I came back, my face was as red as a peach blossom [51, p.139].
- Daytime wandering with spring
At night, my lonely soul has no place to rest [51, p.184].
- Tonight you girls are just wasting your energy.
The following association will pay ten times more [51, p.179].
- Once upon a time there was a monk.
Why don't you open your mouth today ? [51, p.167].
- In the previous life, the golden silk of the four lands was happy.
Nowadays, peach and plum branches face each other [51, p.203].
Sometimes in the same lyrics, the above pairs of words are used repeatedly to emphasize the change of reality:
When we arrived, we talked animatedly. When we left, we were quiet and no sound could be heard. When we arrived, we sat in the same row of chairs. When we left , everyone went their separate ways.
When the horse's head is near the rubbing
When the horse's tail is swept away, the man weaves [51, p.142].
In the movement of time, people's moods also always change. Or in other words, in the feeling of change of time there is
changes in people's moods and situations. The formulas describing time in contrasting pairs of words both create the changing movement of time, emphasize the length, and highlight the characteristics of that period of time that are meaningful to people, helping to make the perception of life more profound. This is the heartbroken mood of the young man when he is about to say goodbye to the girl on the night of singing through the village:
One night of spinning silk doesn't last long. Before long, I hear the rooster crowing. The sun shines brightly in Tokyo. The sun breaks up this singing festival.
Beautiful words and ideas
Sentence after sentence, as if heartbroken [51, p.196].
And here is the mood of the young man in the green rice song festival:
All night long calling for silk is not enough The sun has risen in the East Hundreds of birds sing on the mountain top
Farmers of all classes step out into the street
Temporarily apart, temporarily apart [51, p.217].
Time seems to pass faster than its inherent cycle. The images of roosters crowing, the sun shining brightly in Tokyo, the sun rising in the East signaled the arrival of a new day, the singing stopped, men and women had to temporarily part while their feelings were still passionate: All night long calling for silk, I still can't hear enough
; One night of spinning silk doesn't last long . Time here seems to pass faster. Therefore, in love songs, we often see boys and girls singing with all their heart and having fun. Perhaps they are afraid that the short time together will pass in vain. That mentality makes time seem filled with emotions:
Will the spinning be long tonight? The flower tree has bloomed but not yet borne fruit.