THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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PHAM VINH QUANG
FOLK POETRY
OF THE DAO PEOPLE IN LAO CAI
Major: VIETNAMESE LITERATURE Code: 60.22.34
MASTER'S THESIS IN LITERATURE
Scientific supervisor: Dr. NGUYEN HANG PHUONG
Index
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
1. Reasons for choosing topic 1
2. History of research on problem 2
3. Research purpose and tasks 5
4. Research object and scope 6
5. Research methods 7
6. Contributions of the thesis 7
7. Thesis layout 7
CONTENT
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE DAO TUYEN PEOPLE IN LAO CAI 8
1.1. Historical, social and cultural characteristics of the Dao Tuyen 8 people
1.2. Overview of Dao people's folk poetry Tuyen 19
* Summary 26
CHAPTER 2. CONTENT OF FOLK POETRY OF THE DAO PEOPLE IN LAO CAI 27
2.1. Some general features of the life of the Dao Tuyen people through folk poetry 28
2.2. Dao Tuyen folk poetry is the lament of unfortunate orphans.
2.3. Dao Tuyen folk poetry expresses a beautiful concept of human love and marriage 37
2.4. The folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people is a mirror reflecting the life, customs and beliefs of the people.
* Summary 58
CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF FOLK POETRY
DAO PEOPLE RECRUITED IN LAO CAI 60
3.1. Concept of poetics, poetics studies and poetics of folk literature 60
3.1.1. Poetics and poetics 60
3.1.2. Poetics of folk literature 60
3.2. Some poetic characteristics of folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen 61
3.2.1. Art time 61
3.2.2. Art space 70
3.2.3. Some artistic rhetorical devices 77
3.2.4. Forms of performing folk poetry 85
*Summary 97
CONCLUSION 99
REFERENCES 102
APPENDIX 108
INTRODUCTION
1. Reason for choosing the topic
1.1. Scientific reasons
Culture is the foundation, the factor reflecting the level of development of society. Traditional culture reflects the creativity of each nation. Vietnamese culture is imbued with the cultural identity of agricultural residents, created by the Vietnamese people, including the significant contributions of ethnic minorities living in Vietnam. The Communist Party of Vietnam affirms: " Respecting, preserving, promoting traditional values and building and developing new values in the culture, literature and art of ethnic minorities is an extremely urgent task" [77, p.63].
Folk literature is an important element of folk culture, a precious cultural heritage of the nation. Each folk tune, each folk song... sparkles in it the beauty of the traditional cultural identity of the nation, the beauty of the personality and soul of the people. Folk poetry is a special sub-genre of folk literature. Studying folk poetry of the Dao people in general, and of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai in particular, is a necessary task, contributing to preserving and promoting the quintessence of the precious cultural heritage of the nation.
1.2. Practical reasons
Up to now, there have been many research projects on the Dao people conducted nationwide, from studying historical origins, population distribution, religious life, beliefs to analyzing the socio-economic development and cultural changes of the Dao people in localities. These projects provide quite complete information on some aspects of ethnology and cultural studies. However, there has not been any project that has gone into depth in studying the folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai. Therefore, we chose this topic to study the spiritual life of the Dao Tuyen people through poetry, especially the values.
about the content and art of folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai. Studying folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai will contribute to clarifying more about the life, culture, and soul of the people of the mountainous region in general and the Dao Tuyen group in particular.
Currently, I am directly teaching Literature in a place where many Dao Tuyen people live. Therefore, researching and learning about Dao Tuyen folk poetry in Lao Cai will help me better understand the spiritual culture of Dao Tuyen people. From there, it has practical significance in improving the quality of teaching folk literature of ethnic minorities.
2. History of research on the problem
Each ethnic group has its own unique cultural characteristics. These cultural values have created a unified and diverse Vietnamese culture. Research on the folk literature of ethnic groups aims to preserve and promote the cultural values of the Vietnamese ethnic community. Research to preserve and sustainably develop the folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai has practical significance for the locality. Over the past decades, many scientists have been interested in researching the Dao people. These research works have directly or indirectly mentioned some aspects of the Dao people in Lao Cai.
Since the 18th century, scholar Le Quy Don wrote the work Kien Van Tieu Luc (1778). In this work, Le Quy Don not only mentioned the origin, but also described in general the way of dressing and the migratory life of a group of Man (Dao) people in our country. Also in that year, the work Hung Hoa Xu - Phong Tho Luc by doctor Hoang Binh Chinh briefly introduced the Dao people in Chau Thuy Vy (Lao Cai). In 1856, historian Pham Than Duat wrote the work Hung Hoa Ky Luoc, giving a general introduction to the customs of the ethnic groups in Hung Hoa, including the customs of the Man (Dao) people. However, the above works have not mentioned folk poetry.
The Dao people's history only provides a general introduction to the Dao people with historical and ethnological issues.
By the early 20th century, many documents written about the Dao people in our country by French authors were published one after another. Notably, the articles of M.Abadie, especially A.Bonifacy with the articles: The ethnic groups of Northern Indochina, A mission in the Man people's area . These articles mentioned many cultural aspects of the Dao groups in Vietnam such as language, production, customs and practices... but they were only general descriptions and were still scattered. In 1904, A.Bonifacy continued to publish collected articles about Dao folk legends such as The Legend of Ban Ho, Qua Son Bang... and then a series of monographs about the Dao people such as: Man Quan Cuc (1904
– 1905), Man Quan Trang (1905), Man Dai Ban (1908)... Including some poetic passages from prayer books, weddings, and funerals of the Dao people. Although those poetic passages were only introduced very briefly or only served as evidence for the comments, they still marked him as the first scholar to mention Dao ethnic folk poetry in Vietnam.
After 1945, scientists in our country continued to collect and research the Dao people. Notably, the work Dao Folk Songs was collected and compiled by researcher Trieu Huu Ly. This is the first collection of Dao folk songs that included many published genres: male-female antiphonal singing, love letters (trust songs), handed down admonitions, and wedding song lyrics.
The Dao People in Vietnam by the authors Be Viet Dang - Nguyen Khac Tung - Nong Trung - Nam Tien, published by the Social Science Publishing House in 1971, is a work that comprehensively discusses the life of the Dao people in Vietnam such as population, area, names of Dao groups, economic forms, material life, social life, cultural and spiritual life and innovations in the life of the Dao people from after the August Revolution of 1945 to 1971. However, the authors only mentioned the features
Basic information about the cultural life of the Dao people, including folk poetry, has not had the opportunity to deeply research and understand the cultural characteristics, especially folk poetry of the Dao people in each locality.
The book Lao Cai Traditional Festivals by Tran Huu Son, published by the National Culture Publishing House in 1999, introduced typical traditional festival activities of ethnic minorities in Lao Cai. It mentioned the Jumping Festival of the Red Dao people in Sa Pa, and the Establishment Ceremony of the Dao Ho people. In the book, the author mentioned Dao folk songs but only at a general level.
The book " Life Cycle Customs of the H'Mong - Dao Language Ethnic Groups in Vietnam" by Nguyen Duc Loi, published by the National Culture Publishing House in 2002, mentioned the customs and life cycles of the ethnic groups in the H'Mong - Dao language family in Vietnam. It delved into some customs in the life of the Dao people such as customs marking adulthood, coming-of-age ceremonies, wedding customs, funeral customs... but did not pay attention to the folk poetry of the Dao people.
Regarding the Dao Tuyen people, there have been a number of research works of interest, notably the research works of author Tran Huu Son.
Tran Huu Son (2001), Dao Tuyen wedding ceremony , National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, has mentioned in relatively detail the marriage and wedding ceremony of Dao Tuyen people. The book has introduced hundreds of folk wedding songs of Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai, Ha Giang (mainly in Lao Cai).
Tran Huu Son (2005), Dao Tuyen Folk Poetry, National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi. The book is a valuable source of research on the economy, culture, and society of the Dao people. The work has introduced hundreds of labor folk songs, ritual folk songs, and daily folk songs of the Dao Tuyen people (mainly in Lao Cai). However, Dao Tuyen Folk Poetry only stops at introducing the types of folk poetry, briefly presenting some features of the art.
Therefore, the study of folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai, especially the study of the content values and poetics of folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai is still a gap. On the basis of inheriting the achievements of previous works, we chose the topic of Folk Poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai to contribute to continuing to exploit the cultural and artistic capital as well as the beauty in the soul of the Dao Tuyen people. This is an urgent research field, continuing to preserve and promote the traditional cultural values of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai in particular, and the culture of ethnic minorities in Vietnam in general.
3. Research purpose and tasks
3.1. Research purpose.
Based on the inheritance of published scientific documents about the Dao Tuyen people in Vietnam in general, and the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai in particular, using local sources through research and on-site collection, the author wants to delve into the research on the folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai. Thereby, identifying the reality of the rich cultural and spiritual life of the Dao Tuyen community, especially the values of folk poetry.
Researching the folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai is a necessary task, contributing to supplementing the understanding of a literary sub-genre in the rich diversity of Dao ethnic folk literature. From there, affirming the values that need to be preserved and conserved.
From the above research results, we would like to introduce the values of folk poetry of the Dao Tuyen people in Lao Cai to educate the fine traditions of ethnic culture and its value in the struggle to build and protect the homeland in the current period.
3.2. Research tasks.
Research theoretical issues as a basis for developing the topic.